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Li X, Liu G, Wang Z, Zhang L, Liu H, Ai H. Ensemble multiclassification model for aquatic toxicity of organic compounds. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 255:106379. [PMID: 36587517 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With environmental pollution becoming increasingly serious, organic compounds have become the main hazard of environmental pollution and exert substantial negative impacts on aquatic organisms. In research pertaining to the acute toxicity of organic compounds, traditional biological experimental methods are time-consuming and expensive. In addition, computer-aided binary classification models cannot accurately classify acute toxicity. Therefore, the multiclassication model is necessary for more accurate classification of acute toxicity. In this study, median lethal concentrations of 373 organic compounds in the environmental toxicology datasets ECOTOX and EAT5 were used. These chemicals were classified into four categories based on the European Economic Community criteria. Then the random forest, support vector machine, extreme gradient boosting, adaptive gradient boosting, and C5.0 decision tree algorithms and eight molecular fingerprints were used to build a multiclassification base model for the acute toxicity of organic compounds. The base models were repeated 100 times with fivefold cross-validation and external validation. The ensemble model was obtained by the voting method. The best base classifier was ExtendFP-C5.0, which had an accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values of 87.30%, 87.32% and 95.76% for external validation, and the voting ensemble model performance of 96.92%, 96.93% and 98.97%, respectively. The ensemble model achieved a higher accuracy than previously reported studies. Our study will help to further classify the acute toxicity of organic compounds to aquatic organisms and predict the hazard classes of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Gaohua Liu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Zhibo Wang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China; China Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-macromolecules of Shenyang, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- China Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-macromolecules of Shenyang, China; College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Haixin Ai
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China; China Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-macromolecules of Shenyang, China.
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2
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Zhang X, Kang H, Peng L, Song D, Jiang X, Li Y, Chen H, Zeng X. Pentachlorophenol inhibits CatSper function to compromise progesterone's action on human sperm. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127493. [PMID: 32622245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), a highly toxic contaminant of chlorophenols, is common in a variety of environments and presents serious risks to animal and human health. However, the reproductive toxicity and potential actions of PCP have not been investigated thoroughly, especially in humans. Here, human spermatozoa were used to evaluate the effect of PCP on cell function and to explore the underlying mechanisms. PCP had no substantive effects on sperm viability or motility, nor on the ability to penetrate viscous medium, sperm hyperactivation or spontaneous acrosome reactions. However, PCP significantly inhibited these properties induced by progesterone (P4). Consistent with the functional observations, although PCP itself did not affect the basal intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and CatSper current, PCP dose-dependently inhibited increases of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations caused by P4. In addition, the activation of CatSper induced by P4 was largely suppressed by PCP. This is the first report showing that PCP may serves as an antagonist of the P4 membrane receptor to interfere with Ca2+ signaling by compromising the action of P4 on regulating sperm function. These findings suggest that the reproductive toxicity of PCP should also be a matter of concern as a mammalian health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Zhang
- Medical School, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, PR China; Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Hang Kang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Lizhong Peng
- Medical School, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, PR China
| | - Dandan Song
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Yanting Li
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Houyang Chen
- Reproductive Medical Center, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Xuhui Zeng
- Medical School, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, PR China; Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China.
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3
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Fraser DL, Stander BA, Steenkamp V. Cytotoxic activity of pentachlorophenol and its active metabolites in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 58:118-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ghanian Z, Konduri GG, Audi SH, Camara AKS, Ranji M. Quantitative optical measurement of mitochondrial superoxide dynamics in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE OPTICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2018; 11:1750018. [PMID: 30123329 PMCID: PMC6097638 DOI: 10.1142/s1793545817500183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in cell signaling and redox regulation, but when present in excess, lead to numerous pathologies. Detailed quantitative characterization of mitochondrial superoxide anion ( O2•- ) production in fetal pulmonary artery endothelia cells (PAECs) has never been reported. The aim of this study is to assess mitochondrial O2•- production in cultured PAECs over time using a novel quantitative optical approach. The rate, the sources, and the dynamics of O2•- production were assessed using targeted metabolic modulators of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, specifically an uncoupler and inhibitors of the various ETC complexes, and inhibitors of extra-mitochondrial sources of O2•- . After stabilization, the cells were loaded with nanomolar mitochondrial-targeted hydroethidine (Mito-HE, MitoSOX) online during the experiment without washout of the residual dye. Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy was used to monitor the dynamic changes in O2•- fluorescence intensity over time in PAECs. The transient behaviors of the fluorescence time course showed exponential increases in the rate of O2•- production in the presence of the ETC uncoupler or inhibitors. The most dramatic and the fastest increase in O2•- production was observed when the cells were treated with the uncoupling agent, PCP. We also showed that only the complex IV inhibitor, KCN, attenuated the marked surge in O2•- production induced by PCP. The results showed that mitochondrial respiratory complexes I, III and IV are sources of O2•- production in PAECs, and a new observation that ROS production during uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration is mediated in part via complex IV. This novel method can be applied in other studies that examine ROS production under stress condition and during ROS-mediated injuries in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghanian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Girija Ganesh Konduri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Said Halim Audi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amadou K. S. Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Anesthesia Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mahsa Ranji
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Jin Y, Wu S, Zeng Z, Fu Z. Effects of environmental pollutants on gut microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:1-9. [PMID: 28086130 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants have become an increasingly common health hazard in the last several decades. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated the profound relationship between gut microbiota and our health. Gut microbiota are very sensitive to drugs, diet, and even environmental pollutants. In this review, we discuss the possible effects of environmental pollutants including antibiotics, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, nanomaterials, and food additives on gut microbiota and their subsequent effects on health. We emphasize that gut microbiota are also essential for the toxicity evaluation of environmental pollution. In the future, more studies should focus on the relationship between environmental pollution, gut microbiota, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Sisheng Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Ge T, Han J, Qi Y, Gu X, Ma L, Zhang C, Naeem S, Huang D. The toxic effects of chlorophenols and associated mechanisms in fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 184:78-93. [PMID: 28119128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols (CPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment primarily released from agricultural and industrial wastewater. These compounds are not readily degraded naturally, and easily accumulate in organs, tissues and cells via food chains, further leading to acute and chronic toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Herein, we review the available literature regarding CP toxicity in fish, with special emphasis on the potential toxic mechanisms. CPs cause oxidative stress via generation of reactive oxygen species, induction of lipid peroxidation and/or oxidative DNA damage along with inhibition of antioxidant systems. CPs affect immune system by altering the number of mature B cells and macrophages, while suppressing phagocytosis and down-regulating the expression of immune factors. CPs also disrupt endocrine function by affecting hormone levels, or inducing abnormal gene expression and interference with hormone receptors. CPs at relatively higher concentrations induce apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated pathway, cell death receptor-mediated pathway, and/or DNA damage-mediated pathway. CPs at relatively lower concentrations promote cell proliferation, and foster cancers-prone environment by increasing the rate of point mutations and oxidative DNA lesions. These toxic effects in fish are induced directly by CPs per se or indirectly by their metabolic products. In addition, recent studies on the alteration of DNA methylation by CPs through high-throughput DNA sequencing analysis provide new insights into our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying CPs toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ge
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiangyuan Han
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongmei Qi
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xueyan Gu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sajid Naeem
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dejun Huang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Evaluation of Complex Toxicity of Canbon Nanotubes and Sodium Pentachlorophenol Based on Earthworm Coelomocytes Test. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28125623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170092.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a standard testing organism in soil ecosystems, the earthworm Eisenia fetida has been used widely in toxicity studies. However, tests at the individual level are time- and animal-consuming, with limited sensitivity. Earthworm coelomocytes are important for the assimilation and elimination of exogenous compounds and play a key role in the processes of phagocytosis and inflammation. In this study, we explored an optimal condition to culture coelomocytes of E. fetida in vitro and investigated the cytotoxicity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and sodium pentachlorophenol (PCP-Na) using coelomocytes via evaluating lethal toxicity, oxidative stress, membrane damage, and DNA damage. The results showed that coelomocytes can be successfully cultured in vitro in primary under the RPMI-1640 medium with 2-4×104 cells/well (1-2×105 cells/mL) in 96-well plates at 25°C without CO2. Both MWCNTs and PCP-Na could cause oxidative damage and produce ROS, an evidence for lipid peroxidation with MDA generation and SOD and CAT activity inhibition at high stress. The two chemicals could separately damage the cell membrane structure, increasing permeability and inhibiting mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). In addition, our results indicate that PCP-Na may be adsorbed onto MWCNTs and its toxicity on earthworm was accordingly alleviated, while a synergetic effect was revealed when PCP-Na and MWCNTs were added separately. In summary, coelomocyte toxicity in in vitro analysis is a sensitive method for detecting the adverse effects of carbon nanotubes combined with various pollutants.
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Evaluation of Complex Toxicity of Canbon Nanotubes and Sodium Pentachlorophenol Based on Earthworm Coelomocytes Test. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170092. [PMID: 28125623 PMCID: PMC5268766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a standard testing organism in soil ecosystems, the earthworm Eisenia fetida has been used widely in toxicity studies. However, tests at the individual level are time- and animal-consuming, with limited sensitivity. Earthworm coelomocytes are important for the assimilation and elimination of exogenous compounds and play a key role in the processes of phagocytosis and inflammation. In this study, we explored an optimal condition to culture coelomocytes of E. fetida in vitro and investigated the cytotoxicity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and sodium pentachlorophenol (PCP-Na) using coelomocytes via evaluating lethal toxicity, oxidative stress, membrane damage, and DNA damage. The results showed that coelomocytes can be successfully cultured in vitro in primary under the RPMI-1640 medium with 2–4×104 cells/well (1–2×105 cells/mL) in 96-well plates at 25°C without CO2. Both MWCNTs and PCP-Na could cause oxidative damage and produce ROS, an evidence for lipid peroxidation with MDA generation and SOD and CAT activity inhibition at high stress. The two chemicals could separately damage the cell membrane structure, increasing permeability and inhibiting mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). In addition, our results indicate that PCP-Na may be adsorbed onto MWCNTs and its toxicity on earthworm was accordingly alleviated, while a synergetic effect was revealed when PCP-Na and MWCNTs were added separately. In summary, coelomocyte toxicity in in vitro analysis is a sensitive method for detecting the adverse effects of carbon nanotubes combined with various pollutants.
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Qi Y, Huang D, Zhang Y. 2,4-dichlorophenol induces ER stress-mediated apoptosis via eIF2α dephosphorylation in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:245-255. [PMID: 25160872 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) has been widely used to produce herbicides and pharmaceutical intermediates, which exhibits various toxic effects including apoptosis. However, the mechanisms underlying 2,4-DCP-induced apoptosis, especially mediated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, are still unknown. In the present study, the mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were used as an in vitro model system to figure out whether 2,4-DCP could induce ER stress, and further to elucidate the role of ER stress in 2,4-DCP-induced apoptosis. The results showed that 2,4-DCP dramatically caused the decrease of cell viability, the increase of apoptotic cells, the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the activation of caspase-3, suggesting that 2,4-DCP did induce apoptosis. Meanwhile, 2,4-DCP acted similarly as ER stress agonist tunicamycin (Tu) to activate all three branches (IRE1α, ATF6 and eIF2α) of ER stress. Furthermore, repression of ER stress or inhibition of eIF2α dephosphorylation significantly alleviated 2,4-DCP-induced apoptosis. Taking these results together, the present study firstly showed that 2,4-DCP induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis via eIF2α dephosphorylation in mammalian cells. These findings will provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying apoptosis after chlorophenols exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yongmei Qi
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dejun Huang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Kan H, Zhao F, Zhang XX, Ren H, Gao S. Correlations of Gut Microbial Community Shift with Hepatic Damage and Growth Inhibition of Carassius auratus Induced by Pentachlorophenol Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11894-11902. [PMID: 26378342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exposed to 0-100 μg/L pentachlorophenol (PCP) for 28 days to investigate the correlations of fish gut microbial community shift with the induced toxicological effects. PCP exposure caused accumulation of PCP in the fish intestinal tract in a time- and dose-dependent manner, while hepatic PCP reached the maximal level after a 21 day exposure. Under the relatively higher PCP stress, the fish body weight and liver weight were reduced and hepatic CAT and SOD activities were inhibited, demonstrating negative correlations with the PCP levels in liver and gut content (R < -0.5 and P < 0.05 each). Pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that PCP exposure increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes in the fish gut. Within the Bacteroidetes phylum, the Bacteroides genus had the highest abundance, which was significantly correlated with PCP exposure dosage and duration (R > 0.5 and P < 0.05 each). Bioinformatic analysis revealed that Bacteroides showed quantitatively negative correlations with Chryseobacterium, Microbacterium, Arthrobacter, and Legionella in the fish gut, and the Bacteroidetes abundance, Bacteroides abundance, and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio played crucial roles in the reduction of body weight and liver weight under PCP stress. The results may extend our knowledge regarding the roles of gut microbiota in ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fuzheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
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Morales M, Martínez-Paz P, Martín R, Planelló R, Urien J, Martínez-Guitarte JL, Morcillo G. Transcriptional changes induced by in vivo exposure to pentachlorophenol (PCP) in Chironomus riparius (Diptera) aquatic larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 157:1-9. [PMID: 25306060 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been extensively used worldwide as a pesticide and biocide and is frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In the present work, the toxicity of PCP was investigated in Chironomus riparius aquatic larvae. The effects following short- and long-term exposures were evaluated at the molecular level by analyzing changes in the transcriptional profile of different endocrine genes, as well as in genes involved in the stress response and detoxification. Interestingly, although no differences were found after 12- and 24-h treatments, at 96-h exposures PCP was able to induce significant increases in transcripts from the ecdysone receptor gene (EcR), the early ecdysone-inducible E74 gene, the estrogen-related receptor gene (ERR), the Hsp70 gene and the CYP4G gene. In contrast, the Hsp27 gene appeared to be downregulated, while the ultraspiracle gene (usp) (insect ortholog of the retinoid X receptor) was not altered in any of the conditions assayed. Moreover, Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) activity was not affected. The results obtained show the ability of PCP to modulate transcription of different biomarker genes from important cellular metabolic activities, which could be useful in genomic approaches to monitoring. In particular, the significant upregulation of hormonal genes represents the first evidence at the genomic level of the potential endocrine disruptive effects of PCP on aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Morales
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Pedro Martínez-Paz
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Rosario Planelló
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Josune Urien
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez-Guitarte
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Gloria Morcillo
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Niu Z, Qi Y, Huang D, Zhang Y. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Cytotoxicity Involves Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Apoptosis. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:532-41. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581814557701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxicity and potential mechanisms of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Our results show that 2,4,6-TCP causes morphological changes and reduces cell viability. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species, the upregulation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions, and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 protein demonstrate that 2,4,6-TCP induces oxidative stress, and the Nrf2/HMOX1 pathway might be involved in 2,4,6-TCP-induced antioxidative response. Simultaneously, our data also demonstrate that 2,4,6-TCP upregulates the expressions of binding immunoglobulin protein, inositol-requiring enzyme/endonuclease 1α, and C/EBP homologous protein; stimulates α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 phosphorylation; and induces the splicing of Xbp1 mRNA, suggesting that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is triggered. Moreover, 2,4,6-TCP alters the mitochondrial membrane potential and increases the apoptosis rate, the caspase 3 activity, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, demonstrating that the mitochondrial pathway is involved in the 2,4,6-TCP-induced apoptosis. Thus, these results show that 2,4,6-TCP induces oxidative stress, ER stress, and apoptosis, which together contribute to its cytotoxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhidan Niu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Qi
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dejun Huang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Comparative proteomic analysis of ovary for Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to chlorophenol chemicals. J Proteomics 2014; 110:172-82. [PMID: 25106787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) are suspected of disrupting the endocrine system and thus affecting human and wildlife reproduction, but the potential common mechanisms and biomarkers of chlorophenols (CPs) in the ovary are not fully elucidated. In the present study, the female rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) was exposed to PCP (0.5, 5.0, and 50 μg/L), TCP (1.0, 10, and 100 μg/L) and 17β-estradiol (as a positive control) for 28 days, and the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry analysis was employed to investigate the alteration of protein expression in the ovary. After comparison of the protein profiles from treated and control groups, 22 protein spots were observed to be altered in abundance (>2-fold) from female treated groups, and 14 protein spots were identified successfully. These proteins were related to molecular response patterns, endocrine effects, metabolic pathways, and even the possible carcinogens in response to CP exposure. The seven differentially expressed mRNA encoding proteins were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) and histopathology was also measured. Our data demonstrate that alterations of multiple pathways may be associated with the toxic effects of CPs on ovaries. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although numerous studies have shown the affection of the endocrine system with exposure to chlorophenols (CPs), there is little report on the alterations of protein expression in the ovaries from rare minnows following exposure to PCP or TCP. In the present study, a comparative proteomic approach using two dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) has been developed to identify certain proteins in the ovaries of Chinese rare minnow, whose abundance changes during exposure to CPs. After comparison of the protein profiles from treated and control groups, 22 protein spots were observed to be altered in abundance (>2-fold) from female treated groups, and 14 protein spots were identified successfully. These proteins were related to molecular response patterns, endocrine effects, metabolic pathways, and even the possible carcinogens in response to CP exposure. Because the mechanism often involves changes in the expression of multiple proteins rather than a single protein, a global analysis of the protein alterations can result in valuable information to understand the CP action mechanism. All the above results demonstrate that the Vtg, SUMO, Lec-3 and PIMT protein are potential biomarkers and involved in the toxicity pathway of CP exposure in aquatic animals, which should be the primary focus of studies on the CP ovary toxicity mechanism in the future.
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Northern contaminant mixtures induced morphological and functional changes in human coronary artery endothelial cells under culture conditions typifying high fat/sugar diet and ethanol exposure. Toxicology 2013; 313:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Shan G, Ye M, Zhu B, Zhu L. Enhanced cytotoxicity of pentachlorophenol by perfluorooctane sulfonate or perfluorooctanoic acid in HepG2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2101-2107. [PMID: 23972907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated phenols and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are two kinds of pollutants which are widely present in the environment. Considering liver is the primary toxic target organ for these two groups of chemicals, it is interesting to evaluate the possible joint effects of them on liver. In this work, the combined toxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) or perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were investigated using HepG2 cells. The results indicated that PFOS and PFOA could strengthen PCP's hepatotoxicity. Further studies showed that rather than intensify the oxidative stress or promote the biotransformation of PCP, PFOS (or PFOA) might lead to strengthening of the oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling of PCP. By measuring the intracellular PCP concentration and the cell membrane properties, it was suggested that PFOS and PFOA could disrupt the plasma membrane and increase the membrane permeability. Thus, more cellular accessibility of PCP was induced when they were co-exposed to PCP and PFOS (or PFOA), leading to increased cytotoxicity. Further research is warranted to better understand the combined toxicity of PFAAs and other environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Shan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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Carvalho M, Martins I, Medeiros J, Tavares S, Planchon S, Renaut J, Núñez O, Gallart-Ayala H, Galceran M, Hursthouse A, Silva Pereira C. The response of Mucor plumbeus to pentachlorophenol: A toxicoproteomics study. J Proteomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Niamat Ali M, Nazam N, Lone MI, Shaikh S, Ahmad W. Evidence of apoptosis in some cell types due to pentachlorophenol (PCP) in Heteropneustes fossilis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2012; 20:45-9. [PMID: 23961218 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to clarify the role of apoptosis in pentachlorophenol (PCP) induced testicular, ovarian and renal cell genotoxicity of Heteropneustes fossilis. It was further intended to find the target germ cell type and assess the cellular and nuclear damage. Treatment of PCP was used for multiduration on the germinal tissues and they were processed to detect structural changes by light and electron microscopic evaluation and kidney cells for subsequent detection of DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis. Findings suggest functional and morphological changes in the tissues are due to apoptosis, as evidenced by some biochemical and cytological signs. Histological observation on germinal epithelium reveals cell suicidal symptoms such as vacuolization, liquefied regions in the cytoplasm of oocytes, margination of nuclei, clumping of chromatin, and compaction of cytoplasmic organelle. Biochemical manifestation concurrent to this, is; cleavage of kidney cell DNA into low molecular weight fragments confirming apoptosis. Subsequently, it is further cleaved into nucleosome size fragments or its multiples. Ultra-structural histopathology and DNA studies conclusively lead to the PCP induced apoptosis in the exposed cell types. Results further support the usefulness of this assay in the related studies and its feasibility in generating a base line data.
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Kanerva M, Routti H, Tamuz Y, Nyman M, Nikinmaa M. Antioxidative defense and oxidative stress in ringed seals (Pusa hispida) from differently polluted areas. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 114-115:67-72. [PMID: 22417762 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High contaminant levels detected in Baltic seals have been associated with various health effects. In this study several parameters related to antioxidative defense and oxidative stress (concentrations of reduced and oxidised glutathione, lipid hydroperoxide and vitamin E, activities of glutathione reductase, peroxidase and S-transferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, catalase, and superoxidedismutase) were measured in the livers of ringed seals from the Baltic Sea and from a less contaminated reference area, Svalbard, Norway. Seals were caught during two different time periods 1996-1997 and 2002-2007, which represent different levels of contamination. No signs of oxidative damage were found in the Baltic seals. However, glutathione metabolism was enhanced in the ringed seals from the Baltic Sea compared to the seals from Svalbard. The adaptation to dive where repetitive ischemia/reperfusion occurs naturally may contribute to the resistance of oxidative stress and to the capacity to increase enzymatic antioxidant defense in phocid seals. This could explain the similarities in oxidative stress levels despite the differences in antioxidant responses between the ringed seals from the Baltic Sea and Svalbard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Kanerva
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Inhibition of store-operated Ca2+ channels prevent ethanol-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase and cell injury in a human hepatoma cell line. Toxicol Lett 2012; 208:254-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Zhao XH, Zhou PJ, Chen X, Dong YL, Jiang SY, Ding L. Microcalorimetric studies of perchlorate on heat production by hepatocytes and mitochondria isolated from Carassius auratus. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:422-428. [PMID: 21272916 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As a new threat to environment all through the world, perchlorate (ClO(4)(-)) was predominantly a thyrotoxin, and its toxic manifestations in non-thyroid were also documented. However, little is known about the effects of ClO(4)(-) on cell and organelle. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of ClO(4)(-) on hepatocytes and mitochondria isolated from Carassius auratus from the direct viewpoint of energy by using the microcalorimetric method. The metabolic thermogenic curves of hepatocytes and mitochondria at 25°C were obtained. And the thermokinetic parameters, such as growth rate constant (k), inhibitory ratio (I), maximum thermal power (P(max)) and total thermal effect (Q(total)) have been calculated. The results indicated that the toxicity of ClO(4)(-) on hepatocytes was relevant to the concentration of ClO(4)(-). However, 10-100mgL(-1)ClO(4)(-) stimulated the metabolic activity of mitochondria and the toxicity of ClO(4)(-) on mitochondria only occurrenced when treated with higher concentration of ClO(4)(-). This study shown that mitochondria has a major impact on the metabolic thermogenic of hepatocytes, but not the only factor. Meanwhile, it demonstrated that microcalorimetry was a powerful tool for understanding biological processes and studying on the toxic action of environmental contaminants in cell or subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hu Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Li ZH, Zlabek V, Li P, Grabic R, Velisek J, Machova J, Randak T. Biochemical and physiological responses in liver and muscle of rainbow trout after long-term exposure to propiconazole. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:1391-1396. [PMID: 20621356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the chronic toxic effects of PCZ, a triazole fungicide commonly present in surface and ground water, on morphological indices, ROS generation and RNA/DNA ratio in liver and white muscle of rainbow trout were investigated. Fish were exposed at sublethal concentrations of PCZ (0.2, 50 and 500 microg L(-1)) for 7, 20 and 30d. Compared with the control, there were significant lower CF and HSI in fish exposed at the highest concentration of PCZ. ROS levels in both tissues increased significantly at higher PCZ concentrations (50 and 500 microg L(-1)) after 20 d and above, as well as in muscle of fish exposed at lowest PCZ concentration (0.2 microg L(-1)) after 30 d. The hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) activities were induced significantly at higher concentrations (50, 500 microg L(-1)) of PCZ after 20 d and at 50 microg L(-1) after 30 d. Additional, hepatic SOD activity was significantly induced at 0.2 microg L(-1) after 30 d. Compared with the hepatic antioxidant enzymes activities in fish exposed to 50 microg L(-1) of PCZ, there was a decreasing trend in those exposed to 500 microg L(-1) after 30 d exposure. However, both the antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly inhibited in muscle of fish exposed to 500 microg L(-1) PCZ after 30 d. Moreover there was significant lower RNA/DNA ratio in both tissues after long-term exposure to higher concentration of PCZ. In short, environmental concentrations of PCZ could not induce obvious impacts on fish, but long-term exposure to higher concentrations of CBZ could affect seriously the health status of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Li
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
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