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Yin F, Zhou Y, Xie D, Liang Y, Luo X. Evaluating the adverse effects and mechanisms of nanomaterial exposure on longevity of C. elegans: A literature meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis of multi-transcriptome data. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118106. [PMID: 38224941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to large-size particulate air pollution (PM2.5 or PM10) has been reported to increase risks of aging-related diseases and human death, indicating the potential pro-aging effects of airborne nanomaterials with ultra-fine particle size (which have been widely applied in various fields). However, this hypothesis remains inconclusive. Here, a meta-analysis of 99 published literatures collected from electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library; from inception to June 2023) was performed to confirm the effects of nanomaterial exposure on aging-related indicators and molecular mechanisms in model animal C. elegans. The pooled analysis by Stata software showed that compared with the control, nanomaterial exposure significantly shortened the mean lifespan [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -2.30], reduced the survival rate (SMD = -4.57) and increased the death risk (hazard ratio = 1.36) accompanied by upregulation of ced-3, ced-4 and cep-1, while downregulation of ctl-2, ape-1, aak-2 and pmk-1. Furthermore, multi-transcriptome data associated with nanomaterial exposure were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE32521, GSE41486, GSE24847, GSE59470, GSE70509, GSE14932, GSE93187, GSE114881, and GSE122728) and bioinformatics analyses showed that pseudogene prg-2, mRNAs of abu, car-1, gipc-1, gsp-3, kat-1, pod-2, acdh-8, hsp-60 and egrh-2 were downregulated, while R04A9.7 was upregulated after exposure to at least two types of nanomaterials. Resveratrol (abu, hsp-60, pod-2, egrh-2, acdh-8, gsp-3, car-1, kat-1, gipc-1), naringenin (kat-1, egrh-2), coumestrol (egrh-2) or swainsonine/niacin/ferulic acid (R04A9.7) exerted therapeutic effects by reversing the expression levels of target genes. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the necessity to use phytomedicines that target hub genes to delay aging for populations with nanomaterial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Textile Science and Engineering/National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Yarn and Clean Production, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China.
| | - Dongli Xie
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yunxia Liang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Yadav S, Chamoli S, Kumar P, Maurya PK. Structural and functional insights in polysaccharides coated cerium oxide nanoparticles and their potential biomedical applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125673. [PMID: 37406905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles have now significant presence in biomedical fields due to their wide applications; however, challenges regarding their safety and biocompatibility persist. Polysaccharides based biopolymers have inherent hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, enabling them to govern the surface functionalization of cerium oxide nanoparticles, hence their chemical and physical characteristics. Because of this, polysaccharides such as dextran, alginate, pullulan, chitosan, polylactic acid, starch, and pectin are practical substitutes for the conventional coatings used to synthesize cerium oxide nanoparticles. This review discusses the effect of biopolymer coatings on the properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles, such as size, stability, aggregation, and biocompatibility. Additionally, it also summarises various biomedical applications of polysaccharides coated cerium oxide nanoparticles, such as in bone tissue regeneration, liver inflammation, wound healing, and antibacterial and anticancer activities. Biocompatible cerium oxide nanoparticles will surely improve their applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somu Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123031, India
| | - Shivangi Chamoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India
| | - Piyush Kumar
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, Bidholi Campus, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123031, India.
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3
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Zhang J, Ma C, Xia X, Li Y, Lin X, Zhang Y, Yang Z. Differentially Charged Nanoplastics Induce Distinct Effects on the Growth and Gut of Benthic Insects ( Chironomus kiinensis) via Charge-Specific Accumulation and Perturbation of the Gut Microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37470751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs), as an emerging contaminant, have usually been found charged in the environment, posing threats to aquatic animals. However, the underlying mechanisms governing the gut toxicity of differentially charged NPs to benthic insects are not well understood. In this study, the gut toxicity in larvae of Chironomus kiinensis exposed to negatively charged NPs (PS-COOH, 50 nm) and positively charged NPs (PS-NH2, 50 nm) at 0.1 and 1 g/kg was investigated through fluorescence imaging, histopathology, biochemical approaches, and 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that PS-NH2 caused more adverse effect on the larval growth performance and induced more severe oxidative stress, epithelial damage, and inflammatory responses in the gut than PS-COOH. The stronger impact caused by PS-NH2 was because the gut accumulated PS-NH2 more readily than PS-COOH for its negatively charged cell membrane. In addition, PS-NH2 were less agglomerated compared with PS-COOH, leading to an increased interaction with gut cell membranes and microbiota. Furthermore, alpha diversity and relative abundance of the keystone microbiota related to gut barrier and nutrient absorption were markedly lower exposed to PS-NH2 than PS-COOH, indirectly exacerbating stronger gut and growth damage. This study provides novel insights into the effect mechanisms underlying differentially charged NPs on benthic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuanxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaohan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yidi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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4
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Yao Y, Zhang T, Tang M. A critical review of advances in reproductive toxicity of common nanomaterials to Caenorhabditis elegans and influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119270. [PMID: 35398402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, nanotechnology has rapidly developed. Therefore, there is growing concern about the potential environmental risks of nanoparticles (NPs). Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been used as a powerful tool for studying the potential ecotoxicological impacts of nanomaterials from the whole animal level to single cell level, especially in the area of reproduction. In this review, we discuss the reproductive toxicity of common nanomaterials in C. elegans, such as metal-based nanomaterial (silver nanoparticles (NPs), gold NPs, zinc oxide NPs, copper oxide NPs), carbon-based nanomaterial (graphene oxide, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, fullerene nanoparticles), polymeric NPs, silica NPs, quantum dots, and the potential mechanisms involved. This insights into the toxic effects of existing nanomaterials on the human reproductive system. In addition, we summarize how the physicochemical properties (e.g., size, charge, surface modification, shape) of nanomaterials influence their reproductive toxicity. Overall, using C. elegans as a platform to develop rapid detection techniques and prediction methods for nanomaterial reproductive toxicity is expected to reduce the gap between biosafety evaluation of nanomaterials and their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuai Yao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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5
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Rossbach LM, Brede DA, Nuyts G, Cagno S, Olsson RMS, Oughton DH, Falkenberg G, Janssens K, Lind OC. Synchrotron XRF Analysis Identifies Cerium Accumulation Colocalized with Pharyngeal Deformities in CeO 2 NP-Exposed Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5081-5089. [PMID: 35378039 PMCID: PMC9022427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A combination of synchrotron radiation-based elemental imaging, in vivo redox status analysis, histology, and toxic responses was used to investigate the uptake, biodistribution, and adverse effects of Ce nanoparticles (CeO2 NP; 10 nm; 0.5-34.96 mg Ce L-1) or Ce(NO3)3 (2.3-26 mg Ce L-1) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Elemental mapping of the exposed nematodes revealed Ce uptake in the alimentary canal prior to depuration. Retention of CeO2 NPs was low compared to that of Ce(NO3)3 in depurated individuals. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping showed that Ce translocation was confined to the pharyngeal valve and foregut. Ce(NO3)3 exposure significantly decreased growth, fertility, and reproduction, caused slightly reduced fecundity. XRF mapping and histological analysis revealed severe tissue deformities colocalized with retained Ce surrounding the pharyngeal valve. Both forms of Ce activated the sod-1 antioxidant defense, particularly in the pharynx, whereas no significant effects on the cellular redox balance were identified. The CeO2 NP-induced deformities did not appear to impair the pharyngeal function or feeding ability as growth effects were restricted to Ce(NO3)3 exposure. The results demonstrate the utility of integrated submicron-resolution SR-based XRF elemental mapping of tissue-specific distribution and adverse effect analysis to obtain robust toxicological evaluations of metal-containing contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Magdalena Rossbach
- Faculty
of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. BOX 5003 NMBU, No-1432 Ås, Norway
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Dag Anders Brede
- Faculty
of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. BOX 5003 NMBU, No-1432 Ås, Norway
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Gert Nuyts
- Faculty
of Science, AXIS Research group, University
of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan
171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Simone Cagno
- Faculty
of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. BOX 5003 NMBU, No-1432 Ås, Norway
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ragni Maria Skjervold Olsson
- Faculty
of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. BOX 5003 NMBU, No-1432 Ås, Norway
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University
of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8900, No-7491 Trondheim, Torgarden, Norway
| | - Deborah Helen Oughton
- Faculty
of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. BOX 5003 NMBU, No-1432 Ås, Norway
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Photon
Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Koen Janssens
- Faculty
of Science, AXIS Research group, University
of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan
171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Faculty
of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. BOX 5003 NMBU, No-1432 Ås, Norway
- Centre
for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental
Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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6
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Yokel RA, Wohlleben W, Keller JG, Hancock ML, Unrine JM, Butterfield DA, Grulke EA. The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:525-540. [PMID: 34136328 PMCID: PMC8182686 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles, so-called nanoceria, are engineered nanomaterials prepared by many methods that result in products with varying physicochemical properties and applications. Those used industrially are often calcined, an example is NM-212. Other nanoceria have beneficial pharmaceutical properties and are often prepared by solvothermal synthesis. Solvothermally synthesized nanoceria dissolve in acidic environments, accelerated by carboxylic acids. NM-212 dissolution has been reported to be minimal. To gain insight into the role of high-temperature exposure on nanoceria dissolution, product susceptibility to carboxylic acid-accelerated dissolution, and its effect on biological and catalytic properties of nanoceria, the dissolution of NM-212, a solvothermally synthesized nanoceria material, and a calcined form of the solvothermally synthesized nanoceria material (ca. 40, 4, and 40 nm diameter, respectively) was investigated. Two dissolution methods were employed. Dissolution of NM-212 and the calcined nanoceria was much slower than that of the non-calcined form. The decreased solubility was attributed to an increased amount of surface Ce4+ species induced by the high temperature. Carboxylic acids doubled the very low dissolution rate of NM-212. Nanoceria dissolution releases Ce3+ ions, which, with phosphate, form insoluble cerium phosphate in vivo. The addition of immobilized phosphates did not accelerate nanoceria dissolution, suggesting that the Ce3+ ion release during nanoceria dissolution was phosphate-independent. Smaller particles resulting from partial nanoceria dissolution led to less cellular protein carbonyl formation, attributed to an increased amount of surface Ce3+ species. Surface reactivity was greater for the solvothermally synthesized nanoceria, which had more Ce3+ species at the surface. The results show that temperature treatment of nanoceria can produce significant differences in solubility and surface cerium valence, which affect the biological and catalytic properties of nanoceria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0596, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew L Hancock
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0046, USA
| | - Jason M Unrine
- Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40546-0091, USA
| | | | - Eric A Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0046, USA
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7
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Verdú S, Ruiz-Rico M, Barat JM, Grau R. Evaluation of the influence of food intake on the incorporation and excretion kinetics of mesoporous silica particles in C.elegans. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 334:109363. [PMID: 33358771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the presence of food on the incorporation and excretion of silica particles was studied in this work using the biological model Caenorhabditis elegans and image analysis techniques. The experiment was based on two 24-hour phases: exposure and depuration. During exposure, nematodes were maintained for 24 h in liquid medium with silica particles, but some with and others without food. During depuration, nematodes were transferred to medium without particles. Nematodes were analysed by an image analysis in both phases to quantify the properties of particle distributions in nematodes' bodies with time. No differences were found in the proportion of nematodes carrying particles in the exposure phase when food was present. However in the depuration phase, lack of food generated a high proportion of particle carriers. Particle distribution properties were also similar in the exposure phase. Nevertheless, lack of food produced particle accumulation due to decelerated excretion because digestive tube relaxed under these conditions. Thus after the depuration phase, lack of food led particles to persist in digestive tubes. According to these results, intake of silica particles had no retention effects when a food flux was provided, but particles were not easily excreted when the food flux was interrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Verdú
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain.
| | - María Ruiz-Rico
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | - José M Barat
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | - Raúl Grau
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
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Lichtenberg SS, Tsyusko OV, Palli SR, Unrine JM. Uptake and Bioactivity of Chitosan/Double-Stranded RNA Polyplex Nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3832-3840. [PMID: 30869506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated chitosan/dsRNA polyplex nanoparticles as RNAi agents in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. By measurement of an easily observed phenotype and uptake of fluorescently labeled dsRNA, we demonstrate that chitosan/dsRNA polyplex nanoparticles are considerably more effective at gene knockdown on a whole body concentration basis than naked dsRNA. Further, we show that chitosan/dsRNA polyplex nanoparticles introduce dsRNA into cells via a different mechanism than the canonical sid-1 and sid-2 pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is likely the main uptake mechanism. Finally, although largely reported as nontoxic, we have found that chitosan, as either polyplex nanoparticles or alone, is capable of downregulating the expression of myosin. Myosin is a critical component of growth and development in eukaryotes, and we have observed reductions in both growth rate and reproduction in chitosan exposed C. elegans. Given the increased potency, noncanonical uptake, and off-target effects that we identified, these findings highlight the need for a rigorous safety assessment of nano-RNAi products prior to deployment. Specifically, the potential adverse effects of the nanocarrier and its components need to be considered.
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Starnes D, Unrine J, Chen C, Lichtenberg S, Starnes C, Svendsen C, Kille P, Morgan J, Baddar ZE, Spear A, Bertsch P, Chen KC, Tsyusko O. Toxicogenomic responses of Caenorhabditis elegans to pristine and transformed zinc oxide nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:917-926. [PMID: 30823346 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Manufactured nanoparticles (MNPs) undergo transformation immediately after they enter wastewater treatment streams and during their partitioning to sewage sludge, which is applied to agricultural soils in form of biosolids. We examined toxicogenomic responses of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to pristine and transformed ZnO-MNPs (phosphatized pZnO- and sulfidized sZnO-MNPs). To account for the toxicity due to dissolved Zn, a ZnSO4 treatment was included. Transformation of ZnO-MNPs reduced their toxicity by nearly ten-fold, while there was almost no difference in the toxicity of pristine ZnO-MNPs and ZnSO4. This combined with the fact that far more dissolved Zn was released from ZnO- compared to pZnO- or sZnO-MNPs, suggests that dissolution of pristine ZnO-MNPs is one of the main drivers of their toxicity. Transcriptomic responses at the EC30 for reproduction resulted in a total of 1161 differentially expressed genes. Fifty percent of the genes differentially expressed in the ZnSO4 treatment, including the three metal responsive genes (mtl-1, mtl-2 and numr-1), were shared among all treatments, suggesting that responses to all forms of Zn could be partially attributed to dissolved Zn. However, the toxicity and transcriptomic responses in all MNP treatments cannot be fully explained by dissolved Zn. Two of the biological pathways identified, one essential for protein biosynthesis (Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis) and another associated with detoxification (ABC transporters), were shared among pristine and one or both transformed ZnO-MNPs, but not ZnSO4. When comparing pristine and transformed ZnO-MNPs, 66% and 40% of genes were shared between ZnO-MNPs and sZnO-MNPs or pZnO-MNPs, respectively. This suggests greater similarity in transcriptomic responses between ZnO-MNPs and sZnO-MNPs, while toxicity mechanisms are more distinct for pZnO-MNPs, where 13 unique biological pathways were identified. Based on these pathways, the toxicity of pZnO-MNPs is likely to be associated with their adverse effect on digestion and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Starnes
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Math and Computer Science, Belmont University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jason Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Stuart Lichtenberg
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Catherine Starnes
- Department of Math and Computer Science, Belmont University, Nashville, TN, USA; Biostatics, Epidemiology, and Research Design, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Peter Kille
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - John Morgan
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Zeinah Elhaj Baddar
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amanda Spear
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Paul Bertsch
- Division of Land and Water, CSIRO, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kuey Chu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Olga Tsyusko
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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