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Chen B, Hu JJ, Ouyang H, Zhang W, Dai J, Xu L, Xia F, Lou X. Peptide-Conjugated Probe Inducing Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Self-Reporting Cell Apoptosis by Aggregated Proteins. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12903-12912. [PMID: 37594437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Inducing and monitoring cell apoptosis in a real-time manner are crucial for evaluating the therapeutic effect of drugs and avoiding excessive treatment. Although promising advancements have been made to monitor cell apoptosis by assessing cell membrane integrity, the chronic compromise of cellular fitness caused by imbalance proteostasis is not visible and hard to be detected. As an indicator for cell apoptosis, imaging of aggregated proteins provides a new direction. Herein, we design a peptide-conjugated probe (QRKN) that can induce mitochondrial dysfunction for self-reporting cell apoptosis by imaging aggregated proteins. Specifically, QRKN can be cleaved into the α-helix-forming part (QRK) and azide-modified small-molecule part (N) by overexpressed cathepsin B (CB) in tumor cells. The QRK part can destroy the mitochondrial membrane and promote cytochrome c (Cyt c) efflux and caspase 3 expression. The other N part can inhibit the activity of mitochondrial complex IV (Mito-IV) and decrease the expression level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Two signaling pathways cooperatively induce mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in protein aggregation and cell apoptosis ultimately. Meanwhile, the cell apoptosis process can be monitored based on QRKN, which is highly sensitive to the aggregated protein-triggered viscosity change. The self-reporting probe can monitor therapeutic responses and provide valuable diagnosis information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing-Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hanzhi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Frawley KL, Carpenter Totoni S, Bae Y, Pearce LL, Peterson J. A Comparison of Potential Azide Antidotes in a Mouse Model. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:594-603. [PMID: 31922405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Three cobalt-containing macrocyclic compounds previously shown to antagonize cyanide toxicity have been comparatively evaluated for the amelioration of sublethal azide toxicity in juvenile (7-8 weeks) Swiss-Webster mice. The lowest effective doses were determined for hydroxocobalamin, a cobalt porphyrin, and a cobalt-Schiff base macrocycle by giving the antidotes 5 min prior to the toxicant, 27 mg (415 μmol) /kg sodium azide. Both male and female mice were evaluated for their response to the toxicant as well as the antidotes, and no significant differences were noted once weight differences were taken into account. Two of the three compounds significantly decreased the recovery time of azide-intoxicated mice at 10 min after the administration of sodium azide, as determined by a behavioral test (pole climbing). Additionally, azide was determined to cause a several degree drop (∼3 °C) in measured tail temperature, and warming the mice led to a more rapid recovery. The mice were also shown to recover more rapidly when given sodium nitrite, 24 mg (350 μmol)/kg, 5 min after the toxicant; this treatment also suppressed the azide-induced tail temperature decrease. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of mouse blood treated with sodium azide demonstrated the presence of nitrosylhemoglobin at levels of 10-20 μM which persisted for ∼300 min. The presence of the methemoglobin azide adduct was also detected by EPR at a maximum level of ∼300 μM, but these signals disappeared around 200 min after the administration of azide. The treatment of mice with 15N sodium azide proved that the nitrosylhemoglobin was a product of the administered azide by the appearance of a two-line hyperfine (due to the 15N) in the EPR spectrum of mouse blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 130 DeSoto Street , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Samantha Carpenter Totoni
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 130 DeSoto Street , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Yookyung Bae
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 130 DeSoto Street , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 130 DeSoto Street , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , 130 DeSoto Street , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
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Praekunatham H, Garrett KK, Bae Y, Cronican AA, Frawley KL, Pearce LL, Peterson J. A Cobalt Schiff-Base Complex as a Putative Therapeutic for Azide Poisoning. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:333-342. [PMID: 31599574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is presently no antidote available to treat azide poisoning. Here, the Schiff-base compound Co(II)-2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo-[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17)2,11,13,15-pentaenyl dibromide (Co(II)N4[11.3.1]) is investigated to determine if it has the capability to antagonize azide toxicity through a decorporation mechanism. The stopped-flow kinetics of azide binding to Co(II)N4[11.3.1] in the absence of oxygen exhibited three experimentally observable phases: I (fast); II (intermediate); and III (slow). The intermediate phase II accounted for ∼70% of the overall absorbance changes, representing the major process observed, with second-order rate constants of 29 (±4) M-1 s-1 at 25 °C and 70 (±10) M-1 s-1 at 37 °C. The data demonstrated pH independence of the reaction around neutrality, suggesting the unprotonated azide anion to be the attacking species. The binding of azide to Co(II)N4[11.3.1] appears to have a complicated mechanism leading to less than ideal antidotal capability; nonetheless, this cobalt complex does protect against azide intoxication. Administration of Co(II)N4[11.3.1] at 5 min post sodium azide injection (ip) to mice resulted in a substantial decrease of righting-recovery times, 12 (±4) min, compared to controls, 40 (±8) min. In addition, only two out of seven mice "knocked down" when the antidote was administered compared to the controls given toxicant only (100% knockdown).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirunwut Praekunatham
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Kimberly K Garrett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Yookyung Bae
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Andrea A Cronican
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
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Garrett KK, Frawley KL, Carpenter Totoni S, Bae Y, Peterson J, Pearce LL. Antidotal Action of Some Gold(I) Complexes toward Phosphine Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1310-1316. [PMID: 31070361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphine (PH3) poisoning continues to be a serious problem worldwide, for which there is no antidote currently available. An invertebrate model for examining potential toxicants and their putative antidotes has been used to determine if a strategy of using Au(I) complexes as phosphine-scavenging compounds may be antidotally beneficial. When Galleria mellonella larvae (or wax worms) were subjected to phosphine exposures of 4300 (±700) ppm·min over a 20 min time span, they became immobile (paralyzed) for ∼35 min. The administration of Au(I) complexes auro-sodium bisthiosulfate (AuTS), aurothioglucose (AuTG), and sodium aurothiomalate (AuTM) 5 min prior to phosphine exposure resulted in a drastic reduction in the recovery time (0-4 min). When the putative antidotes were given 10 min after the phosphine exposure, all the antidotes were therapeutic, resulting in mean recovery times of 14, 17, and 19 min for AuTS, AuTG, and AuTM, respectively. Since AuTS proved to be the best therapeutic agent in the G. mellonella model, it was subsequently tested in mice using a behavioral assessment (pole-climbing test). Mice given AuTS (50 mg/kg) 5 min prior to a 3200 (±500) ppm·min phosphine exposure exhibited behavior comparable to mice not exposed to phosphine. However, when mice were given a therapeutic dose of AuTS (50 mg/kg) 1 min after a similar phosphine exposure, only a very modest improvement in performance was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K Garrett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Samantha Carpenter Totoni
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Yookyung Bae
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
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