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Zheng T, Liu JH, Zhu TY, Li B, Li JS, Gu YY, Nie J, Xiong T, Lu FG. Novel insights into the glucose metabolic alterations of freshwater snails: a pathway to molluscicide innovation and snail control strategies. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:257. [PMID: 38940835 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
As ecosystem disruptors and intermediate hosts for various parasites, freshwater snails have significant socioeconomic impacts on human health, livestock production, and aquaculture. Although traditional molluscicides have been widely used to mitigate these effects, their environmental impact has encouraged research into alternative, biologically based strategies to create safer, more effective molluscicides and diminish the susceptibility of snails to parasites. This review focuses on alterations in glucose metabolism in snails under the multifaceted stressors of parasitic infections, drug exposure, and environmental changes and proposes a novel approach for snail management. Key enzymes within the glycolytic pathway, such as hexokinase and pyruvate kinase; tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; and electron transport chains, such as succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase, are innovative targets for molluscicide development. These targets can affect both snails and parasites and provide an important direction for parasitic disease prevention research. For the first time, this review summarises the reverse TCA cycle and alternative oxidase pathway, which are unique metabolic bypasses in invertebrates that have emerged as suitable targets for the formulation of low-toxicity molluscicides. Additionally, it highlights the importance of other metabolic pathways, including lactate, alanine, glycogenolysis, and pentose phosphate pathways, in snail energy supply, antioxidant stress responses, and drug evasion mechanisms. By analysing the alterations in key metabolic enzymes and their products in stressed snails, this review deepens our understanding of glucose metabolic alterations in snails and provides valuable insights for identifying new pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Hao Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Yao Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Shan Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Yang Gu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Nie
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Fang Guo Lu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Differential Protein Expression in the Hemolymph of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos Infected with Opisthorchis viverrini. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005104. [PMID: 27893749 PMCID: PMC5125571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos is a freshwater snail that serves as the first intermediate host of the human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. This parasite is a major public health problem in different countries throughout the Greater Mekong sub-region (Thailand, southern Vietnam, Lao PDR and Cambodia). Chronic O. viverrini infection also results in a gradual increase of fibrotic tissues in the biliary tract that are associated with hepatobiliary diseases and contribute to cholangiocarcinoma (a fatal type of bile duct cancer). Infectivity of the parasite in the snail host is strongly correlated with destruction of helminths by the snail's innate immune system, composed of cellular (hemocyte) and humoral (plasma) defense factors. To better understand this important host-parasite interface we applied sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) to identify and quantify the proteins from the hemolymph of B. siamensis goniomphalos experimentally infected with O. viverrini and compare them to non-infected snails (control group). A total of 362 and 242 proteins were identified in the hemocytes and plasma, respectively. Of these, 145 and 117 proteins exhibited significant differences in expression upon fluke infection in hemocytes and plasma, respectively. Among the proteins with significantly different expression patterns, we found proteins related to immune response (up-regulated in both hemocyte and plasma of infected snails) and proteins belonging to the structural and motor group (mostly down-regulated in hemocytes but up-regulated in plasma of infected snails). The proteins identified and quantified in this work will provide important information for the understanding of the factors involved in snail defense against O. viverrini and might facilitate the development of new strategies to control O. viverrini infection in endemic areas.
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Abou-Elnour BM, El-Emam MAEW, Mahmoud MB, Ibrahim WL, Youssef AA. Alternations in parasitological, biochemical and molecular parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, induced post exposure to the proposed snail biocontrol agent Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita nematode. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abou-El-Naga IF, Sadaka HAEM, Amer EI, Diab IH, Khedr SIAEH. Impact of the age of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails on Schistosoma mansoni transmission: modulation of the genetic outcome and the internal defence system of the snail. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:585-95. [PMID: 26061235 PMCID: PMC4569820 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the approximately 34 identified Biomphalaria
species,Biomphalaria alexandrina represents the
intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in Egypt. Using
parasitological and SOD1 enzyme assay, this study aimed to elucidate the impact of
the age of B. alexandrina snails on their genetic variability and
internal defence against S. mansoni infection. Susceptible and
resistant snails were reared individually for self-reproduction; four subgroups of
their progeny were used in experiment. The young susceptible subgroup showed the
highest infection rate, the shortest pre-patent period, the highest total cercarial
production, the highest mortality rate and the lowest SOD1 activity. Among the young
and adult susceptible subgroups, 8% and 26% were found to be resistant, indicating
the inheritance of resistance alleles from parents. The adult resistant subgroup,
however, contained only resistant snails and showed the highest enzyme activity. The
complex interaction between snail age, genetic background and internal defence
resulted in great variability in compatibility patterns, with the highest significant
difference between young susceptible and adult resistant snails. The results
demonstrate that resistance alleles function to a greater degree in adults, with
higher SOD1 activity and provide potential implications for Biomphalaria
control. The identification of the most susceptible snail age enables
determination of the best timing for applying molluscicides. Moreover, adult
resistant snails could be beneficial in biological snail control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eglal Ibrahim Amer
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EG
| | - Iman Hassan Diab
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EG
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Hamed MA, Ali SA, Aly HF, El-Rigal NS, Rizk MZ. Biomphalaria alexandrina snails as immunogens against Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:879-88. [PMID: 21120357 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Vorontsova YA, Yurlova NI, Vodyanitskaya SN, Glupov VV. Activity of detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) during invasion by trematode cercariae. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093010010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Knight M, Raghavan N, Goodall C, Cousin C, Ittiprasert W, Sayed A, Miller A, Williams DL, Bayne CJ. Biomphalaria glabrata peroxiredoxin: effect of schistosoma mansoni infection on differential gene regulation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 167:20-31. [PMID: 19439374 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To identify gene(s) that may be associated with resistance/susceptibility in the intermediate snail host Biomphalaria glabrata to Schistosoma mansoni infection, a snail albumen gland cDNA library was differentially screened and a partial cDNA encoding an antioxidant enzyme thioredoxin peroxidase (Tpx), or peroxiredoxin (Prx), was identified. The 753bp full-length, single-copy, constitutively expressed gene now referred to as BgPrx4 was later isolated. BgPrx4 is a 2-Cys peroxiredoxin containing the conserved peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)) in the N-terminus and the resolving cysteine (C(R)) in the C-terminus. Sequence analysis of BgPrx4 from both resistant and susceptible snails revealed the presence of several (at least 7) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Phylogenetic analysis indicated BgPrx4 to resemble a homolog of human peroxiredoxin, PRDX4. Northern analysis of hepatopancreas RNA from both resistant and susceptible snails showed that upon parasite exposure there were qualitative changes in gene expression. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed differences in the levels of BgPrx4 transcript induction following infection, with the transcript up-regulated in resistant snails during the early phase (5h) of infection compared to susceptible snails in which it was down-regulated within the early time period. While there was an increase in transcription in susceptible snails later (48h) post-infection, this never reached the levels detected in resistant snails. A similar trend - higher, earlier up-regulation in the resistant snails but lower, slower protein expression in susceptible snails - was observed by Western blot analysis. Enzymatic analysis of the purified, recombinant BgPrx4 revealed the snail sequence to function as Prx but with an unusual ability to use both thioredoxin and glutathione as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matty Knight
- Biomedical Research Institute, 12111 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Goodall CP, Bender RC, Brooks JK, Bayne CJ. Biomphalaria glabrata cytosolic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene: Association of SOD1 alleles with resistance/susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 147:207-10. [PMID: 16564582 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Variation in susceptibility of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata to infection by the parasite Schistosoma mansoni is, at least in part, genetically determined. Functional studies have demonstrated that hemocyte-mediated killing of the parasite involves hydrogen peroxide, the enzymatic product of superoxide dismutase (SOD). The present study identifies alleles of the gene coding for cytosolic copper/zinc SOD (SOD1). The resistance/susceptibility phenotypes and SOD1 genotypes were determined for 354 snails of the predominantly resistant 13-16-R1 strain of B. glabrata. Resistance to the parasite was found to be significantly associated with one allele of the SOD1 gene. Conversely, a separate SOD1 allele was significantly associated with susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri P Goodall
- Oregon State University, Department of Zoology, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA.
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