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Cheng J, Luo Y, Li Y, Zhang F, Zhang X, Zhou X, Ji L. Sex- and body mass index-specific reference intervals for serum leptin: a population based study in China. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:54. [PMID: 35941672 PMCID: PMC9358897 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptin is a peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissue and is an important determinant of obesity and its complications. The purpose of this study was to establish sex- and body mass index (BMI)-specific reference intervals for serum leptin in a Chinese population and investigate the factors influencing leptin concentrations. Methods Fasting serum leptin levels were assayed in 469 men and 773 women from randomly sampled Chinese residents. Blood glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), liver enzymes, blood lipid profiles, creatinine, and uric acid (UA) levels were measured. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analyses were used to estimate the relationship between serum leptin level and other variables. The reference intervals were determined by the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles. Results The mean ± standard deviation serum leptin level was much higher in women (20.92 ± 12.96 ng/mL) than in men (6.45 ± 5.53 ng/mL). The reference interval of serum leptin was 0.33–19.85 ng/mL in men and 3.60–54.86 ng/mL in women. The specific reference intervals of serum leptin in men with BMI of 20 to < 25 and 25 to < 27.5 kg/m2 were 0.42–12.32 and 2.17–20.22 ng/ml, respectively. The specific reference intervals of serum leptin in women with BMI of 20 to < 25 and 25 to < 27.5 kg/m2 were 4.11–38.09 and 8.27–48.66 ng/ml, respectively. BMI was significantly correlated with Ln (leptin) both in men (r = 0.698, P < 0.001) and women (r = 0.626, P < 0.001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, serum leptin was correlated with BMI, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), UA in women, and plus triglyceride (TG) in men. The variance in serum leptin levels could be partially explained by these variables in both women (adjusted R2 = 0.447) and men (adjusted R2 = 0.552). In participants with leptin levels higher than the reference intervals, significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), UA, a higher proportion of central obesity (waist circumference [WC] > 90 cm), and metabolic syndrome were found in men, and significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR, UA and a higher proportion of central obesity (WC > 85 cm) were found in women. Conclusion This is the first study to establish sex- and BMI-specific reference intervals of leptin for both sexes in a large Chinese population. Serum concentration of leptin was predicted by BMI, HOMA-IR, UA in women, and TG in men. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12986-022-00689-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yingying Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Capital Medical University Pinggu Teaching Hospital, No. 59, Xinping North Road, Pinggu District, Beijing, 101200, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xianghai Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Linong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11, Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
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Ledoux C, Boaretti D, Sachan A, Müller R, Collins CJ. Clinical Data for Parametrization of In Silico Bone Models Incorporating Cell-Cytokine Dynamics: A Systematic Review of Literature. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:901720. [PMID: 35910035 PMCID: PMC9335409 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.901720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In silico simulations aim to provide fast, inexpensive, and ethical alternatives to years of costly experimentation on animals and humans for studying bone remodeling, its deregulation during osteoporosis and the effect of therapeutics. Within the varied spectrum of in silico modeling techniques, bone cell population dynamics and agent-based multiphysics simulations have recently emerged as useful tools to simulate the effect of specific signaling pathways. In these models, parameters for cell and cytokine behavior are set based on experimental values found in literature; however, their use is currently limited by the lack of clinical in vivo data on cell numbers and their behavior as well as cytokine concentrations, diffusion, decay and reaction rates. Further, the settings used for these parameters vary across research groups, prohibiting effective cross-comparisons. This review summarizes and evaluates the clinical trial literature that can serve as input or validation for in silico models of bone remodeling incorporating cells and cytokine dynamics in post-menopausal women in treatment, and control scenarios. The GRADE system was used to determine the level of confidence in the reported data, and areas lacking in reported measures such as binding site occupancy, reaction rates and cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis rates were highlighted as targets for further research. We propose a consensus for the range of values that can be used for the cell and cytokine settings related to the RANKL-RANK-OPG, TGF-β and sclerostin pathways and a Levels of Evidence-based method to estimate parameters missing from clinical trial literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ledoux
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Akanksha Sachan
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caitlyn J. Collins
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VI,United States
- *Correspondence: Caitlyn J. Collins,
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Mills EG, Yang L, Nielsen MF, Kassem M, Dhillo WS, Comninos AN. The Relationship Between Bone and Reproductive Hormones Beyond Estrogens and Androgens. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:691-719. [PMID: 33901271 PMCID: PMC8599211 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive hormones play a crucial role in the growth and maintenance of the mammalian skeleton. Indeed, the biological significance for this hormonal regulation of skeletal homeostasis is best illustrated by common clinical reproductive disorders, such as primary ovarian insufficiency, hypothalamic amenorrhea, congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and early menopause, which contribute to the clinical burden of low bone mineral density and increased risk for fragility fracture. Emerging evidence relating to traditional reproductive hormones and the recent discovery of newer reproductive neuropeptides and hormones has deepened our understanding of the interaction between bone and the reproductive system. In this review, we provide a contemporary summary of the literature examining the relationship between bone biology and reproductive signals that extend beyond estrogens and androgens, and include kisspeptin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, progesterone, inhibin, activin, and relaxin. A comprehensive and up-to-date review of the recent basic and clinical research advances is essential given the prevalence of clinical reproductive disorders, the emerging roles of upstream reproductive hormones in bone physiology, as well as the urgent need to develop novel safe and effective therapies for bone fragility in a rapidly aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard G Mills
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Yang
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Morten F Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Odense & institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Odense & institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alexander N Comninos
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Endocrine Bone Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Liukkonen MPK, Paterno JJ, Kivinen N, Siintamo L, Koskela AKJ, Kaarniranta K. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related serum markers ET-1, IL-8 and TGF-β2 are elevated in a Finnish wet age-related macular degeneration cohort. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 100:e1153-e1162. [PMID: 34699684 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been hypothesized that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may occur in the retinal pigment epithelium of advanced stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Various serum and plasma growth factors and inflammatory mediators have been linked to AMD. We were interested in finding out whether systemic levels of EMT-associated markers were altered in the serum of wet AMD patients. Serum biomarkers associated with the various pathological processes of AMD may present an avenue towards identifying and characterizing the birth mechanisms of wet AMD, its progression and severity, paving the way towards the application of precision medicine. METHODS We chose to measure the serum levels of known biomarkers of EMT - EGF (epidermal growth factor), ET-1 (endothelin 1), IL-8 (interleukin 8), TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 (transforming growth factor-beta 1 and 2) and VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A) - using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We measured them from 71 Finnish wet AMD patients who were receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF-A injection treatments, as well as 64 age-adjusted controls. RESULTS We found significantly elevated levels of ET-1, IL-8 and TGF-β2 in the serums of wet AMD patients. CONCLUSIONS ET-1, IL-8 and TGF-β2 appear to be useful serum biomarkers in understanding active wet AMD. However, we cannot conclude that local retinal EMT-processes could be observed from the corresponding systemic serum biomarkers in patients undergoing anti-VEGF-A treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko P. K. Liukkonen
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Jussi J. Paterno
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Niko Kivinen
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Leea Siintamo
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Ali K. J. Koskela
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
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Thilagam A. Mathematical modelling of decline in follicle pool during female reproductive ageing. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2015; 33:107-21. [DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqv006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Doventas A, Bolayirli I, Incir S, Yavuzer H, Civelek S, Erdincler D, Konukoglu D, Beger T, Seven A. Interrelationships between obesity and bone markers in post-menopausal women with either obesity or osteoporosis. Eur Geriatr Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chen C, Liang MK, Zhang H, Peng YQ, Wu XP, Wu XY, Liao EY. Relationships between age-related biochemical markers of bone turnover and OPG, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in native Chinese women. Endocr Res 2014; 39:105-14. [PMID: 24152296 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2013.840654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and TGF-β2 are cytokines closely associated with bone metabolism. However, their association with bone turnover markers in native Chinese women remains unknown. The study aims to investigate the relationship between bone metabolism related cytokines including OPG, TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and bone turnover markers in native Chinese women. The cross-sectional study was conducted on 691 healthy Chinese women (20-80 years old). Levels of OPG, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), osteocalcin (OC), cross-linked N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (sNTX), cross-linked C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (sCTX), urinary NTX (uNTX), urinary CTX (uCTX) and total urinary deoxypyridinoline (uDPD) were determined. The present study showed that OPG and TGF-β2 had positive correlation with BAP, OC, uNTX, uCTX and uDPD, while TGF-β1 showed negative correlation with BAP, OC, sCTX, uNTX and uCTX, and most of the coefficients of partial correlation remained significant after adjustments for age and body mass index (BMI). Multiple linear regression stepwise analysis showed that OPG and TGF-β2 were positive determinative factors for BAP, sCTX, uNTX and uCTX, which could explain 0.6-16.6% of the variation in these markers. TGF-β1 was a negative determinative factor for BAP, OC, sCTX and uCTX, which could explain 0.7-7.3% of the variation in these markers. This study suggested that measuring bone turnover indicators and serum cytokines simultaneously might help evaluating changes in bone turnover rate caused by aging or menopause in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , PR China
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Zhou X, Chai Y, Chen K, Yang Y, Liu Z. A meta-analysis of reference values of leptin concentration in healthy postmenopausal women. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72734. [PMID: 24023638 PMCID: PMC3758328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective There are numerous reports about the leptin concentration (LC) in postmenopausal women (PW). Changes in LC can elicit different clinical outcomes. We systematically analyzed the LC in PW. Methods A search was conducted in original English-language studies published from 1994 to October 2012 in the following databases: Medline (78), Cochrane Center (123) Embase (505), Biological abstracts (108), Cochrane (53) and Science Finder Scholar (0). A meta-analysis was undertaken on the correction coefficient (r) between the serum LC and body mass index (BMI) for healthy PW across studies containing a dataset and sample size. Pre-analytical and analytical variations were examined. Pre-analytical variables included fasting status (FS) and sampling timing. Analytical variation comprised assay methodology, LC in those undertaking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and those not having HRT as well as LC change according to age. Results Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Eighteen studies detected LC in the morning in a FS, 15 studies denoted the r between leptin and the BMI. A combined r was counted for the 15 studies (r = 0.51 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.46–0.54], P = 0.025), and if sampling collection was in the FSat morning, a combined r was form 10 studies (r = 0.54 [95% CI, 0.45–0.54], P = 0.299) and heterogeneity was diminished. LC did not change between HRT users and non-users in 7 studies. Five studies analyzed changes in LC according to age. Conclusion Based on all studies that investigated both LC and BMI, LC was positively correlated with the BMI. No studies established reference ranges according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in healthy PW, and there was a wide variation in LC values. These differences suggest that caution should be used in the interpretation and comparison between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
- Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - YanLan Chai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - YunYi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Zi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
- * E-mail:
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Avnet S, Pallotta R, Perut F, Baldini N, Pittis MG, Saponari A, Lucarelli E, Dozza B, Greggi T, Maraldi NM, Capanni C, Mattioli E, Columbaro M, Lattanzi G. Osteoblasts from a mandibuloacral dysplasia patient induce human blood precursors to differentiate into active osteoclasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:711-8. [PMID: 21419220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mandibuloacral dysplasia type A (MADA) is a rare disease caused by mutations in the LMNA gene encoding A type lamins. Patients affected by mandibuloacral dysplasia type A suffer from partial lipodystrophy, skin abnormalities and accelerated aging. Typical of mandibuloacral dysplasia type A is also bone resorption at defined districts including terminal phalanges, mandible and clavicles. Little is known about the biological mechanism underlying osteolysis in mandibuloacral dysplasia type A. In the reported study, we analyzed an osteoblast primary culture derived from the cervical vertebrae of a mandibuloacral dysplasia type A patient bearing the homozygous R527H LMNA mutation. Mandibuloacral dysplasia type A osteoblasts showed nuclear abnormalities typical of laminopathic cells, but they proliferated in culture and underwent differentiation upon stimulation with dexamethasone and beta-glycerophosphate. Differentiated osteoblasts showed proper production of bone mineral matrix until passage 8 in culture, suggesting a good differentiation activity. In order to evaluate whether mandibuloacral dysplasia type A osteoblast-derived factors affected osteoclast differentiation or activity, we used a conditioned medium from mandibuloacral dysplasia type A or control cultures to treat normal human peripheral blood monocytes and investigated whether they were induced to differentiate into osteoclasts. A higher osteoclast differentiation and matrix digestion rate was obtained in the presence of mandibuloacral dysplasia type A osteoblast medium with respect to normal osteoblast medium. Further, TGFbeta 2 and osteoprotegerin expression were enhanced in mandibuloacral dysplasia type A osteoblasts while the RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio was diminished. Importantly, inhibition of TGFbeta 2 by a neutralizing antibody abolished the effect of mandibuloacral dysplasia type A conditioned medium on osteoclast differentiation. These data argue in favor of an altered bone turnover in mandibuloacral dysplasia type A, caused by upregulation of bone-derived stimulatory cytokines, which activate non-canonical differentiation stimuli. In this context, TGFbeta 2 appears as a major player in the osteolytic process that affects mandibuloacral dysplasia type A patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Avnet
- Laboratory for Pathophysiology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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