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Hamamura K, Yoshida Y, Oyama K, Li J, Kawano S, Inoue K, Toyooka K, Yamadera M, Matsunaga N, Matsumura T, Aritake K. Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase Is Increased in Mast Cells and Pericytes in Autopsy Myocardial Specimens from Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1846. [PMID: 38339125 PMCID: PMC10855661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The leading cause of death for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a progressive muscle disease, is heart failure. Prostaglandin (PG) D2, a physiologically active fatty acid, is synthesized from the precursor PGH2 by hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (HPGDS). Using a DMD animal model (mdx mice), we previously found that HPGDS expression is increased not only in injured muscle but also in the heart. Moreover, HPGDS inhibitors can slow the progression of muscle injury and cardiomyopathy. However, the location of HPGDS in the heart is still unknown. Thus, this study investigated HPGDS expression in autopsy myocardial samples from DMD patients. We confirmed the presence of fibrosis, a characteristic phenotype of DMD, in the autopsy myocardial sections. Additionally, HPGDS was expressed in mast cells, pericytes, and myeloid cells of the myocardial specimens but not in the myocardium. Compared with the non-DMD group, the DMD group showed increased HPGDS expression in mast cells and pericytes. Our findings confirm the possibility of using HPGDS inhibitor therapy to suppress PGD2 production to treat skeletal muscle disorders and cardiomyopathy. It thus provides significant insights for developing therapeutic drugs for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Hamamura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan;
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.)
| | - Yuya Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.)
| | - Kosuke Oyama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Junhao Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.)
| | - Shimpei Kawano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.)
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toneyama 5-1-1, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan;
| | - Keiko Toyooka
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toneyama 5-1-1, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan; (K.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Misaki Yamadera
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toneyama 5-1-1, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan;
| | - Naoya Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (S.K.); (N.M.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toneyama 5-1-1, Toyonaka 560-8552, Japan; (K.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan;
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McDonald C, Camino E, Escandon R, Finkel RS, Fischer R, Flanigan K, Furlong P, Juhasz R, Martin AS, Villa C, Sweeney HL. Draft Guidance for Industry Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Becker Muscular Dystrophy, and Related Dystrophinopathies - Developing Potential Treatments for the Entire Spectrum of Disease. J Neuromuscul Dis 2024; 11:499-523. [PMID: 38363616 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-230219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and related dystrophinopathies are neuromuscular conditions with great unmet medical needs that require the development of effective medical treatments. Objective To aid sponsors in clinical development of drugs and therapeutic biological products for treating DMD across the disease spectrum by integrating advancements, patient registries, natural history studies, and more into a comprehensive guidance. Methods This guidance emerged from collaboration between the FDA, the Duchenne community, and industry stakeholders. It entailed a structured approach, involving multiple committees and boards. From its inception in 2014, the guidance underwent revisions incorporating insights from gene therapy studies, cardiac function research, and innovative clinical trial designs. Results The guidance provides a deeper understanding of DMD and its variants, focusing on patient engagement, diagnostic criteria, natural history, biomarkers, and clinical trials. It underscores patient-focused drug development, the significance of dystrophin as a biomarker, and the pivotal role of magnetic resonance imaging in assessing disease progression. Additionally, the guidance addresses cardiomyopathy's prominence in DMD and the burgeoning field of gene therapy. Conclusions The updated guidance offers a comprehensive understanding of DMD, emphasizing patient-centric approaches, innovative trial designs, and the importance of biomarkers. The focus on cardiomyopathy and gene therapy signifies the evolving realm of DMD research. It acts as a crucial roadmap for sponsors, potentially leading to improved treatments for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Camino
- Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rafael Escandon
- DGBI Consulting, LLC, Bainbridge Island, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Ryan Fischer
- Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kevin Flanigan
- Center for Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pat Furlong
- Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rose Juhasz
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ann S Martin
- Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chet Villa
- Trinity Health Michigan, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - H Lee Sweeney
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center within the UC Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Takahashi C, Oishi M, Iwata Y, Maekawa K, Matsumura T. Impact of the TRPV2 Inhibitor on Advanced Heart Failure in Patients with Muscular Dystrophy: Exploratory Study of Biomarkers Related to the Efficacy of Tranilast. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032167. [PMID: 36768491 PMCID: PMC9917168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death in patients with muscular dystrophy (MD). Tranilast, a widely used anti-allergic drug, has displayed inhibitory activity against the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 2 and improved cardiac function in MD patients. To identify urinary biomarkers that assess improved cardiac function after tranilast administration, we performed a urinary metabolomic study focused on oxidative fatty acids. Accompanying the clinical trial of tranilast, urine specimens were collected over 24 weeks from MD patients with advanced heart failure. Urinary levels of tetranor-PGDM (tetranor-prostaglandin D metabolite), a metabolite of prostaglandin D2, significantly decreased 12 weeks after tranilast administration and were correlated with BNP. These results suggest that prostaglandin-mediated inflammation, which increases with the pathological progression of heart failure in MD patients, was attenuated. Urinary prostaglandin E3 (PGE3) levels significantly increased 4 weeks after tranilast administration. There were positive correlations between the urinary levels of PGE3 and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, an oxidative stress marker. High PGE3 levels may have a protective effect against cardiomyopathy in MD patients with high oxidative stress. Although further validation studies are necessary, urinary tetranor-PGDM and PGE3 levels may help the current understanding of the extent of advanced heart failure in patients with MD after tranilast administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Takahashi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mariko Oishi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Iwata
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita 564-8565, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Maekawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Kyoto, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka 560-8551, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (T.M.)
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Fortunato F, Ferlini A. Biomarkers in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Current Status and Future Directions. J Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 10:987-1002. [PMID: 37545256 PMCID: PMC10657716 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-221666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe, X-linked disease characterized by decreased muscle mass and function in children. Genetic and biochemical research over the years has led to the characterization of the cause and the pathophysiology of the disease. Moreover, the elucidation of genetic mechanisms underlining Duchenne muscular dystrophy has allowed for the design of innovative personalized therapies.The identification of specific, accurate, and sensitive biomarkers is becoming crucial for evaluating muscle disease progression and response to therapies, disease monitoring, and the acceleration of drug development and related regulatory processes.This review illustrated the up-to-date progress in the development of candidate biomarkers in DMD at the level of proteins, metabolites, micro-RNAs (miRNAs) and genetic modifiers also highlighting the complexity of translating research results to clinical practice.We highlighted the challenges encountered in translating biomarkers into the clinical context and the existing bottlenecks hampering the adoption of biomarkers as surrogate endpoints. These challenges could be overcome by national and international collaborative efforts, multicenter data sharing, definition of public biobanks and patients' registries, and creation of large cohorts of patients. Novel statistical tools/ models suitable to analyze small patient numbers are also required.Finally, collaborations with pharmaceutical companies would greatly benefit biomarker discovery and their translation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fortunato
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Yokoo H, Shibata N, Endo A, Ito T, Yanase Y, Murakami Y, Fujii K, Hamamura K, Saeki Y, Naito M, Aritake K, Demizu Y. Discovery of a Highly Potent and Selective Degrader Targeting Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase via In Silico Design. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15868-15882. [PMID: 34652145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation by proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) is one of the exciting modalities for drug discovery and biological discovery. It is important to select an appropriate linker, an E3 ligase ligand, and a target protein ligand in the development; however, it is necessary to synthesize a large number of PROTACs through trial and error. Herein, using a docking simulation of the ternary complex of a hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS) degrader, H-PGDS, and cereblon, we have succeeded in developing PROTAC(H-PGDS)-7 (6), which showed potent and selective degradation activity (DC50 = 17.3 pM) and potent suppression of prostaglandin D2 production in KU812 cells. Additionally, in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy model using mdx mice with cardiac hypertrophy, compound 6 showed better inhibition of inflammatory cytokines than a potent H-PGDS inhibitor TFC-007. Thus, our results demonstrated that in silico simulation would be useful for the rational development of PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetomo Yokoo
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Norihito Shibata
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akinori Endo
- Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takahito Ito
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yuta Yanase
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuki Murakami
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kiyonaga Fujii
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-machi, Minami-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Kengo Hamamura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-machi, Minami-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Yasushi Saeki
- Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Laboratory of Targeted Protein Degradation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-machi, Minami-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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6
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Yao S, Chen Z, Yu Y, Zhang N, Jiang H, Zhang G, Zhang Z, Zhang B. Current Pharmacological Strategies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:689533. [PMID: 34490244 PMCID: PMC8417245 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.689533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal, X-linked neuromuscular disorder caused by the absence of dystrophin protein, which is essential for muscle fiber integrity. Loss of dystrophin protein leads to recurrent myofiber damage, chronic inflammation, progressive fibrosis, and dysfunction of muscle stem cells. There is still no cure for DMD so far and the standard of care is principally limited to symptom relief through glucocorticoids treatments. Current therapeutic strategies could be divided into two lines. Dystrophin-targeted therapeutic strategies that aim at restoring the expression and/or function of dystrophin, including gene-based, cell-based and protein replacement therapies. The other line of therapeutic strategies aims to improve muscle function and quality by targeting the downstream pathological changes, including inflammation, fibrosis, and muscle atrophy. This review introduces the important developments in these two lines of strategies, especially those that have entered the clinical phase and/or have great potential for clinical translation. The rationale and efficacy of each agent in pre-clinical or clinical studies are presented. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of gene profiling in DMD patients has been performed to understand the molecular mechanisms of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Zihao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hewen Jiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zongkang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Baoting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Cadilla R, Deaton DN, Do Y, Elkins PA, Ennulat D, Guss JH, Holt J, Jeune MR, King AG, Klapwijk JC, Kramer HF, Kramer NJ, Laffan SB, Masuria PI, McDougal AV, Mortenson PN, Musetti C, Peckham GE, Pietrak BL, Poole C, Price DJ, Rendina AR, Sati G, Saxty G, Shearer BG, Shewchuk LM, Sneddon HF, Stewart EL, Stuart JD, Thomas DN, Thomson SA, Ward P, Wilson JW, Xu T, Youngman MA. The exploration of aza-quinolines as hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS) inhibitors with low brain exposure. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115791. [PMID: 33059303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GlaxoSmithKline and Astex Pharmaceuticals recently disclosed the discovery of the potent H-PGDS inhibitor GSK2894631A 1a (IC50 = 9.9 nM) as part of a fragment-based drug discovery collaboration with Astex Pharmaceuticals. This molecule exhibited good murine pharmacokinetics, allowing it to be utilized to explore H-PGDS pharmacology in vivo. Yet, with prolonged dosing at higher concentrations, 1a induced CNS toxicity. Looking to attenuate brain penetration in this series, aza-quinolines, were prepared with the intent of increasing polar surface area. Nitrogen substitutions at the 6- and 8-positions of the quinoline were discovered to be tolerated by the enzyme. Subsequent structure activity studies in these aza-quinoline scaffolds led to the identification of 1,8-naphthyridine 1y (IC50 = 9.4 nM) as a potent peripherally restricted H-PGDS inhibitor. Compound 1y is efficacious in four in vivo inflammatory models and exhibits no CNS toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Cadilla
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David N Deaton
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Young Do
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Patricia A Elkins
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Daniela Ennulat
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Guss
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jason Holt
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michael R Jeune
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Andrew G King
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jan C Klapwijk
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - H Fritz Kramer
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kramer
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Susan B Laffan
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Paresh I Masuria
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Alan V McDougal
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Paul N Mortenson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, UK
| | - Caterina Musetti
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Gregory E Peckham
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Beth L Pietrak
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Chuck Poole
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Daniel J Price
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Alan R Rendina
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Girish Sati
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Gordon Saxty
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, UK
| | - Barry G Shearer
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lisa M Shewchuk
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Helen F Sneddon
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Eugene L Stewart
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - J Darren Stuart
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Dean N Thomas
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Stephen A Thomson
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Paris Ward
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Joseph W Wilson
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Tiahshun Xu
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mark A Youngman
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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O. Mousa N, Osman A, Fahmy N, Abdellatif A, Zada S, El-Fawal H. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) Diagnosis: Past and Present Perspectives. Rare Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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9
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Grunwald SA, Popp O, Haafke S, Jedraszczak N, Grieben U, Saar K, Patone G, Kress W, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Dittmar G, Spuler S. Statin-induced myopathic changes in primary human muscle cells and reversal by a prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2158. [PMID: 32034223 PMCID: PMC7005895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statin-related muscle side effects are a constant healthcare problem since patient compliance is dependent on side effects. Statins reduce plasma cholesterol levels and can prevent secondary cardiovascular diseases. Although statin-induced muscle damage has been studied, preventive or curative therapies are yet to be reported. We exposed primary human muscle cell populations (n = 22) to a lipophilic (simvastatin) and a hydrophilic (rosuvastatin) statin and analyzed their expressome. Data and pathway analyses included GOrilla, Reactome and DAVID. We measured mevalonate intracellularly and analyzed eicosanoid profiles secreted by human muscle cells. Functional assays included proliferation and differentiation quantification. More than 1800 transcripts and 900 proteins were differentially expressed after exposure to statins. Simvastatin had a stronger effect on the expressome than rosuvastatin, but both statins influenced cholesterol biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, eicosanoid synthesis, proliferation, and differentiation of human muscle cells. Cultured human muscle cells secreted ω-3 and ω-6 derived eicosanoids and prostaglandins. The ω-6 derived metabolites were found at higher levels secreted from simvastatin-treated primary human muscle cells. Eicosanoids rescued muscle cell differentiation. Our data suggest a new aspect on the role of skeletal muscle in cholesterol metabolism. For clinical practice, the addition of omega-n fatty acids might be suitable to prevent or treat statin-myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Anke Grunwald
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Universitätsmedizin and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany.
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 13125, Germany.
| | - Oliver Popp
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, 13125, Germany
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - Stefanie Haafke
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Universitätsmedizin and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - Nicole Jedraszczak
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Universitätsmedizin and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - Ulrike Grieben
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Universitätsmedizin and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - Kathrin Saar
- Genetics and Genomics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - Giannino Patone
- Genetics and Genomics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - Wolfram Kress
- Institute for Human Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | | | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, 13125, Germany
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - Simone Spuler
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Universitätsmedizin and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany.
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 13125, Germany.
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10
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Komaki H, Maegaki Y, Matsumura T, Shiraishi K, Awano H, Nakamura A, Kinoshita S, Ogata K, Ishigaki K, Saitoh S, Funato M, Kuru S, Nakayama T, Iwata Y, Yajima H, Takeda S. Early phase 2 trial of TAS-205 in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:181-190. [PMID: 31957953 PMCID: PMC7034509 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscular disease characterized by chronic cycles of inflammatory and necrotic processes. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is produced by hematopoietic PGD synthase (HPGDS), which is pathologically implicated in muscle necrosis. This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled early phase 2 study (NCT02752048) aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the novel selective HPGDS inhibitor, TAS‐205, with exploratory measures in male DMD patients aged ≥5 years. Methods Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive low‐dose TAS‐205 (6.67–13.33 mg/kg/dose), high‐dose TAS‐205 (13.33–26.67 mg/kg/dose), or placebo. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in a 6‐minute walk distance (6MWD) at Week 24. Results Thirty‐six patients were enrolled, of whom 35 patients were analysed for safety. The mean (standard error) changes from baseline to Week 24 in 6MWD were −17.0 (17.6) m in the placebo group (n = 10), −3.5 (20.3) m in the TAS‐205 low‐dose group (n = 11), and −7.5 (11.2) m in the TAS‐205 high‐dose group (n = 11). The mean (95% confidence interval) difference from the placebo group was 13.5 (−43.3 to 70.2) m in the TAS‐205 low‐dose group and 9.5 (−33.3 to 52.4) m in the TAS‐205 high‐dose group. No obvious differences were observed in the incidences of adverse events between treatment groups. No adverse drug reactions specific to TAS‐205 treatment were observed. Interpretation The HPGDS inhibitor TAS‐205 showed a favorable safety profile in DMD patients. Further research is required to examine the effectiveness of TAS‐205 in a larger trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Komaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maegaki
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Utano National Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Awano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akinori Nakamura
- Third Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Satoru Kinoshita
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Ogata
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Higashisaitama National Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishigaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michinori Funato
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuru
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Suzuka National Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakayama
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular diseases, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Iwata
- Department of Rehabilitation, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yajima
- Department of Rehabilitation, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Abstract
Prostanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane) belong to the oxylipin family of biologically active lipids generated from arachidonic acid (AA). Protanoids control numerous physiological and pathological processes. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the conversion of AA into prostanoids. There are two COX isozymes: the constitutive COX-1 and the inducible COX-2. COX-1 and COX-2 have similar structures, catalytic activities, and subcellular localizations but differ in patterns of expression and biological functions. Non-selective COX-1/2 or traditional, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (tNSAIDs) target both COX isoforms and are widely used to relieve pain, fever and inflammation. However, the use of NSAIDs is associated with various side effects, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. NSAIDs selective for COX-2 inhibition (coxibs) were purposefully designed to spare gastrointestinal toxicity, but predisposed patients to increased cardiovascular risks. These health complications from NSAIDs prompted interest in the downstream effectors of the COX enzymes as novel drug targets. This chapter describes various safety issues with tNSAIDs and coxibs, and discusses the current development of novel classes of drugs targeting the prostanoid pathway, including nitrogen oxide- and hydrogen sulfide-releasing NSAIDs, inhibitors of prostanoid synthases, dual inhibitors, and prostanoid receptor agonists and antagonists.
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12
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Pawelzik SC, Avignon A, Idborg H, Boegner C, Stanke-Labesque F, Jakobsson PJ, Sultan A, Bäck M. Urinary prostaglandin D 2 and E 2 metabolites associate with abdominal obesity, glucose metabolism, and triglycerides in obese subjects. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 145:106361. [PMID: 31419481 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, which contributes to the development of the metabolic syndrome and its associated complications, such as insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. Limited data from animal and human studies support local generation of pro-inflammatory prostanoid lipid mediators in white adipose tissue. However, the link between systemic prostanoid levels and parameters characterizing the metabolic syndrome is missing in human obesity. Therefore, we performed a targeted lipidomic analysis using urine samples from obese human subjects (n = 45) and show for the first time in humans that urinary prostanoid levels correlate with metabolic parameters that indicate a dysregulated glucose and triglyceride metabolism. We identified tetranor-PGDM and tetranor-PGEM as the two major urinary prostanoid metabolites in obese subjects with levels of 247 ± 31 and 23.3 ± 4.0 pmol/mg creatinine, respectively. Tetranor-PGDM was significantly associated with serum triglycerides, while tetranor-PGEM was associated with abdominal obesity as defined by an increased waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and with impaired oral glucose tolerance. These results confirm the previously established notion of low-grade chronic inflammation in obesity and further identify an association of the prostanoid pathway with obesity-associated dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Christian Pawelzik
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Heart and Vessels, Division of Valvular and Coronary Disease, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Antoine Avignon
- Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition Department, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Helena Idborg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine Boegner
- Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition Department, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ariane Sultan
- Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition Department, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Heart and Vessels, Division of Valvular and Coronary Disease, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; INSERM U1116, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; CHRU Nancy, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
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13
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Ebrahimpoor M, Spitali P, Hettne K, Tsonaka R, Goeman J. Simultaneous Enrichment Analysis of all Possible Gene-sets: Unifying Self-Contained and Competitive Methods. Brief Bioinform 2019; 21:1302-1312. [PMID: 31297505 PMCID: PMC7373179 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbz074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying sets of genomic features is increasingly popular in genomics, proteomics and metabolomics since analyzing at set level not only creates a natural connection to biological knowledge but also offers more statistical power. Currently, there are two gene-set testing approaches, self-contained and competitive, both of which have their advantages and disadvantages, but neither offers the final solution. We introduce simultaneous enrichment analysis (SEA), a new approach for analysis of feature sets in genomics and other omics based on a new unified null hypothesis, which includes the self-contained and competitive null hypotheses as special cases. We employ closed testing using Simes tests to test this new hypothesis. For every feature set, the proportion of active features is estimated, and a confidence bound is provided. Also, for every unified null hypotheses, a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
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\begin{document}
}{}$P$\end{document}-value is calculated, which is adjusted for family-wise error rate. SEA does not need to assume that the features are independent. Moreover, users are allowed to choose the feature set(s) of interest after observing the data. We develop a novel pipeline and apply it on RNA-seq data of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, showcasing the flexibility of the method. Finally, the power properties of the method are evaluated through simulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Ebrahimpoor
- Medical statistics, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Spitali
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Hettne
- Medical statistics, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roula Tsonaka
- Medical statistics, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Goeman
- Medical statistics, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Deaton DN, Do Y, Holt J, Jeune MR, Kramer HF, Larkin AL, Orband-Miller LA, Peckham GE, Poole C, Price DJ, Schaller LT, Shen Y, Shewchuk LM, Stewart EL, Stuart JD, Thomson SA, Ward P, Wilson JW, Xu T, Guss JH, Musetti C, Rendina AR, Affleck K, Anders D, Hancock AP, Hobbs H, Hodgson ST, Hutchinson J, Leveridge MV, Nicholls H, Smith IE, Somers DO, Sneddon HF, Uddin S, Cleasby A, Mortenson PN, Richardson C, Saxty G. The discovery of quinoline-3-carboxamides as hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1456-1478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Hoxha M. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Focus on arachidonic acid metabolites. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 110:796-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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16
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Takeshita E, Komaki H, Tachimori H, Miyoshi K, Yamamiya I, Shimizu-Motohashi Y, Ishiyama A, Saito T, Nakagawa E, Sugai K, Sasaki M. Urinary prostaglandin metabolites as Duchenne muscular dystrophy progression markers. Brain Dev 2018; 40:918-925. [PMID: 30006121 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) exhibit increased prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) expression in necrotic muscle and increased PGD2 metabolites in their urine. In mouse models, inhibiting PGD2 production suppresses muscle necrosis, suggesting a possible intervention through PGD2-mediated activities. OBJECTIVE We investigated the involvement of PGD2 and its potential use as a marker of pathological progression in DMD. METHODS Sixty-one male children with DMD and thirty-five age-matched controls were enrolled in the study. DMD patients were divided into "ambulant" and "non-ambulant" groups, which were further subdivided into "steroid" and "non-steroid" therapy groups. Levels of the PGD2 metabolite tetranor-PGDM (t-PGDM) and creatinine were measured in both spot and 24-hour urine samples, with comparisons between groups made according to geometric mean values. RESULTS DMD patients had significantly higher levels of creatinine-corrected t-PGDM in spot urine samples as compared with the control group. Additionally, both ambulant and non-ambulant DMD groups had significantly higher levels of t-PGDM as compared with controls, with no significant difference in t-PGDM levels observed between steroid and non-steroid groups. Moreover, total creatinine excretion in 24-hour urine samples was significantly lower in DMD patients as compared with controls, and although DMD patients had lower muscle mass than controls, their overall levels of t-PGDM did not differ significantly from those in the non-ambulant and control groups. CONCLUSION PGD2 might help explain the progression and symptomatic presentations (e.g., ambulatory difficulty) associated with DMD, suggesting it as a useful pathological marker and use of a selective PGD2 inhibitor as a potential treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Takeshita
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Komaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisateru Tachimori
- Department of Mental Health and Policy, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuko Shimizu-Motohashi
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishiyama
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakagawa
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugai
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Takeshita E, Komaki H, Shimizu-Motohashi Y, Ishiyama A, Sasaki M, Takeda S. A phase I study of TAS-205 in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1338-1349. [PMID: 30480028 PMCID: PMC6243382 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Currently, the only approved standard Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) treatment in Japan is oral steroids, which have various disadvantages. Previous work has suggested that hematopoietic-type prostaglandin D synthase (HPGDS), involved in production of the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), might have a role in DMD pathology. We therefore investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics of a highly selective HPGDS inhibitor (TAS-205) in Japanese patients with genetically confirmed DMD. Methods This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I study to evaluate the use of single or 7-day repeated doses of TAS-205 administered orally. The urinary excretion of PGD2 metabolites was also assessed. Results The PK analysis set included 15 and 14 patients in the single- and repeated-dose periods, respectively; the pharmacodynamics set and the safety set included 21 and 19 patients in each period, respectively. The PK of TAS-205 were linear in the dose range studied (1.67-13.33 mg/kg/dose) and the plasma concentration of TAS-205 reached steady state by Day 4. TAS-205 dose-dependently decreased the urinary excretion of tetranor-prostaglandin D metabolite at each measurement time point and did not affect the urinary excretion of tetranor-prostaglandin E metabolite. No clinically significant adverse events were reported after TAS-205 single or repeated administration. Interpretation We confirmed the safety and tolerability of TAS-205 in this study. TAS-205 decreased the total urinary excretion of PGD2 metabolites in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that TAS-205 might be a therapeutic option to treat DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Takeshita
- Department of Child Neurology National Center Hospital National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan
| | - Hirofumi Komaki
- Department of Child Neurology National Center Hospital National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuko Shimizu-Motohashi
- Department of Child Neurology National Center Hospital National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishiyama
- Department of Child Neurology National Center Hospital National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Department of Child Neurology National Center Hospital National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- National Institute of Neuroscience National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan
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18
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Kaushik MK, Aritake K, Cherasse Y, Sharma R, Urade Y. A gain-of-function study of amelioration of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures by endogenous prostaglandin D 2. Neurosci Lett 2018; 686:140-144. [PMID: 30201309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that knockout mice of hematopoietic prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (H-PGDS) produce less PGD2 to exacerbate pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures. Here, we adopted a gain-of-function strategy and used transgenic mice that over-express human H-PGDS enzyme, to elucidate the role of overproduction of endogenous PGD2 in PTZ-induced seizures. H-PGDS-transgenic mice showed the elevated level of a urinary metabolite of PGD2, tetranor-PGDM, 3.3- and 2.8-fold higher than the wild-type littermates under the basal condition and after the PTZ administration, respectively, without significantly changing the urinary concentration of a PGE2-metabolite, tetranor-PGE2. The intensity of PTZ-induced seizures was decreased in H-PGDS-transgenic mice as evident by the increased seizure onset latency, and a decrease in total duration of generalized tonic-clonic seizures and a total number of EEG seizure spikes during the postictal period (84 s, 17 s, and 5.3/min, respectively), as compared to wild-type mice (53 s, 24 s, and 12.6/min, respectively). These results indicate that overproduction of endogenous PGD2 decreased PTZ-induces seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh K Kaushik
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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19
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Prostaglandin D 2 metabolite in urine is an index of food allergy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17687. [PMID: 29247205 PMCID: PMC5732293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is immediate hypersensitive reactions to ingested foods. Since early diagnosis is effective for disease control, development of an objective diagnostic index is required. Using mediator-lipidomics, we found that levels of the urinary prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) metabolite, tetranor-PGDM, reflected the severity of the allergic symptoms and intestinal mast cell hyperplasia in mice. Repeated oral challenges with ovalbumin promoted allergic symptoms in sensitized mice. Particularly, the allergic mice presented with increased numbers of intestinal mast cells, which strongly expressed hematopoietic PGD synthase (H-PGDS). The levels of urinary tetranor-PGDM increased as the disease progressed. Treatment with a mast cell inactivator or an anti-inflammatory steroid attenuated these symptoms and decreased the tetranor-PGDM urinary levels. The levels of urinary tetranor-PGDM did not correlate with the disease severity in murine models of colitis, asthma, or allergic dermatitis. Furthermore, we have shown that urinary levels of tetranor-PGDM were significantly higher in patients with food allergy than those in healthy volunteers and patients with other types of allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. These findings suggest that urinary tetranor-PGDM is a useful diagnostic index of food allergy in both mice and humans.
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20
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Mashinchian O, Pisconti A, Le Moal E, Bentzinger CF. The Muscle Stem Cell Niche in Health and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 126:23-65. [PMID: 29305000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of stem cells that maintain and regenerate postnatal tissues depends on extrinsic signals originating from their microenvironment, commonly referred to as the stem cell niche. Complex higher-order regulatory interrelationships with the tissue and factors in the systemic circulation are integrated and propagated to the stem cells through the niche. The stem cell niche in skeletal muscle tissue is both a paradigm for a structurally and functionally relatively static niche that maintains stem cell quiescence during tissue homeostasis, and a highly dynamic regenerative niche that is subject to extensive structural remodeling and a flux of different support cell populations. Conditions ranging from aging to chronically degenerative skeletal muscle diseases affect the composition of the niche and thereby impair the regenerative potential of muscle stem cells. A holistic and integrative understanding of the extrinsic mechanisms regulating muscle stem cells in health and disease in a broad systemic context will be imperative for the identification of regulatory hubs in the niche interactome that can be targeted to maintain, restore, or enhance the regenerative capacity of muscle tissue. Here, we review the microenvironmental regulation of muscle stem cells, summarize how niche dysfunction can contribute to disease, and discuss emerging therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mashinchian
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Doctoral Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Addolorata Pisconti
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Emmeran Le Moal
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - C Florian Bentzinger
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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21
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Awano H, Matsumoto M, Nagai M, Shirakawa T, Maruyama N, Iijima K, Nabeshima YI, Matsuo M. Diagnostic and clinical significance of the titin fragment in urine of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 476:111-116. [PMID: 29175173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal progressive muscle wasting disease of childhood. Titin in sarcomere is digested by calcium dependent protease. To explore muscle damage in DMD, the urinary concentrations of the N-terminal fragment of titin were determined using a newly developed enzyme linked immune sorbent assay kit. The urinary titin concentrations were normalized to creatinine (Cr). A total of 145 urine samples were obtained at a single Japanese hospital from 113 DMD patients aged 3-29years. Normalized urinary titin concentration was 965.8±1011.9 (Mean±SD) pmol/mg Cr in patients with DMD. This was nearly 700-fold higher than healthy children (1.4±0.8pmol/mg Cr). The concentration was significantly higher in DMD than in BMD patients who had significantly higher urinary titin than normal. Urinary titin in DMD patients tended to decrease with age. The median concentration of urinary titin in the youngest (aged 3-7years) and oldest (aged ≥16years) groups was 1468.3 and 411.3pmol/mg Cr, respectively, with significant difference. Urinary concentration of titin correlated significantly with serum creatine kinase concentration, the best-known biomarker of DMD. The N-terminal fragment of titin in urine has potential as a diagnostic and clinical biomarker for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Awano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masashi Nagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Taku Shirakawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Maruyama
- Diagnostic & Research Reagents Division, Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Fujioka, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matsuo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan.
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22
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226 th ENMC International Workshop:: Towards validated and qualified biomarkers for therapy development for Duchenne muscular dystrophy 20-22 January 2017, Heemskerk, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 28:77-86. [PMID: 29203356 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Patent Highlights June-July 2017. Pharm Pat Anal 2017; 6:259-266. [PMID: 29064331 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2017-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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24
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Quifer-Rada P, Chiva-Blanch G, Jáuregui O, Estruch R, Lamuela-Raventós RM. A discovery-driven approach to elucidate urinary metabolome changes after a regular and moderate consumption of beer and nonalcoholic beer in subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28608394 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of this work was to study the urinary metabolomics changes of participants that consumed beer, nonalcoholic beer (na-beer), and gin. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-three males at high cardiovascular risk between 55 and 75 years old participated in an open, randomized, crossover, controlled trial with three nutritional interventions consisting of beer, na-beer, and gin for 4 wk. Diet and physical activity was monitored throughout the study and compliance was assessed by measurement of urinary isoxanthohumol. Metabolomic analysis was performed in urine samples by LC coupled to an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer combined with univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Ten metabolites were identified. Eight were exogenous metabolites related to beer, na-beer, or gin consumption, but two of them were related to endogenic changes: hydroxyadipic acid linked to fatty acid oxidation, and 4-guanidinobutanoic acid, which correlated with a decrease in urinary creatinine. Plasmatic acylcarnitines were quantified by targeted MS. A regular and moderate consumption of beer and na-beer decreased stearoylcarnitine concentrations. CONCLUSION Humulinone and 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylvaleric acid showed to be potential biomarkers of beer and na-beer consumption. Moreover, the results of this trial provide new evidence that the nonalcoholic fraction of beer may increase fatty oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Quifer-Rada
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy-XARTA-INSA-UB, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBEROBN del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Chiva-Blanch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Biomedical Investigation August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Jáuregui
- Scientific and Technological Center of University of Barcelona (CCiTUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Biomedical Investigation August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Lamuela-Raventós
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy-XARTA-INSA-UB, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBEROBN del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Sommakia S, Baker OJ. Regulation of inflammation by lipid mediators in oral diseases. Oral Dis 2017; 23:576-597. [PMID: 27426637 PMCID: PMC5243936 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mediators (LM) of inflammation are a class of compounds derived from ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids that play a wide role in modulating inflammatory responses. Some LM possess pro-inflammatory properties, while others possess proresolving characteristics, and the class switch from pro-inflammatory to proresolving is crucial for tissue homeostasis. In this article, we review the major classes of LM, focusing on their biosynthesis and signaling pathways, and their role in systemic and, especially, oral health and disease. We discuss the detection of these LM in various body fluids, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic applications. We also present data showing gender-related differences in salivary LM levels in healthy controls, leading to a hypothesis on the etiology of inflammatory diseases, particularly Sjögren's syndrome. We conclude by enumerating open areas of research where further investigation of LM is likely to result in therapeutic and diagnostic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Sommakia
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Olga J. Baker
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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26
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Shan LN, Chai WS, Lu SJ, Song YG, Su D, Yang S, Shi XB, Wang W. The significant effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on prostaglandin D 2 biosynthesis in rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:283-287. [PMID: 28025147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Shan
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Wen-Shu Chai
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Si-Jing Lu
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Yong-Gui Song
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Dan Su
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Shuman Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Xian-Bao Shi
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
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27
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Zhang BJ, Shao SR, Aritake K, Takeuchi A, Urade Y, Huang ZL, Lazarus M, Qu WM. Interleukin-1β induces sleep independent of prostaglandin D 2 in rats and mice. Neuroscience 2017; 340:258-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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28
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Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common form of muscular dystrophy. Genetic and biochemical research over the years has characterized the cause, pathophysiology and development of the disease providing several potential therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers. High throughput - omic technologies have provided a comprehensive understanding of the changes occurring in dystrophic muscles. Murine and canine animal models have been a valuable source to profile muscles and body fluids, thus providing candidate biomarkers that can be evaluated in patients. This review will illustrate known circulating biomarkers that could track disease progression and response to therapy in patients affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We present an overview of the transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomics and lipidomic biomarkers described in literature. We show how studies in muscle tissue have led to the identification of serum and urine biomarkers and we highlight the importance of evaluating biomarkers as possible surrogate endpoints to facilitate regulatory processes for new medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Aartsma-Rus
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Pietro Spitali
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Vaidyanathan K. Urinary proteomics and metabolomics in the diagnosis of pediatric disorders. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:482-9. [PMID: 25631340 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics is the study of structures and functions of proteins, while metabolomics is the study of small-molecule metabolites in the cells, tissues, and organs of the organism. Proteomic technologies have wide applications in medical field. The current revolution in proteomics has led to the discovery of several new protein markers for various disorders. Urinary proteomics and metabolomics have also evolved in the recent years, for the diagnosis of both renal and nonrenal disorders. The urinary proteome varies in normal and abnormal conditions. Different techniques are employed for the analysis of pediatric urinary proteome, the commonest being MS. Before introduction into clinical use, there is the need for careful standardization. Available data suggest that there are differences in urinary proteome between adult and pediatric populations. It is noted that infant urine contains proteins involved in translation and transcription, cellular growth, and metabolic processes, which are not predominant in adult urine. Available data on urinary proteomic and metabolomic profile in common pediatric disorders are also reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Vaidyanathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Science & Research Center, Tiruvalla, India
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