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Cao L, Xu Z, Shang T, Zhang C, Wu X, Wu Y, Zhai S, Zhan Z, Duan H. Multi_CycGT: A Deep Learning-Based Multimodal Model for Predicting the Membrane Permeability of Cyclic Peptides. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1888-1899. [PMID: 38270541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are gaining attention for their strong binding affinity, low toxicity, and ability to target "undruggable" proteins; however, their therapeutic potential against intracellular targets is constrained by their limited membrane permeability, and researchers need much time and money to test this property in the laboratory. Herein, we propose an innovative multimodal model called Multi_CycGT, which combines a graph convolutional network (GCN) and a transformer to extract one- and two-dimensional features for predicting cyclic peptide permeability. The extensive benchmarking experiments show that our Multi_CycGT model can attain state-of-the-art performance, with an average accuracy of 0.8206 and an area under the curve of 0.8650, and demonstrates satisfactory generalization ability on several external data sets. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first deep learning-based attempt to predict the membrane permeability of cyclic peptides, which is beneficial in accelerating the design of cyclic peptide active drugs in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujing Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- AI Department, Shanghai Highslab Therapeutics, Inc., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tianfeng Shang
- AI Department, Shanghai Highslab Therapeutics, Inc., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chengyun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- AI Department, Shanghai Highslab Therapeutics, Inc., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yejian Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Silong Zhai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhajun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Duan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao 999078, China
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2
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Bérubé C, Borgia A, Voyer N. Total synthesis of the macrocyclic peptide stylopeptide II using oxime resin. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Sun XY, Zhong Y, Li YH, Miller DP, Buttan S, Wu XX, Zhang Y, Tang Q, Tan HW, Zhu J, Liu R, Zurek E, Lu ZL, Gong B. Reliable folding of hybrid tetrapeptides into short β-hairpins. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Kharchenko SH, Iampolska AD, Radchenko DS, Vashchenko BV, Voitenko ZV, Grygorenko OO. A Diversity‐Oriented Approach to Large Libraries of Artificial Macrocycles. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna D. Iampolska
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | - Dmytro S. Radchenko
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | - Bohdan V. Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | - Zoia V. Voitenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
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5
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Taguchi S, Suga H. Targeting of extracellular protein-protein interactions with macrocyclic peptides. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 62:82-89. [PMID: 33774472 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of extracellular protein-protein interactions (PPI) is emerging as a major application for de novo discovered macrocyclic peptides. Modern discovery platforms can routinely identify macrocyclic peptide ligands capable of highly selective modulation of extracellular signaling pathways; amenability to chemical synthesis and natural modularity of peptides additionally provides an avenue for their further structural elaboration, while the challenge of cell internalization can be minimized. Here, we discuss the recent progress in targeting extracellular PPIs with macrocyclic peptides by focusing on a number of recent case studies. We analyze the scope and potential limitations of the discovery systems in identifying functional macrocyclic ligands. We also highlight the recent technical advancements allowing for a more streamlined discovery pipeline and our brief perspective in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Taguchi
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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6
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Li Y, Cao X, Tian C, Zheng JS. Chemical protein synthesis-assisted high-throughput screening strategies for d-peptides in drug discovery. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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The application of biomacromolecules to improve oral absorption by enhanced intestinal permeability: A mini-review. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Wu M, Chen Q, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhao X, Chang Q. Structural modification and antitumor activity of antimicrobial peptide HYL. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Liu X, Wang K, Externbrink M, Niemeyer J, Giese M, Hu XY. Control of secondary structure and morphology of peptide–guanidiniocarbonylpyrrole conjugates by variation of the chain length. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Chen J, Sun S, Zhao R, Xi C, Qiu W, Wang N, Wang Y, Bierer D, Shi J, Li Y. Chemical Synthesis of Six‐Atom Thioether Bridged Diaminodiacid for Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Peptide Disulfide Bond Mimics. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyou Chen
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
| | - Shuaishuai Sun
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Techmology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Chen‐Peng Xi
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
| | - Wenjie Qiu
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
| | - Ya Wang
- School of Life ScienceAnhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Donald Bierer
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryBayer AG Aprather Weg 18 A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Techmology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yi‐Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
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11
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Chow HY, Zhang Y, Matheson E, Li X. Ligation Technologies for the Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9971-10001. [PMID: 31318534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides have been attracting a lot of attention in recent decades, especially in the area of drug discovery, as more and more naturally occurring cyclic peptides with diverse biological activities have been discovered. Chemical synthesis of cyclic peptides is essential when studying their structure-activity relationships. Conventional peptide cyclization methods via direct coupling have inherent limitations, like the susceptibility to epimerization at the C-terminus, poor solubility of fully protected peptide precursors, and low yield caused by oligomerization. In this regard, chemoselective ligation-mediated cyclization methods have emerged as effective strategies for cyclic peptide synthesis. The toolbox for cyclic peptide synthesis has been expanded substantially in the past two decades, allowing more efficient synthesis of cyclic peptides with various scaffolds and modifications. This Review will explore different chemoselective ligation technologies used for cyclic peptide synthesis that generate both native and unnatural peptide linkages. The practical issues and limitations of different methods will be discussed. The advance in cyclic peptide synthesis will benefit the biological and medicinal study of cyclic peptides, an important class of macrocycles with potentials in numerous fields, notably in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Yee Chow
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , P. R. China
| | - Eilidh Matheson
- School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH8 9LE , United Kingdom
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , P. R. China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , P. R. China
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12
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Lin P, Yao H, Zha J, Zhao Y, Wu C. Ordered and Isomerically Stable Bicyclic Peptide Scaffolds Constrained through Cystine Bridges and Proline Turns. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1514-1518. [PMID: 30770638 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic peptides are attractive scaffolds for the design of potent protein binders and new therapeutics. However, peptide bicycles constrained through disulfide bonds are rarely stable or tolerant to sequence manipulation owing to disulfide isomerization, especially for peptides lacking a regular secondary structure. Herein, we report the discovery and identification of a class of bicyclic peptide scaffolds with ordered but irregular secondary structures. These peptides have a conserved cysteine/proline framework for directing the oxidative folding into a fused bicyclic structure that consists of four irregular turns and a 310 helix (characterized by NMR spectroscopy). This work shows that bicyclic peptides can be stabilized into ordered structures by manipulating both the disulfide bonds and proline-stabilized turns. In turn, this could inspire the design and engineering of multicyclic peptides with new structures and benefit the development of novel protein binders and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yibing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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13
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Huo Y, Buckton LK, Bennett JL, Smith EC, Byrne FL, Hoehn KL, Rahimi MN, McAlpine SR. Delivering bioactive cyclic peptides that target Hsp90 as prodrugs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:728-739. [PMID: 30822267 PMCID: PMC6407599 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1580276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The most challenging issue facing peptide drug development is producing a molecule with optimal physical properties while maintaining target binding affinity. Masking peptides with protecting groups that can be removed inside the cell, produces a cell-permeable peptide, which theoretically can maintain its biological activity. Described are series of prodrugs masked using: (a) O-alkyl, (b) N-alkyl, and (c) acetyl groups, and their binding affinity for Hsp90. Alkyl moieties increased compound permeability, Papp, from 3.3 to 5.6, however alkyls could not be removed by liver microsomes or in-vivo and their presence decreased target binding affinity (IC50 of ≥10 µM). Thus, unlike small molecules, peptide masking groups cannot be predictably removed; their removal is related to the 3-D conformation. O-acetyl groups were cleaved but are labile, increasing challenges during synthesis. Utilising acetyl groups coupled with mono-methylated amines may decrease the polarity of a peptide, while maintaining binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuantao Huo
- a School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Laura K Buckton
- a School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Jack L Bennett
- a School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Eloise C Smith
- a School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Frances L Byrne
- b School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Kyle L Hoehn
- b School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Marwa N Rahimi
- a School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Shelli R McAlpine
- a School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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14
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Dong H, Meng X, Zheng X, Cheng X, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Wu C. Design and Synthesis of Cross-Link-Dense Peptides by Manipulating Regioselective Bisthioether Cross-Linking and Orthogonal Disulfide Pairing. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5187-5194. [PMID: 30895794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Existing disulfide-rich peptides, both naturally occurring and de novo designed, only represent a tiny amount of the possible sequence space because natural evolution and de novo design only keep sequences that are structurally approachable by correct disulfide pairings. To bypass this limitation for designing new peptide scaffolds beyond the natural sequence space, we dedicate to developing novel disulfide-rich peptides with predefined disulfide pairing patterns irrelevant to primary sequences. However, most of these designed peptides still suffer from disulfide rearrangements to at least one to three possible isomers. Here, we report a general and reliable strategy for the design and synthesis of a range of structurally diverse cross-link-dense peptide (CDP) scaffolds with two orthogonal disulfide bonds and a bisthioether bridge that are not subject to disulfide isomerizations. Altering the pattern of cysteine and penicillamine generates hundreds of different CDP scaffolds tolerant to extensive sequence manipulations. This work thus provides many useful scaffolds for the design of functional molecules such as protein binders with improved proteolytic stability (e.g., designed by epitope grafting).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilei Dong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Meng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Xueting Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Yiwu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Yibing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
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15
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Sun SS, Chen J, Zhao R, Bierer D, Wang J, Fang GM, Li YM. Efficient synthesis of a side-chain extended diaminodiacid for solid-phase synthesis of peptide disulfide bond mimics. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Chen Y, Liang J, Li T, Lin P, Zhao Y, Wu C. Interchain doubly-bridged α-helical peptides for the development of protein binders. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L. Mako
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Joan M. Racicot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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18
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Li X, Liu L, Li Y. 15th Chinese International Peptide Symposium. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Cheng WM, Lu X, Shi J, Liu L. Selective modification of natural nucleophilic residues in peptides and proteins using arylpalladium complexes. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00765a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review outlines the recent methodologies for selective arylation of natural nucleophilic residues within unprotected peptides and proteins promoted by arylpalladium complexes, which demonstrate the advantages and potential of organometallic palladium complexes in bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Min Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy
- iChEM
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Xi Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy
- iChEM
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Jing Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy
- iChEM
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
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