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Aydin Z, Keskinates M, Armagan E, Altinok BY, Bayrakci M. A hemicyanine-based dual-responsive fluorescent sensor for the detection of lithium and cyanide ions: application in living cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2025; 417:3127-3139. [PMID: 40180666 PMCID: PMC12103329 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-025-05852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2025] [Accepted: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 04/05/2025]
Abstract
A hemicyanine-based colorimetric and fluorometric sensor, 2-(2-(2,3,5,6,8,9-hexahydrobenzo[b][1,4,7,10]tetraoxacyclododecin-12-yl)vinyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-3H-indol-1-ium iodide (MH-5), was developed and synthesized to detect Li+ and CN- ions in DMSO-PBS buffer solution (10 mM, pH 7.25, v/v 1:9). MH-5 displayed a rapid and highly selective colorimetric response to both Li+ and CN-, indicated by a distinct color change from pink to pale pink in the presence of Li+ and to colorless upon CN- detection, without interference from other cations or anions. The interaction mechanisms of MH-5 with Li+ and CN- ions were investigated using various analytical techniques, including 1H NMR, ESI-MS, FT-IR spectroscopy, and Job's plot analysis. These studies suggest that CN- is detected through nucleophilic addition to the indolium moiety of MH-5, while Li+ detection occurs via coordination with oxygen atoms in the crown ether structure. The fluorescence-based detection limits for Li+ and CN- were determined to be 0.150 µM and 0.154 µM, respectively. Additionally, MH-5 was evaluated in living cells, demonstrating effective cell penetration and reliable detection of Li+ and CN- ions for potential bio-imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziya Aydin
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70100, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Mukaddes Keskinates
- Department of Environmental Protection Technologies, Kazım Karabekir Vocational School, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70100, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Esra Armagan
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Ermenek Uysal and Hasan Kalan Health Services Vocational School, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70400, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Bahar Yilmaz Altinok
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70200, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Mevlut Bayrakci
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70200, Karaman, Turkey.
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2
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Yang Z, Farrell A, Pradhan S, Zhang KH, Guo W, Wu Y, Shao X, Roy A, Garcia E, Lu Y. On-Site Portable Lithium Detection in Mining and Recycling Industries Based on a DNAzyme Fluorescent Sensor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202413118. [PMID: 39581875 PMCID: PMC11954131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202413118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024]
Abstract
The global demand for lithium has soared in recent years due to the wide use of lithium batteries. To meet this demand, we herein report developing novel on-site sample preparation methods for the extraction of Li+ from relevant materials, including brine water, spodumene rock, as well as lithium-ion battery electrodes, and a DNAzyme-based fluorescent sensor for sensitive and robust detection of Li+ in these samples down to 1.4 mM (10 ppm) using a portable fluorometer. The system can distinguish key threshold lithium levels that indicate economic value across several industries, including 200 ppm Li+ for brine mining, 6 % Li2O or SC6 for rock mining, and Li+-specific aging in LIBs. The methods developed and demonstrated in this work will allow highly selective, on-site, portable detection of lithium in both environmental samples to identify new lithium resources and in battery electrodes to guide recycling strategies in order to meet the global demand for lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Annie Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Shreestika Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Karen Huilin Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Weijie Guo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yuting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Xiangli Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Aritra Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Elijah Garcia
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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3
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Xiang W, Wang X, Zhang M, Aderibigbe AD, Wang F, Zhao Z, Fan Y, Huey BD, McCutcheon JR, Li B. Continuous Monitoring of Lithium Ions in Lithium-Rich Brine Using Ion Selective Electrode Sensors Modified with Polyelectrolyte Multilayers of Poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:22442-22455. [PMID: 39626215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c07155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring lithium ions (Li+) in lithium-rich brine (LrB) is critical for metal recovery, yet challenges such as high ionic strength and gypsum-induced surface deterioration hinder the performance of potentiometric ion-selective electrode (ISE) sensors. This study advances the functionality of Li+ ISE sensors and enables continuous monitoring of Li+ concentration in LrB by introducing apolyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) of poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PAH/PSS) that serves as an antigypsum scaling material to minimize nucleation on the sensor surface. With 5.5 bilayers of PAH/PSS coating, the Li+ ISE sensors possess a high Nernst slope (59.14 mV/dec), rapid response (<10 s), and superior selectivity against competitive ions (Na+, log Ks = -2.35; K+, log Ks = -2.47; Ca2+, log Ks = -4.05; Mg2+, log Ks = -4.18). The impedance (85.1 kΩ) of (PAH/PSS)5.5-coated sensors is 1 order of magnitude lower than that of electrospray ion-selective membrane (E-ISM) Li+ sensors (830 kΩ), attributed to the ultrathin (45.3 nm) and highly dielectric PAH/PSS bilayers. During a 15-day continuous monitoring test in LrB, the (PAH/PSS)5.5-coated Li+ ISE sensors with their superhydrophilic and smooth surface diminish nucleation sites for scaling agents (e.g., Ca2+ and SO42-) and consequently mitigate gypsum scaling. Moreover, a brine-tailored denoising data processing algorithm (bt-DDPA), coupled with the salinity-adjusted mathematical model with Lagrange interpolation, effectively captures Li+ fluctuation by filtering out anomalies and reducing sensor drift in brine. Bt-DDPA alleviates the discrepancy between the sensor readings and the lab-based validation results by 46.06%. This study demonstrates that the integration of material advancement (PAH/PSS coating) with sensor data processing (bt-DDPA) bolsters continuous and accurate Li+ monitoring in LrB, crucial for brine water treatment and resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Mi Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Abiodun D Aderibigbe
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Yingzheng Fan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Bryan D Huey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jeffrey R McCutcheon
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Baikun Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Barlow SR, Halcovitch NR, Evans NH. A pyridine- N-oxide catenane for cation recognition. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3001-3008. [PMID: 38526411 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The rapid preparation of a pyridine-N-oxide containing [2]catenane is described. The [2]catenane was characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X-ray single crystal structure determination. 1H NMR titration experiments reveal the [2]catenane may be reversibly protonated, as well as an ability to bind lithium cations more strongly than sodium cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | | | - Nicholas H Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
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Li Y, Wang L, Song Y, Wang W, Lin C, He X. Functional Optical Fiber Sensors Detecting Imperceptible Physical/Chemical Changes for Smart Batteries. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:154. [PMID: 38499708 PMCID: PMC10948733 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The battery technology progress has been a contradictory process in which performance improvement and hidden risks coexist. Now the battery is still a "black box", thus requiring a deep understanding of its internal state. The battery should "sense its internal physical/chemical conditions", which puts strict requirements on embedded sensing parts. This paper summarizes the application of advanced optical fiber sensors in lithium-ion batteries and energy storage technologies that may be mass deployed, focuses on the insights of advanced optical fiber sensors into the processes of one-dimensional nano-micro-level battery material structural phase transition, electrolyte degradation, electrode-electrolyte interface dynamics to three-dimensional macro-safety evolution. The paper contributes to understanding how to use optical fiber sensors to achieve "real" and "embedded" monitoring. Through the inherent advantages of the advanced optical fiber sensor, it helps clarify the battery internal state and reaction mechanism, aiding in the establishment of more detailed models. These advancements can promote the development of smart batteries, with significant importance lying in essentially promoting the improvement of system consistency. Furthermore, with the help of smart batteries in the future, the importance of consistency can be weakened or even eliminated. The application of advanced optical fiber sensors helps comprehensively improve the battery quality, reliability, and life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Li
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Youzhi Song
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwei Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Electric Vehicles, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Automotive Research Institute of BIT (Shenzhen Research Institute of National Engineering Research Center of Electric Vehicles), Shenzhen, 518118, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Electric Vehicles, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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Kim H, Koo B. Lithium sensors based on photophysical changes of 1-aza-12-crown-4 naphthalene derivatives synthesized via Buchwald-Hartwig amination. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31976-31984. [PMID: 36380950 PMCID: PMC9641676 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05746h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium detection is of great significance in many applications. Lithium-sensing compounds with high selectivity are scarce and, if any, complicated to synthesize. We herein report a novel yet simple compound that can detect lithium ions in an organic solvent through changes in absorbance and fluorescence. Naphthalene functionalized with 1-aza-12-crown-4 (1) was synthesized via one step from commercially available 1-bromonaphthalene through Buchwald-Hartwig amination. In order to obtain a structure-property relationship, we also synthesized two other compounds that are structurally similar to 1, wherein the compounds 2 and 3 include an imide moiety (an electron acceptor) and do not include a 1-aza-12-crown-4 unit, respectively. Upon the addition of lithium ions, compound 1 displayed a clear isosbestic point in the absorption spectra and a new peak in the fluorescence spectra, whereas the compounds 2 and 3 indicated miniscule and no spectroscopic changes, respectively. 1H NMR titration studies and the calculated optimized geometry from density functional theory (DFT) indicated the lithium binding on the aza-crown. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) was 21 μM. The lithium detection with 1 is selective among other alkali metals (Na+, K+, and Cs+). DFT calculation indicated that the lone pair electrons in the nitrogen atom of 1 is delocalized yet available to bind lithium, whereas the nitrogen lone pair electrons of 2 showed significant intramolecular charge transfer to the imide acceptor, resulting in a high dipole moment, and thus were unavailable to bind lithium. This work elucidates the key design parameters for future lithium sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneul Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dankook University Yongin Gyeonggi 16890 Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjin Koo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dankook University Yongin Gyeonggi 16890 Republic of Korea
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Sun L, Yang L, Dou JH, Li J, Skorupskii G, Mardini M, Tan KO, Chen T, Sun C, Oppenheim JJ, Griffin RG, Dincă M, Rajh T. Room-Temperature Quantitative Quantum Sensing of Lithium Ions with a Radical-Embedded Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19008-19016. [PMID: 36201712 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in quantum sensing have sparked transformative detection technologies with high sensitivity, precision, and spatial resolution. Owing to their atomic-level tunability, molecular qubits and ensembles thereof are promising candidates for sensing chemical analytes. Here, we show quantum sensing of lithium ions in solution at room temperature with an ensemble of organic radicals integrated in a microporous metal-organic framework (MOF). The organic radicals exhibit electron spin coherence and microwave addressability at room temperature, thus behaving as qubits. The high surface area of the MOF promotes accessibility of the guest analytes to the organic qubits, enabling unambiguous identification of lithium ions and quantitative measurement of their concentration through relaxometric and hyperfine spectroscopic methods based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The sensing principle presented in this work is applicable to other metal ions with nonzero nuclear spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Luming Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Jin-Hu Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm10044, Sweden
| | - Grigorii Skorupskii
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Michael Mardini
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Kong Ooi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Chenyue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Julius J Oppenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Robert G Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Tijana Rajh
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States.,The School for Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85281, United States
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Sheikh M, Qassem M, Triantis IF, Kyriacou PA. Advances in Therapeutic Monitoring of Lithium in the Management of Bipolar Disorder. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:736. [PMID: 35161482 PMCID: PMC8838674 DOI: 10.3390/s22030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the mid-20th century, lithium continues to be prescribed as a first-line mood stabilizer for the management of bipolar disorder (BD). However, lithium has a very narrow therapeutic index, and it is crucial to carefully monitor lithium plasma levels as concentrations greater than 1.2 mmol/L are potentially toxic and can be fatal. The quantification of lithium in clinical laboratories is performed by atomic absorption spectrometry, flame emission photometry, or conventional ion-selective electrodes. All these techniques are cumbersome and require frequent blood tests with consequent discomfort which results in patients evading treatment. Furthermore, the current techniques for lithium monitoring require highly qualified personnel and expensive equipment; hence, it is crucial to develop low-cost and easy-to-use devices for decentralized monitoring of lithium. The current paper seeks to review the pertinent literature rigorously and critically with a focus on different lithium-monitoring techniques which could lead towards the development of automatic and point-of-care analytical devices for lithium determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Sheikh
- Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK; (M.Q.); (I.F.T.); (P.A.K.)
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Reyes-Mateo K, Marquet J, Hernando J, Sebastián RM. Photothermal polymerization of benzoxazines. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visible irradiation of mixtures of benzoxazine monomers and metal salt catalysts leads to extensive photothermal polymerization, which allows the preparation of complex polybenzoxazine features via photolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Reyes-Mateo
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Marquet
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Sebastián
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Quartarolli LF, Silveira AT, Toma HE. Overcoming lithium analysis difficulties with a simple colorimetric/spectrophotometric method. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3627-3631. [PMID: 34378548 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00937k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The analytical determination of lithium ions is usually performed by atomic absorption and X-ray fluorescence methods. Chemical analysis based on polyfluoroporphyrin chromogenic methods is also being employed, especially for biological samples. However, all existing methods are expensive and not suitable for routine work or field assays. The alternative method proposed here is based on the formation of a LiKFe(IO6) compound which is converted into a tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(ii) complex and monitored by spectrophotometric or colorimetric methods, the latter using a smartphone app. Under similar conditions, these two methods proved superior to the X-ray fluorescence method. A one pot analysis of lithium ions is also described, using an Eppendorf microtube previously modified for performing reaction, filtration and detection. This method is simple and very convenient for didactic and field assays.
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