1
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Espejo-Serrano C, Aitken C, Tan BF, May DG, Chrisopulos RJ, Roux KJ, Demmers JA, Mackintosh SG, Gribnau J, Bustos F, Gontan C, Findlay GM. Chromatin targeting of the RNF12/RLIM E3 ubiquitin ligase controls transcriptional responses. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302282. [PMID: 38199845 PMCID: PMC10781586 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation regulates key biological processes including transcription. This is exemplified by the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF12/RLIM, which controls developmental gene expression by ubiquitylating the REX1 transcription factor and is mutated in an X-linked intellectual disability disorder. However, the precise mechanisms by which ubiquitylation drives specific transcriptional responses are not known. Here, we show that RNF12 is recruited to specific genomic locations via a consensus sequence motif, which enables co-localisation with REX1 substrate at gene promoters. Surprisingly, RNF12 chromatin recruitment is achieved via a non-catalytic basic region and comprises a previously unappreciated N-terminal autoinhibitory mechanism. Furthermore, RNF12 chromatin targeting is critical for REX1 ubiquitylation and downstream RNF12-dependent gene regulation. Our results demonstrate a key role for chromatin in regulation of the RNF12-REX1 axis and provide insight into mechanisms by which protein ubiquitylation enables programming of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Espejo-Serrano
- https://ror.org/01zg1tt02 MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Catriona Aitken
- https://ror.org/01zg1tt02 MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Beatrice F Tan
- https://ror.org/018906e22 Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Danielle G May
- https://ror.org/00sfn8y78 Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Rachel J Chrisopulos
- https://ror.org/00sfn8y78 Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Kyle J Roux
- https://ror.org/00sfn8y78 Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jeroen Aa Demmers
- https://ror.org/018906e22 Proteomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Joost Gribnau
- https://ror.org/018906e22 Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francisco Bustos
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- https://ror.org/00sfn8y78 Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Cristina Gontan
- https://ror.org/018906e22 Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Greg M Findlay
- https://ror.org/01zg1tt02 MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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2
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Wang F, Gervasi MG, Bošković A, Sun F, Rinaldi VD, Yu J, Wallingford MC, Tourzani DA, Mager J, Zhu LJ, Rando OJ, Visconti PE, Strittmatter L, Bach I. Deficient spermiogenesis in mice lacking Rlim. eLife 2021; 10:e63556. [PMID: 33620316 PMCID: PMC7935487 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked gene Rlim plays major roles in female mouse development and reproduction, where it is crucial for the maintenance of imprinted X chromosome inactivation in extraembryonic tissues of embryos. However, while females carrying a systemic Rlim knockout (KO) die around implantation, male Rlim KO mice appear healthy and are fertile. Here, we report an important role for Rlim in testis where it is highly expressed in post-meiotic round spermatids as well as in Sertoli cells. Systemic deletion of the Rlim gene results in lower numbers of mature sperm that contains excess cytoplasm, leading to decreased sperm motility and in vitro fertilization rates. Targeting the conditional Rlim cKO specifically to the spermatogenic cell lineage largely recapitulates this phenotype. These results reveal functions of Rlim in male reproduction specifically in round spermatids during spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Maria Gracia Gervasi
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| | - Ana Bošković
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Fengyun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Vera D Rinaldi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Mary C Wallingford
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| | - Darya A Tourzani
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| | - Jesse Mager
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Oliver J Rando
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Pablo E Visconti
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| | - Lara Strittmatter
- Electron Microscopy Core, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Ingolf Bach
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
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3
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Watson CJ, Khaled WT. Mammary development in the embryo and adult: new insights into the journey of morphogenesis and commitment. Development 2020; 147:dev169862. [PMID: 33191272 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a unique tissue and the defining feature of the class Mammalia. It is a late-evolving epidermal appendage that has the primary function of providing nutrition for the young, although recent studies have highlighted additional benefits of milk including the provision of passive immunity and a microbiome and, in humans, the psychosocial benefits of breastfeeding. In this Review, we outline the various stages of mammary gland development in the mouse, with a particular focus on lineage specification and the new insights that have been gained by the application of recent technological advances in imaging in both real-time and three-dimensions, and in single cell RNA sequencing. These studies have revealed the complexity of subpopulations of cells that contribute to the mammary stem and progenitor cell hierarchy and we suggest a new terminology to distinguish these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Walid T Khaled
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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4
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Xu H, Yang X, Huang W, Ma Y, Ke H, Zou L, Yang Q, Jiao B. Single-cell profiling of long noncoding RNAs and their cell lineage commitment roles via RNA-DNA-DNA triplex formation in mammary epithelium. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1594-1611. [PMID: 32930441 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are crucial for organ development, exhibit cell-specific expression. Thus, transcriptomic analysis based on total tissue (bulk-seq) cannot accurately reflect the expression pattern of lncRNAs. Here, we used high-throughput single-cell RNA-seq data to investigate the role of lncRNAs using the hierarchical model of mammary epithelium. With our comprehensive annotation of the mammary epithelium, lncRNAs showed much greater cell-lineage specific expression than coding genes. The lineage-specific lncRNAs were functionally correlated with lineage commitment through the coding genes via the cis- and trans-effects of lncRNAs. For the working mechanism, lncRNAs formed a triplex structure with the DNA helix to regulate downstream lineage-specific marker genes. We used lncRNA-Carmn as an example to validate the above findings. Carmn, which is specifically expressed in mammary gland stem cells (MaSCs) and basal cells, positively regulated the Wnt signaling ligand Wnt10a through formation of a lncRNA-DNA-DNA triplex, and thus controlled the stemness of MaSCs. Our study suggests that lncRNAs play essential roles in cell-lineage commitment and provides an approach to decipher lncRNA functions based on single-cell RNA-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiren Huang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Baowei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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5
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Wang F, Bach I. Rlim/Rnf12, Rex1, and X Chromosome Inactivation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:258. [PMID: 31737626 PMCID: PMC6834644 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RLIM/Rnf12 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has originally been identified as a transcriptional cofactor associated with LIM domain transcription factors. Indeed, this protein modulates transcriptional activities and multiprotein complexes recruited by several classes of transcription factors thereby enhancing or repressing transcription. Around 10 years ago, RLIM/Rnf12 has been identified as a major regulator for the process of X chromosome inactivation (XCI), the transcriptional silencing of one of the two X chromosomes in female mice and ESCs. However, the precise roles of RLIM during XCI have been controversial. Here, we discuss the cellular and developmental functions of RLIM as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and its roles during XCI in conjunction with its target protein Rex1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Ingolf Bach
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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6
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Baloghova N, Lidak T, Cermak L. Ubiquitin Ligases Involved in the Regulation of Wnt, TGF-β, and Notch Signaling Pathways and Their Roles in Mouse Development and Homeostasis. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100815. [PMID: 31623112 PMCID: PMC6826584 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt, TGF-β, and Notch signaling pathways are essential for the regulation of cellular polarity, differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Differential activation and mutual crosstalk of these pathways during animal development are crucial instructive forces in the initiation of the body axis and the development of organs and tissues. Due to the ability to initiate cell proliferation, these pathways are vulnerable to somatic mutations selectively producing cells, which ultimately slip through cellular and organismal checkpoints and develop into cancer. The architecture of the Wnt, TGF-β, and Notch signaling pathways is simple. The transmembrane receptor, activated by the extracellular stimulus, induces nuclear translocation of the transcription factor, which subsequently changes the expression of target genes. Nevertheless, these pathways are regulated by a myriad of factors involved in various feedback mechanisms or crosstalk. The most prominent group of regulators is the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). To open the door to UPS-based therapeutic manipulations, a thorough understanding of these regulations at a molecular level and rigorous confirmation in vivo are required. In this quest, mouse models are exceptional and, thanks to the progress in genetic engineering, also an accessible tool. Here, we reviewed the current understanding of how the UPS regulates the Wnt, TGF-β, and Notch pathways and we summarized the knowledge gained from related mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Baloghova
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Lidak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Cermak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic.
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7
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Zhao L, Li L, Xu H, Ke H, Zou L, Yang Q, Shen CKJ, Nie J, Jiao B. TDP-43 is Required for Mammary Gland Repopulation and Proliferation of Mammary Epithelial Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:944-953. [PMID: 31062657 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland stem cells (MaSCs), assumed to be the original cells of breast cancer, play essential roles in regulating mammary gland homeostasis and development. Previously, we identified a crucial regulatory role of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), an RNA-binding protein, in the progression of triple-negative breast cancer. However, the function of TDP-43 in MaSCs is unclear. Based on single-cell data analysis of the mammary gland, TDP-43 showed potential involvement in the regulation of MaSCs. We therefore investigated the effects of TDP-43 on the mammary gland development. Our data both in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that TDP-43 was required for the mammary gland repopulation, which suggested the potential role in the regulation of MaSCs. Knockdown of TDP-43 inhibited proliferation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and mammary morphogenesis. RNA-seq data and other experiments identified that loss of TDP-43 induced the upregulation of genes related to the cell cycle, providing a possible mechanism for TDP-43 in regulating mammary gland repopulation. Thus, our findings indicate a previously unknown role of TDP-43 in MECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhao
- 1School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,2State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,3Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lingling Li
- 1School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,2State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- 2State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,3Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hao Ke
- 2State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Li Zou
- 2State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qin Yang
- 2State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Che-Kun James Shen
- 4Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jianyun Nie
- 5Department of Breast Cancer, Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Baowei Jiao
- 2State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,6KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,7Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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8
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RLIM suppresses hepatocellular carcinogenesis by up-regulating p15 and p21. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83075-83087. [PMID: 29137325 PMCID: PMC5669951 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinogenesis results from dysregulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors that influence cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. p15 and p21 are cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, which arrest cell proliferation and serve as critical tumor suppressors. Here we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RLIM expression is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma patients, and correlated with p15 and p21 expression in clinical progression. In addition, we showed that RLIM overexpression suppresses the cell growth and arrests cell cycle progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanistically, we found that RLIM directly binds to MIZ1, disrupting the interaction between c-MYC and MIZ1, and enhancing p15 and p21 transcription. Our results demonstrate that RLIM is an important suppressor in hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
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9
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Couldrey C, Johnson T, Lopdell T, Zhang IL, Littlejohn MD, Keehan M, Sherlock RG, Tiplady K, Scott A, Davis SR, Spelman RJ. Bovine mammary gland X chromosome inactivation. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5491-5500. [PMID: 28477999 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a process by which 1 of the 2 copies of the X chromosomes present in female mammals is inactivated. The transcriptional silencing of one X chromosome achieves dosage compensation between XX females and XY males and ensures equal expression of X-linked genes in both sexes. Although all mammals use this form of dosage compensation, the complex mechanisms that regulate XCI vary between species, tissues, and development. These mechanisms include not only varying levels of inactivation, but also the nature of inactivation, which can range from being random in nature to driven by parent of origin. To date, no data describing XCI in calves or adult cattle have been reported and we are reliant on data from mice to infer potential mechanisms and timings for this process. In the context of dairy cattle breeding and genomic prediction, the implications of X chromosome inheritance and XCI in the mammary gland are particularly important where a relatively small number of bulls pass their single X chromosome on to all of their daughters. We describe here the use of RNA-seq, whole genome sequencing and Illumina BovineHD BeadChip (Illumina, San Diego, CA) genotypes to assess XCI in lactating mammary glands of dairy cattle. At a population level, maternally and paternally inherited copies of the X chromosome are expressed equally in the lactating mammary gland consistent with random inactivation of the X chromosome. However, average expression of the paternal chromosome ranged from 10 to 90% depending on the individual animal. These results suggest that either the mammary gland arises from 1 or 2 stem cells, or a nongenetic mechanism that skews XCI exists. Although a considerable amount of future work is required to fully understand XCI in cattle, the data reported here represent an initial step in ensuring that X chromosome variation is captured and used in an appropriate manner for future genomic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Couldrey
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - T Johnson
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - T Lopdell
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - I L Zhang
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - M D Littlejohn
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - M Keehan
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - R G Sherlock
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - K Tiplady
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - A Scott
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - S R Davis
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - R J Spelman
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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10
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Jin S, Choi H, Kwon JT, Kim J, Jeong J, Kim J, Hong SH, Cho C. Identification of target genes for spermatogenic cell-specific KRAB transcription factor ZFP819 in a male germ cell line. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:4. [PMID: 28053699 PMCID: PMC5209904 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zfp819, a member of the Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) family, encodes a spermatogenic cell-specific transcription factor. Zfp819-overexpression induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in somatic cell lines. RESULTS In the present study, we examined the cellular effects of Zfp819 in a male germ cell line (GC-2 cells). Overexpression of Zfp819 demonstrated an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, leading to inhibition of proliferation in GC-2 cells. We further investigated genes regulated by ZFP819 using microarray analysis and chromatin-immunoprecipitation combined with microarray analysis (ChIP-chip) in GC-2 cells. We identified 118 downregulated genes in Zfp819-overexpressing GC-2 cells using microarray analysis. ChIP-chip assay revealed that 1011 promoter sites (corresponding to 262 genes) were specifically enriched in GC-2 cells transfected with Zfp819. Two genes (trinucleotide repeat containing 6b and annexin A11) were commonly found when we compared the data between microarray and ChIP-chip analyses. Consistent with these results, Zfp819 overexpression significantly reduced the transcript levels of the two genes by binding to their promoter regions. Tissue distribution analysis indicated that both genes were predominantly expressed in testis. It has been reported that these two genes function in apoptosis. CONCLUSION Collectively, our study provides inclusive information on germ cell-specific gene regulation by ZFP819, which is involved in apoptosis, to maintain the integrity of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 South Korea
| | - Heejin Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 South Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 South Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 South Korea
| | - Juri Jeong
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 South Korea
| | - Seong Hyeon Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 South Korea
| | - Chunghee Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 South Korea
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11
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Ni T, Li XY, Lu N, An T, Liu ZP, Fu R, Lv WC, Zhang YW, Xu XJ, Grant Rowe R, Lin YS, Scherer A, Feinberg T, Zheng XQ, Chen BA, Liu XS, Guo QL, Wu ZQ, Weiss SJ. Snail1-dependent p53 repression regulates expansion and activity of tumour-initiating cells in breast cancer. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:1221-1232. [PMID: 27749822 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The zinc-finger transcription factor Snail1 is inappropriately expressed in breast cancer and associated with poor prognosis. While interrogating human databases, we uncovered marked decreases in relapse-free survival of breast cancer patients expressing high Snail1 levels in tandem with wild-type, but not mutant, p53. Using a Snail1 conditional knockout model of mouse breast cancer that maintains wild-type p53, we find that Snail1 plays an essential role in tumour progression by controlling the expansion and activity of tumour-initiating cells in preneoplastic glands and established tumours, whereas it is not required for normal mammary development. Growth and survival of preneoplastic as well as neoplastic mammary epithelial cells is dependent on the formation of a Snail1/HDAC1/p53 tri-molecular complex that deacetylates active p53, thereby promoting its proteasomal degradation. Our findings identify Snail1 as a molecular bypass that suppresses the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects exerted by wild-type p53 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Teng An
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Rong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen-Cong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - R Grant Rowe
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yong-Shun Lin
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Amanda Scherer
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Tamar Feinberg
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xiao-Qi Zheng
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Bao-An Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Qing-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhao-Qiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Stephen J Weiss
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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12
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Gao R, Wang L, Cai H, Zhu J, Yu L. E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RLIM Negatively Regulates c-Myc Transcriptional Activity and Restrains Cell Proliferation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164086. [PMID: 27684546 PMCID: PMC5042457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNF12/RLIM is a RING domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase whose function has only begun to be elucidated recently. Although RLIM was reported to play important roles in some biological processes such as imprinted X-chromosome inactivation and regulation of TGF-β pathway etc., other functions of RLIM are largely unknown. Here, we identified RLIM as a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase for c-Myc, one of the most frequently deregulated oncoproteins in human cancers. RLIM associates with c-Myc in vivo and in vitro independently of the E3 ligase activity of RLIM. Moreover, RLIM promotes the polyubiquitination of c-Myc protein independently of Ser62 and Thr58 phosphorylation of c-Myc. However, RLIM-mediated ubiquitination does not affect c-Myc stability. Instead, RLIM inhibits the transcriptional activity of c-Myc through which RLIM restrains cell proliferation. Our results suggest that RLIM may function as a tumor suppressor by controlling the activity of c-Myc oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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13
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Wang F, Shin J, Shea JM, Yu J, Bošković A, Byron M, Zhu X, Shalek AK, Regev A, Lawrence JB, Torres EM, Zhu LJ, Rando OJ, Bach I. Regulation of X-linked gene expression during early mouse development by Rlim. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27642011 PMCID: PMC5059138 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian X-linked gene expression is highly regulated as female cells contain two and male one X chromosome (X). To adjust the X gene dosage between genders, female mouse preimplantation embryos undergo an imprinted form of X chromosome inactivation (iXCI) that requires both Rlim (also known as Rnf12) and the long non-coding RNA Xist. Moreover, it is thought that gene expression from the single active X is upregulated to correct for bi-allelic autosomal (A) gene expression. We have combined mouse genetics with RNA-seq on single mouse embryos to investigate functions of Rlim on the temporal regulation of iXCI and Xist. Our results reveal crucial roles of Rlim for the maintenance of high Xist RNA levels, Xist clouds and X-silencing in female embryos at blastocyst stages, while initial Xist expression appears Rlim-independent. We find further that X/A upregulation is initiated in early male and female preimplantation embryos. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19127.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - JongDae Shin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeremy M Shea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Ana Bošković
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Meg Byron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Xiaochun Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jeanne B Lawrence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Eduardo M Torres
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Lihua J Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Oliver J Rando
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Ingolf Bach
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
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14
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Li J, Sun H, Feltri ML, Mercurio AM. Integrin β4 regulation of PTHrP underlies its contribution to mammary gland development. Dev Biol 2015; 407:313-20. [PMID: 26432258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The integrin α6β4 (referred to as β4) is expressed in epithelial cells where it functions as a laminin receptor. Although in vitro studies have implicated β4 in the biology of mammary epithelial cells, its contribution to mammary gland development has not been settled. To address this problem, we generated and analyzed itgb4(flox/flox)MMTV-Cre(-) and itgb4(flox/flox)MMTV-Cre(+) mice. The salient features of embryonic mammary tissue from itgb4(flox/flox)MMTV-Cre(+) mice were significantly smaller mammary buds and increased apoptosis in the surrounding mesenchyme. Also, compared to control glands, the itgb4-deleted mammary buds lacked expression of the progenitor cell marker CK14 and they were unable to generate mammary glands upon transplantation into cleared fat pads of recipient mice. Analysis of mammary glands at puberty and during pregnancy revealed that itgb4-diminished mammary tissue was unable to elongate and undergo branching morphogenesis. Micro-dissection of epithelial cells in the mammary bud and of the surrounding mesenchyme revealed that loss of β4 resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) in epithelial cells and of target genes of the PTHrP receptor in mesenchymal cells. Given that the phenotype of the itgb4-deleted mammary tissue mimicked that of the PTHrP knockout, we hypothesized that β4 contributes to mammary gland development by sustaining PTHrP expression and enabling PTHrP signaling. Indeed, the inability of itgb4-deleted mammary buds to elongate was rescued by exogenous PTHrP. These data implicate a critical role for the β4 integrin in mammary gland development and provide a mechanism for this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Huayan Sun
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Arthur M Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
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15
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Shokhirev MN, Almaden J, Davis-Turak J, Birnbaum HA, Russell TM, Vargas JAD, Hoffmann A. A multi-scale approach reveals that NF-κB cRel enforces a B-cell decision to divide. Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:783. [PMID: 25680807 PMCID: PMC4358656 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20145554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functions of multi-cellular organs in terms of the molecular networks within each cell is an important step in the quest to predict phenotype from genotype. B-lymphocyte population dynamics, which are predictive of immune response and vaccine effectiveness, are determined by individual cells undergoing division or death seemingly stochastically. Based on tracking single-cell time-lapse trajectories of hundreds of B cells, single-cell transcriptome, and immunofluorescence analyses, we constructed an agent-based multi-modular computational model to simulate lymphocyte population dynamics in terms of the molecular networks that control NF-κB signaling, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Combining modeling and experimentation, we found that NF-κB cRel enforces the execution of a cellular decision between mutually exclusive fates by promoting survival in growing cells. But as cRel deficiency causes growing B cells to die at similar rates to non-growing cells, our analysis reveals that the phenomenological decision model of wild-type cells is rooted in a biased race of cell fates. We show that a multi-scale modeling approach allows for the prediction of dynamic organ-level physiology in terms of intra-cellular molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim N Shokhirev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Almaden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Biological Sciences Graduate Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Davis-Turak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Harry A Birnbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jesse A D Vargas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Gregg C. Known unknowns for allele-specific expression and genomic imprinting effects. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:75. [PMID: 25343032 PMCID: PMC4166941 DOI: 10.12703/p6-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have provided evidence for non-canonical imprinting effects that are associated with allele-specific expression biases at the tissue level in mice. These imprinting effects have features that are distinct from canonical imprinting effects that involve allele silencing. Here, I discuss some of the evidence for non-canonical imprinting effects in the context of random X-inactivation and epigenetic allele-specific expression effects on the autosomes. I propose several mechanisms that may underlie non-canonical imprinting effects and outline future directions and approaches to study these effects at the cellular level in vivo. The growing evidence for complex allele-specific expression effects that are cell- and developmental stage-specific has opened a new frontier for study. Currently, the function of these effects and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gregg
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy and Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 323 Wintrobe Bldg 530, University of Utah, School of Medicine20 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-3401USA
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation178 Columbus Avenue #237064, New York, NY 10023USA
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17
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Shin J, Wallingford MC, Gallant J, Marcho C, Jiao B, Byron M, Bossenz M, Lawrence JB, Jones SN, Mager J, Bach I. RLIM is dispensable for X-chromosome inactivation in the mouse embryonic epiblast. Nature 2014; 511:86-9. [PMID: 24870238 PMCID: PMC4105192 DOI: 10.1038/nature13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In female mice, two forms of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) ensure the selective silencing of female sex chromosomes during mouse embryogenesis. Beginning at the four-cell stage, imprinted XCI (iXCI) exclusively silences the paternal X chromosome. Later, around implantation, epiblast cells of the inner cell mass that give rise to the embryo reactivate the paternal X chromosome and undergo a random form of XCI (rXCI). Xist, a long non-coding RNA crucial for both forms of XCI, is activated by the ubiquitin ligase RLIM (also known as Rnf12). Although RLIM is required for triggering iXCI in mice, its importance for rXCI has been controversial. Here we show that RLIM levels are downregulated in embryonic cells undergoing rXCI. Using mouse genetics we demonstrate that female cells lacking RLIM from pre-implantation stages onwards show hallmarks of XCI, including Xist clouds and H3K27me3 foci, and have full embryogenic potential. These results provide evidence that RLIM is dispensable for rXCI, indicating that in mice an RLIM-independent mechanism activates Xist in the embryo proper.
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Affiliation(s)
- JongDae Shin
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Mary C Wallingford
- Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Judith Gallant
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UMMS, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Chelsea Marcho
- Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Baowei Jiao
- 1] Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA [2] Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Meg Byron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UMMS, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Michael Bossenz
- Ortenau Klinikum Lahr-Ettenheim, Institut für Pathologie, 77933 Lahr, Germany
| | - Jeanne B Lawrence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UMMS, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Stephen N Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UMMS, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Jesse Mager
- Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Ingolf Bach
- 1] Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA [2] Program in Molecular Medicine, UMMS, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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18
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Post-natal imprinting: evidence from marsupials. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 113:145-55. [PMID: 24595366 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting has been identified in therian (eutherian and marsupial) mammals but not in prototherian (monotreme) mammals. Imprinting has an important role in optimising pre-natal nutrition and growth, and most imprinted genes are expressed and imprinted in the placenta and developing fetus. In marsupials, however, the placental attachment is short-lived, and most growth and development occurs post-natally, supported by a changing milk composition tailor-made for each stage of development. Therefore there is a much greater demand on marsupial females during post-natal lactation than during pre-natal placentation, so there may be greater selection for genomic imprinting in the mammary gland than in the short-lived placenta. Recent studies in the tammar wallaby confirm the presence of genomic imprinting in nutrient-regulatory genes in the adult mammary gland. This suggests that imprinting may influence infant post-natal growth via the mammary gland as it does pre-natally via the placenta. Similarly, an increasing number of imprinted genes have been implicated in regulating feeding and nurturing behaviour in both the adult and the developing neonate/offspring in mice. Together these studies provide evidence that genomic imprinting is critical for regulating growth and subsequently the survival of offspring not only pre-natally but also post-natally.
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19
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Power ML, Schulkin J. Maternal regulation of offspring development in mammals is an ancient adaptation tied to lactation. Appl Transl Genom 2013; 2:55-63. [PMID: 27896056 PMCID: PMC5121250 DOI: 10.1016/j.atg.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) is a paradigm for understanding metabolic diseases of modern humans. Vulnerability to disease is linked to perturbations in development during critical time periods in fetal and neonatal life. These perturbations are caused by environmental signals, often generated or transduced by the mother. The regulation of mammalian development depends to a large extent on maternal biochemical signals to her offspring. We argue that this adaptation is ancient, and originated with the evolution of lactation. Lactation evolved earlier than live birth and before the extensive placental development of modern eutherian mammals. Milk contains a host of signaling molecules including nutrients, immunoglobulins, growth factors and metabolic hormones. As evidenced by marsupials, lactation originally served to supply the biochemical factors for growth and development for what is essentially a fetus to a weanling transitioning to independent existence. In placental mammals maternal signaling in earliest life is accomplished through the maternal-placental-fetal connection, with more of development shifted to in utero life. However, significant development occurs postpartum, supported by milk. Mothers of all taxa provide biochemical signals to their offspring, but for non-mammalian mothers the time window is short. Developing mammals receive maternal biochemical signals over an extended period. These signals serve to guide normal development, but also can vary in response to environmental conditions. The ancient adaptation of lactation resulted in a lineage (mammals) in which maternal regulation of offspring development evolved to a heightened degree, with the ability to modify development at multiple time points. Modern metabolic diseases may arise due to a mismatch between maternal regulation and eventual circumstances of the offspring, and due to a large proportion of mothers that exceed past evolutionary norms in body fat and pregnancy weight gain such that maternal signals may no longer be within the adaptive range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Power
- Research Department, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC, United States
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Conservation Ecology Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jay Schulkin
- Research Department, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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20
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Jiao B, Taniguchi-Ishigaki N, Güngör C, Peters MA, Chen YW, Riethdorf S, Drung A, Ahronian LG, Shin J, Pagnis R, Pantel K, Tachibana T, Lewis BC, Johnsen SA, Bach I. Functional activity of RLIM/Rnf12 is regulated by phosphorylation-dependent nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:3085-96. [PMID: 23904271 PMCID: PMC3784382 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-05-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In mice, the ubiquitin ligase RLIM/Rnf12 is a critical survival factor for mammary milk-producing alveolar cells, but little is known about how its activity is regulated. It is shown here that RLIM shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, and shuttling is important for its alveolar survival function. The X-linked gene Rnf12 encodes the ubiquitin ligase really interesting new gene (RING) finger LIM domain–interacting protein (RLIM)/RING finger protein 12 (Rnf12), which serves as a major sex-specific epigenetic regulator of female mouse nurturing tissues. Early during embryogenesis, RLIM/Rnf12 expressed from the maternal allele is crucial for the development of extraembryonic trophoblast cells. In contrast, in mammary glands of pregnant and lactating adult females RLIM/Rnf12 expressed from the paternal allele functions as a critical survival factor for milk-producing alveolar cells. Although RLIM/Rnf12 is detected mostly in the nucleus, little is known about how and in which cellular compartment(s) RLIM/Rnf12 mediates its biological functions. Here we demonstrate that RLIM/Rnf12 protein shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm and this is regulated by phosphorylation of serine S214 located within its nuclear localization sequence. We show that shuttling is important for RLIM to exert its biological functions, as alveolar cell survival activity is inhibited in cells expressing shuttling-deficient nuclear or cytoplasmic RLIM/Rnf12. Thus regulated nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of RLIM/Rnf12 coordinates cellular compartments during mammary alveolar cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Jiao
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-2324 Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-2324 Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Institute for Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Kohda T, Ishino F. Embryo manipulation via assisted reproductive technology and epigenetic asymmetry in mammalian early development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120353. [PMID: 23166403 PMCID: PMC3539368 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The early stage of mammalian development from fertilization to implantation is a period when global and differential changes in the epigenetic landscape occur in paternally and maternally derived genomes, respectively. The sperm and egg DNA methylation profiles are very different from each other, and just after fertilization, only the paternally derived genome is subjected to genome-wide hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine, resulting in an epigenetic asymmetry in parentally derived genomes. Although most of these differences are not present by the blastocyst stage, presumably due to passive demethylation, the maintenance of genomic imprinting memory and X chromosome inactivation in this stage are of critical importance for post-implantation development. Zygotic gene activation from paternally or maternally derived genomes also starts around the two-cell stage, presumably in a different manner in each of them. It is during this period that embryo manipulation, including assisted reproductive technology, is normally performed; so it is critically important to determine whether embryo manipulation procedures increase developmental risks by disturbing subsequent gene expression during the embryonic and/or neonatal development stages. In this review, we discuss the effects of various embryo manipulation procedures applied at the fertilization stage in relation to the epigenetic asymmetry in pre-implantation development. In particular, we focus on the effects of intracytoplasmic sperm injection that can result in long-lasting transcriptome disturbances, at least in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kohda
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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22
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Renfree MB, Suzuki S, Kaneko-Ishino T. The origin and evolution of genomic imprinting and viviparity in mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120151. [PMID: 23166401 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is widespread in eutherian mammals. Marsupial mammals also have genomic imprinting, but in fewer loci. It has long been thought that genomic imprinting is somehow related to placentation and/or viviparity in mammals, although neither is restricted to mammals. Most imprinted genes are expressed in the placenta. There is no evidence for genomic imprinting in the egg-laying monotreme mammals, despite their short-lived placenta that transfers nutrients from mother to embryo. Post natal genomic imprinting also occurs, especially in the brain. However, little attention has been paid to the primary source of nutrition in the neonate in all mammals, the mammary gland. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) play an important role as imprinting control centres in each imprinted region which usually comprises both paternally and maternally expressed genes (PEGs and MEGs). The DMR is established in the male or female germline (the gDMR). Comprehensive comparative genome studies demonstrated that two imprinted regions, PEG10 and IGF2-H19, are conserved in both marsupials and eutherians and that PEG10 and H19 DMRs emerged in the therian ancestor at least 160 Ma, indicating the ancestral origin of genomic imprinting during therian mammal evolution. Importantly, these regions are known to be deeply involved in placental and embryonic growth. It appears that most maternal gDMRs are always associated with imprinting in eutherian mammals, but emerged at differing times during mammalian evolution. Thus, genomic imprinting could evolve from a defence mechanism against transposable elements that depended on DNA methylation established in germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn B Renfree
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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23
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Pollex T, Heard E. Recent advances in X-chromosome inactivation research. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:825-32. [PMID: 23142477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation is the mechanism ensuring dosage compensation in mammals. It is regulated by the X-inactivation center (Xic), which harbors the main regulator of XCI, the long non-coding RNA Xist. In the past two years significant advances have been made in our understanding of how Xist is regulated by its neighbors in the Xic and in a developmental context. New technologies, such as chromosome conformation capture and live cell imaging, have helped us understand the topological organization of the Xic and the dynamics of this locus during differentiation. Here, we will describe some of the most recent findings made in X-inactivation research with a special focus on the regulation of Xist and the spatial organization of the Xic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Pollex
- Mammalian Developmental Epigenetics Group, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France
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Stringer JM, Suzuki S, Pask AJ, Shaw G, Renfree MB. Selected imprinting of INS in the marsupial. Epigenetics Chromatin 2012; 5:14. [PMID: 22929229 PMCID: PMC3502105 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8935-5-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND In marsupials, growth and development of the young occur postnatally, regulated by milk that changes in composition throughout the long lactation. To initiate lactation in mammals, there is an absolute requirement for insulin (INS), a gene known to be imprinted in the placenta. We therefore examined whether INS is imprinted in the mammary gland of the marsupial tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and compared its expression with that of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). RESULTS INS was expressed in the mammary gland and significantly increased, while IGF2 decreased, during established milk production. Insulin and IGF2 were both detected in the mammary gland macrophage cells during early lactation and in the alveolar cells later in lactation. Surprisingly, INS, which was thought only to be imprinted in the therian yolk sac, was imprinted and paternally expressed in the liver of the developing young, monoallelically expressed in the tammar mammary gland and biallelic in the stomach and intestine. The INS transcription start site used in the liver and mammary gland was differentially methylated. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to identify tissue-specific INS imprinting outside the yolk sac. These data suggest that there may be an advantage of selective monoallelic expression in the mammary gland and that this may influence the growth of the postnatal young. These results are not consistent with the parental conflict hypothesis, but instead provide support for the maternal-infant co-adaptation hypothesis. Thus, imprinting in the mammary gland maybe as critical for postnatal growth and development in mammals as genomic imprinting in the placenta is prenatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Stringer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Kangaroo Genomics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Bach I. Releasing the break on X chromosome inactivation: Rnf12/RLIM targets REX1 for degradation. Cell Res 2012; 22:1524-6. [PMID: 22785560 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the two X chromosomes in cells of female mammals is transcriptionally silenced in a process known as X chromosome inactivation (XCI). Initiation of XCI is regulated by the ubiquitin ligase Rnf12/RLIM, but the mechanisms by which Rnf12/RLIM mediates this process has been a mystery. A recent study by Gontan et al. shows that Rnf12/RLIM targets REX1, an inhibitor of XCI, for proteasomal degradation, providing an answer to this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingolf Bach
- Program in Gene Function & Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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