Hyperacute rejection-engineered oncolytic virus for interventional clinical trial in refractory cancer patients

The evolving landscape of oncolytic virus immunotherapy: combinatorial strategies and novel engineering approaches

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a promising class of cancer therapy, exploiting their abilities to selectively infect and kill cancer cells while stimulating antitumor immune responses. The current assessment explores the changing horizons of OV immunotherapy, focusing on recent advances in technology plans to improve OV projects and combined approaches to improve curative efficacy. We discuss how OVs induce direct oncolysis and promote the release of tumor-associated antigens, leading to the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Special attention shall be given to programs for arm OVs to express curative genes, modify the tumor microenvironment and overcome immunosuppression. Moreover, we assess the synergies of uniting OVs with other immunotherapeutic techniques, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and cell therapy, to improve tolerant outcomes. The present assessment provides an understanding of the relevant declaration of the OV analysis, highlighting the main obstacles and the future directions for the development of other capable and targeted cancer immunotherapy.

Oncolytic viruses: a promising therapy for malignant pleural effusion and solid tumors

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are natural or recombinant viruses that can directly lyse tumor cells without damaging normal cells. They enhance anti-tumor immunity by releasing antigens and activating inflammatory responses within the tumor microenvironment (TME). This offers a new therapeutic approach for MPE and solid tumors. This review discusses the progress of OVs administered via intrapleural and intratumoral routes, emphasizing their potential in MPE treatment and the challenges posed by the complex intrapleural environment, which affects the direct interaction between OVs, tumor cells, and immune cells. This review also discusses the regulatory barriers, safety concerns and accessibility of oncolytic virus therapy.

Enhancing the physiological characteristics of chimeric antigen receptor natural killer cells by synthetic biology

Chimeric antigen receptor natural Killer (CAR-NK) cells therapy represents a next-generation immunotherapeutic approach following CAR-T cells therapy, offering inherent "off-the-shelf" compatibility and mitigated off-tumor toxicity. Despite these advantages, clinical translation remains constrained by poor in vivo persistence and functional exhaustion in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME). This review examines recent advancements in synthetic biology aimed at enhancing the physiological characteristics of CAR-NK cells. By delineating the synergy between NK cells and synthetic biology toolkits, this work provides a roadmap for developing next-generation CAR-NK therapies capable of addressing solid tumor challenges while maintaining favorable safety profiles.

Oligoadenylate synthetase-like aggravated Newcastle disease virus-induced necroptosis in glioma cells

Background

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has emerged as a tumor-lysing agent in a variety of cancers. Previous studies have shown that NDV has cytolytic activity in gliomas; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated.

Methods

Comparing the glioma cells LN229 controlled group with the infected group of NDV rLa Sota-GFP strain, we strive to observe the changes in the genome and protein levels as well as the activation of the signalling pathways before and after the infection at the cellular level and at the level of the genes in the transcriptome, to study the molecular mechanism of necroptosis of the NDV-infected lethal LN229.

Results

We found that NDV infection which inhibited glioma cells LN229 proliferation and promoted apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner involved mitochondrial disruption by a molecular mechanism, whereas the Fe2+ assay didn't change. Additionally, the necroptosis inhibitor Nec-1 alleviated the cellular damage caused by NDV during infection of LN229 cells. Using RNA-seq analysis, the necroptosis pathway was significantly enriched in NDV-infected LN229 cells, and the antiviral gene OASL (Oligoadenylate synthetase-like) was significantly up-regulated in the apoptotic signalling pathway, which could be directly induced by NDV infection. Knockdown of OASL attenuates NDV infection-induced necroptosis in LN229 cells.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that NDV has cytolytic activity on glioma cells by inducing necroptosis. Additionally, targeting upregulation of OASL may provide a novel strategy to enhance necrotic apoptosis in glioma cells after NDV infection.