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Agioti S, Zaravinos A. Immune Cytolytic Activity and Strategies for Therapeutic Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3624. [PMID: 38612436 PMCID: PMC11011457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral immune cytolytic activity (CYT), calculated as the geometric mean of granzyme-A (GZMA) and perforin-1 (PRF1) expression, has emerged as a critical factor in cancer immunotherapy, with significant implications for patient prognosis and treatment outcomes. Immune checkpoint pathways, the composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME), antigen presentation, and metabolic pathways regulate CYT. Here, we describe the various methods with which we can assess CYT. The detection and analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) using flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry provide important information about immune cell populations within the TME. Gene expression profiling and spatial analysis techniques, such as multiplex immunofluorescence and imaging mass cytometry allow the study of CYT in the context of the TME. We discuss the significant clinical implications that CYT has, as its increased levels are associated with positive clinical outcomes and a favorable prognosis. Moreover, CYT can be used as a prognostic biomarker and aid in patient stratification. Altering CYT through the different methods targeting it, offers promising paths for improving treatment responses. Overall, understanding and modulating CYT is critical for improving cancer immunotherapy. Research into CYT and the factors that influence it has the potential to transform cancer treatment and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Agioti
- Cancer Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center (BTCRC), 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Cancer Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center (BTCRC), 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus;
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
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2
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Yap WY, Hwang JS. Is Proteolytic Cleavage Essential for the Enhanced Activity of Hydra Pore-Forming Toxin, HALT-4? Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:396. [PMID: 37368697 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydra actinoporin-like toxin 4 (HALT-4) differs from other actinoporins due to its N-terminal propart that contains approximately 103 additional residues. Within this region, we identified five dibasic residues and assumed that, when cleaved, they could potentially exhibit HALT-4's cytolytic activity. We created five truncated versions of HALT-4 (tKK1, tKK2, tRK3, tKK4 and tKK5) to investigate the role of the N-terminal region and potential cleavage sites on the cytolytic activity of HALT-4. However, our results demonstrated that the propart-containing HALT-4 (proHALT-4), as well as the truncated versions tKK1 and tKK2, exhibited similar cytolytic activity against HeLa cells. In contrast, tRK3, tKK4 and tKK5 failed to kill HeLa cells, indicating that cleavage at the KK1 or KK2 sites did not enhance cytolytic activity but may instead facilitate the sorting of tKK1 and tKK2 to the regulated secretory pathway for eventual deposition in nematocysts. Moreover, RK3, KK4 and KK5 were unlikely to serve as proteolytic cleavage sites, as the amino acids between KK2 and RK3 are also crucial for pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuen Yap
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Jung Shan Hwang
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
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Sugimoto C, Murakami Y, Ishii E, Fujita H, Wakao H. Reprogramming and redifferentiation of mucosal-associated invariant T cells reveal tumor inhibitory activity. eLife 2022; 11:70848. [PMID: 35379387 PMCID: PMC8983048 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells belong to a family of innate-like T cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunities. Although MAIT cells have been implicated in tumor immunity, it currently remains unclear whether they function as tumor-promoting or inhibitory cells. Therefore, we herein used induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology to investigate this issue. Murine MAIT cells were reprogrammed into iPSCs and redifferentiated towards MAIT-like cells (m-reMAIT cells). m-reMAIT cells were activated by an agonist in the presence and absence of antigen-presenting cells and MR1-tetramer, a reagent to detect MAIT cells. This activation accompanied protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the production of T helper (Th)1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines and inflammatory chemokines. Upon adoptive transfer, m-reMAIT cells migrated to different organs with maturation in mice. Furthermore, m-reMAIT cells inhibited tumor growth in the lung metastasis model and prolonged mouse survival upon tumor inoculation through the NK cell-mediated reinforcement of cytolytic activity. Collectively, the present results demonstrated the utility and role of m-reMAIT cells in tumor immunity and provide insights into the function of MAIT cells in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Sugimoto
- Host Defense Division, Research Center for Advanced Medical Science, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Yukie Murakami
- Host Defense Division, Research Center for Advanced Medical Science, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ishii
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Fujita
- Host Defense Division, Research Center for Advanced Medical Science, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wakao
- Host Defense Division, Research Center for Advanced Medical Science, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Hu D, Liu S. Identification of Novel Molecular Therapeutic Targets and Their Potential Prognostic Biomarkers Based on Cytolytic Activity in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:844666. [PMID: 35345444 PMCID: PMC8957259 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.844666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) attracts attention worldwide for its extremely high malignancy. A novel term cytolytic activity (CYT) has been introduced as a potential immunotherapy biomarker associated with counter-regulatory immune responses and enhanced prognosis in tumors. In this study, we extracted all datasets of SKCM patients, namely, RNA sequencing data and clinical information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, conducted differential expression analysis to yield 864 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) characteristic of CYT and used non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) method to classify molecular subtypes of SKCM patients. Among all genes, 14 hub genes closely related to prognosis for SKCM were finally screen out. Based on these genes, we constructed a 14-gene prognostic risk model and its robustness and strong predictive performance were further validated. Subsequently, the underlying mechanisms in tumor pathogenesis and prognosis have been defined from a number of perspectives, namely, tumor mutation burden (TMB), copy number variation (CNV), tumor microenvironment (TME), infiltrating immune cells, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Furthermore, combined with GTEx database and HPA database, the expression of genes in the model was verified at the transcriptional level and protein level, and the relative importance of genes in the model was described by random forest algorithm. In addition, the model was used to predict the difference in sensitivity of SKCM patients to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Finally, a nomogram was constructed to better aid clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxue Zhang
- Department of Dermatovenerology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuyao Liu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Delin Hu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengxiu Liu
- Department of Dermatovenerology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Oshi M, Gandhi S, Tokumaru Y, Yan L, Yamada A, Matsuyama R, Ishikawa T, Endo I, Takabe K. Conflicting roles of EGFR expression by subtypes in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5094-5110. [PMID: 34765314 PMCID: PMC8569361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the receptors that belong to the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (ErbBs). Several malignancies including breast cancer that express EGFR have poor prognosis. Our study examined the EGFR expression among 5176 breast cancer patients from GSE96058 and METABRIC cohorts and the contribution of tumor immune microenvironment in different subtypes. We found that among different breast cancer subtypes, EGFR expression in TNBC was the highest compared to other subtypes. EGFR high ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer had significantly higher survival compared to EGFR low ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer. It was also associated with high level of intratumor heterogeneity and homologous recombination defects (HRD). This group was also enriched in immune-related gene sets. On the other hand, low EGFR tumor was enriched in cell proliferation-related gene sets. However, these findings were not observed in TNBC. Interestingly, there was a greater infiltration of anti-cancer immune cells in high EGFR ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancers, while, TNBC with higher EGFR expression had lower fraction of immune cells along with low level of cytolytic activity. Tumor cells have significantly higher EGFR expression compared to immune cells in single cell sequencing data. There was higher expression of immune checkpoint molecules in high EGFR ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer but lower expression in TNBC. High EGFR metastatic tumor was significantly associated with worse survival, but no association with infiltrating immune cells was observed. Our study shows that higher EGFR expression in ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer is associated with improved outcomes and an anti-cancer immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Oshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shipra Gandhi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterElm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yoshihisa Tokumaru
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Akimitsu Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterElm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New YorkBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
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Oshi M, Kawaguchi T, Yan L, Peng X, Qi Q, Tian W, Schulze A, McDonald KA, Narayanan S, Young J, Liu S, Morris LGT, Chan TA, Kalinski P, Matsuyama R, Otsuji E, Endo I, Takabe K. Immune cytolytic activity is associated with reduced intra-tumoral genetic heterogeneity and with better clinical outcomes in triple negative breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3628-3644. [PMID: 34354864 PMCID: PMC8332854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the functional aspects if the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), such as the recently introduced cytolytic activity score (CYT) index have been under the spotlight in cancer research; however, clinical relevance of immune cell killing activity in breast cancer has never been analyzed in large patient cohorts. We hypothesized that CYT reflects the immune activity of TIME and can predict patient survival. A total of 7533 breast cancer patients were analyzed as both discovery and validation cohorts. We found that high CYT was associated with advanced histological grade and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). High CYT in tumors was significantly associated with better survival in TNBC, but unexpectedly, not in other breast cancer subtypes. High CYT TNBC included both favorable immune-related, as well as unfavorable (suppressive) inflammation-related gene sets, and characterized by high infiltration with T cells and B cells. High CYT TNBC was associated with high homologous recombination deficiency and low somatic copy number alteration score and less mutant allele tumor heterogeneity, but not with tumor mutation burden (TMB). Although CYT was not associated with pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, it was significantly associated with high expression of multiple immune checkpoint molecules. In conclusion, CYT of TNBC is associated with enhanced anti-cancer immunity, less intra-tumoral heterogeneity, and with better survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Oshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawaguchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyoto, Japan
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Xuan Peng
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Qianya Qi
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Wanqing Tian
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Amy Schulze
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kerry-Ann McDonald
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sumana Narayanan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jessica Young
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Luc GT Morris
- Immunogenomics and Precision Oncology Platform, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Immunogenomics and Precision Oncology Platform, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH USA
- Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyoto, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical UniversityFukushima, Japan
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Murthy V, Oshi M, Tokumaru Y, Endo I, Takabe K. Increased apoptosis is associated with robust immune cell infiltration and cytolytic activity in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3674-3687. [PMID: 34354867 PMCID: PMC8332871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor infiltrating immune cells plays a critical role in cancer progression. Apoptosis is an autonomous cell death that counteracts tumor growth. To this end, we hypothesized that increased apoptosis in breast cancer is associated with immune cell killing. Apoptosis score of MSigDB Hallmark collection was used to analyze METABRIC cohort (n=1904) and TCGA (n=1069) as validation cohort. High apoptosis tumors enriched cancer promoting signaling pathways; hypoxia, KRAS, TGF-β, PI3K signaling, and was associated with low MKI67 expression and less cell proliferation gene sets, less homologous recombination defects, and less altered fraction. High apoptosis tumors also enriched angiogenesis and high infiltration of vascular endothelial cells, pericytes and stromal cells and significantly enriched inflammation and immune response-related gene sets and high infiltration of CD8, CD4 memory, dendritic cells, M1 and M2 macrophages and significant elevation of cytolytic activity and immune checkpoint molecules, consistently in both cohorts. In conclusion, breast cancer patients with high apoptosis are associated with angiogenesis, immune response, high immune cell infiltration and cytolytic activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to utilize in silico translational approach to demonstrate the clinical relevance of apoptosis in breast cancer patients in large cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayashree Murthy
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Masanori Oshi
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tokumaru
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 YanagidoGifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 YanagidoGifu 501-1194, Japan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New YorkBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata 951-8510, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
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Loo Yau H, Bell E, Ettayebi I, de Almeida FC, Boukhaled GM, Shen SY, Allard D, Morancho B, Marhon SA, Ishak CA, Gonzaga IM, da Silva Medina T, Singhania R, Chakravarthy A, Chen R, Mehdipour P, Pommey S, Klein C, Amarante-Mendes GP, Roulois D, Arribas J, Stagg J, Brooks DG, De Carvalho DD. DNA hypomethylating agents increase activation and cytolytic activity of CD8 + T cells. Mol Cell 2021; 81:1469-1483.e8. [PMID: 33609448 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that DNA hypomethylating agent (HMA) treatment can directly modulate the anti-tumor response and effector function of CD8+ T cells. In vivo HMA treatment promotes CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration and suppresses tumor growth via CD8+ T cell-dependent activity. Ex vivo, HMAs enhance primary human CD8+ T cell activation markers, effector cytokine production, and anti-tumor cytolytic activity. Epigenomic and transcriptomic profiling shows that HMAs vastly regulate T cell activation-related transcriptional networks, culminating with over-activation of NFATc1 short isoforms. Mechanistically, demethylation of an intragenic CpG island immediately downstream to the 3' UTR of the short isoform was associated with antisense transcription and alternative polyadenylation of NFATc1 short isoforms. High-dimensional single-cell mass cytometry analyses reveal a selective effect of HMAs on a subset of human CD8+ T cell subpopulations, increasing both the number and abundance of a granzyme Bhigh, perforinhigh effector subpopulation. Overall, our findings support the use of HMAs as a therapeutic strategy to boost anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Loo Yau
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Emma Bell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Ilias Ettayebi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Felipe Campos de Almeida
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT-iii), São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Giselle M Boukhaled
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shu Yi Shen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - David Allard
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Beatriz Morancho
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and CIBERONC, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sajid A Marhon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Charles A Ishak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Isabela M Gonzaga
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Tiago da Silva Medina
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Translational Immuno-oncology Laboratory, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-001, Brazil
| | - Rajat Singhania
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Ankur Chakravarthy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Raymond Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Parinaz Mehdipour
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Sandra Pommey
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo P Amarante-Mendes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT-iii), São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil
| | - David Roulois
- UMR U1236, INSERM, Université de Rennes 1, EFS, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and CIBERONC, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Daniel D De Carvalho
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
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Oshi M, Asaoka M, Tokumaru Y, Angarita FA, Yan L, Matsuyama R, Zsiros E, Ishikawa T, Endo I, Takabe K. Abundance of Regulatory T Cell (Treg) as a Predictive Biomarker for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3038. [PMID: 33086518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Regulatory CD4+ T cell (Treg) is one of the suppressive immune cells, but data on its clinical relevance in large human breast cancer cohort is limited. Abundance of Tregs in 5177 breast cancer patient samples from five independent cohorts was analyzed by the xCell algorithm using tumor transcriptomics. Treg abundance was lower in metastatic tumors when compared to matched primary tumors. Treg was associated with a high mutation rate of TP53 genes and copy number mutations as well as with increased tumor infiltration of M2 macrophages and decreased infiltration of T helper type 1 cells. Interestingly, low Treg abundance was significantly associated with pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in TNBC, but not in ER-positive/Her2-negative subtype. Abundance of Treg was also associated with high expression of multiple immune checkpoint molecules. In conclusion, Treg abundance may have a potential as a predictive biomarker of pCR after NAC in TNBC. Abstract Regulatory CD4+ T cell (Treg), a subset of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), are known to suppress anticancer immunity but its clinical relevance in human breast cancer remains unclear. In this study, we estimated the relative abundance of Tregs in breast cancer of multiple patient cohorts by using the xCell algorithm on bulk tumor gene expression data. In total, 5177 breast cancer patients from five independent cohorts (TCGA-BRCA, GSE96058, GSE25066, GSE20194, and GSE110590) were analyzed. Treg abundance was not associated with cancer aggressiveness, patient survival, or immune activity markers, but it was lower in metastatic tumors when compared to matched primary tumors. Treg was associated with a high mutation rate of TP53 genes and copy number mutations as well as with increased tumor infiltration of M2 macrophages and decreased infiltration of T helper type 1 (Th1) cells. Pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) was significantly associated with low Treg abundance in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) but not in ER-positive/Her2-negative subtype. High Treg abundance was significantly associated with high tumor expression of multiple immune checkpoint inhibitor genes. In conclusion, Treg abundance may have potential as a predictive biomarker of pCR after NAC in TNBC.
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Oshi M, Asaoka M, Tokumaru Y, Yan L, Matsuyama R, Ishikawa T, Endo I, Takabe K. CD8 T Cell Score as a Prognostic Biomarker for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186968. [PMID: 32971948 PMCID: PMC7555570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cell is an essential component of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Using the xCell CD8 T cell score of whole tumor gene expression data, we estimated these cells in total of 3837 breast cancer patients from TCGA, METABRIC and various GEO cohorts. The CD8 score correlated strongly with expression of CD8 genes. The score was highest for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and a high score was associated with high tumor immune cytolytic activity and better survival in TNBC but not other breast cancer subtypes. In TNBC, tumors with a high CD8 score had enriched expression of interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-γ response and allograft rejection gene sets, and greater infiltration of anti-cancerous immune cells. The score strongly correlated with CD4 memory T cells in TNBC, and tumors with both a high CD8 score and high CD4 memory T cell abundance had significantly better survival. Finally, a high CD8 score was significantly associated with high expression of multiple immune checkpoint molecules. In conclusion, a high CD8 T cell score is associated with better survival in TNBC, particularly when tumor CD4 memory T cells were elevated. Our findings also suggest a possible use of the score as a predictive biomarker for response to immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Oshi
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (M.O.); (M.A.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Mariko Asaoka
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (M.O.); (M.A.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan;
| | - Yoshihisa Tokumaru
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (M.O.); (M.A.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA;
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan;
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (M.O.); (M.A.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (R.M.); (I.E.)
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan;
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-716-8455540; Fax: +1-716-8451668
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11
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Takahashi H, Kawaguchi T, Yan L, Peng X, Qi Q, Morris LG, Chan TA, Tsung A, Otsuji E, Takabe K. Immune Cytolytic Activity for Comprehensive Understanding of Immune Landscape in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051221. [PMID: 32414098 PMCID: PMC7281225 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolytic activity score (CYT), defined by granzyme A and perforin expression, is a useful marker for underlying immunity. We hypothesized that CYT-high hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) have stronger immunogenicity and favorable tumor microenvironments, which would result in better clinical outcomes, using the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) cohort with 371 patients with HCC. We found CYT-high HCCs were associated with higher expressions of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3), well-known mutagenic enzymes. Further, higher numbers of anti-cancer immune cells, such as CD8+ T cells and M1 macrophages, were infiltrated in CYT-high HCCs. Major T cell exhaustion markers were expressed significantly higher in CYT-high HCCs, likely as a negative feedback loop. Additionally, CYT-high HCCs strongly enriched gene sets related with enhanced immune activity. With strong immunity, patients with CYT-high HCCs had significantly longer disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.03 and <0.01). Furthermore, when the OS is stratified by exhaustion marker expressions, the CYT-high/exhaustion-low group had the best and CYT-low/exhaustion-high groups had the worst OS. Lastly, high CYT was an independent protective factor for prognosis. In conclusion, CYT-high HCCs were associated with enhanced immunity and better survival. Our findings suggest that proper identification of tumor-immune microenvironments could stratify the patients for appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Takahashi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (H.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Tsutomu Kawaguchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (H.T.); (T.K.)
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (L.Y.); (X.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Xuan Peng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (L.Y.); (X.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Qianya Qi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (L.Y.); (X.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Luc G.T. Morris
- Immunogenomics and Precision Oncology Platform, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 14263, USA; (L.G.T.M.); (T.A.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy A. Chan
- Immunogenomics and Precision Oncology Platform, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 14263, USA; (L.G.T.M.); (T.A.C.)
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (H.T.); (T.K.)
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-716-845-2918
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12
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Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLP) have an extremely broad taxonomic distribution; they occur in bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. NLPs come in two forms, those that are cytotoxic to eudicot plants and those that are noncytotoxic. Cytotoxic NLPs bind to glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide (GIPC) sphingolipids that are abundant in the outer leaflet of plant plasma membranes. Binding allows the NLP to become cytolytic in eudicots but not monocots. The function of noncytotoxic NLPs remains enigmatic, but the expansion of NLP genes in oomycete genomes suggests they are important. Several plant species have evolved the capacity to recognize NLPs as molecular patterns and trigger plant immunity, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana detects nlp peptides via the receptor-like protein RLP23. In this review, we provide a historical perspective from discovery to understanding of molecular mechanisms and describe the latest developments in the NLP field to shed light on these fascinating microbial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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13
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Gu X, Boldrup L, Coates PJ, Fahraeus R, Wang L, Wilms T, Norberg-Spaak L, Sgaramella N, Nylander K. High immune cytolytic activity in tumor-free tongue tissue confers better prognosis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue. J Pathol Clin Res 2019; 5:240-247. [PMID: 31237113 PMCID: PMC6817829 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells and cytolytic activity within the tumor microenvironment are being intensively studied. Through transcriptome profiling, immune cell enumeration using the xCell tool and cytolytic activity quantification according to granzyme A (GZMA) and perforin (PRF1) mRNA levels, we investigated immunoreactivity in tumor and/or tumor‐free tongue tissue samples from 31 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue and 14 healthy individuals (control tongue tissues). We found significantly altered immune cell compositions (p < 0.001) and elevated cytolytic activity (p < 0.001) in tumor compared to tumor‐free samples, and altered infiltration of a subset of immune cells (e.g. CD8+ T cells, p < 0.01) as well as increased cytolytic activity (p < 0.001) in tumor‐free compared to control samples. Controlling for patient age at diagnosis and tumor stage, Cox regression analysis showed that high cytolytic activity in tumor‐free samples associated with improved disease‐free survival (hazard ratio= 4.20, 95% CI = 1.09–16.20, p = 0.037). However, the degree of cytolytic activity in tumor samples did not provide prognostic information. Taken together, our results show the presence of cancer‐related immune responses in clinically tumor‐free tongue in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue. Measuring cytolytic activity in tumor‐free tongue samples contralateral to tumor might thus be an effective approach to predict clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Gu
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Boldrup
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philip J Coates
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robin Fahraeus
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular Genetics, University Paris 7, St. Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lixiao Wang
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torben Wilms
- Department of Clinical Sciences/ENT, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Nicola Sgaramella
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Nylander
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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14
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Okano M, Oshi M, Butash AL, Asaoka M, Katsuta E, Peng X, Qi Q, Yan L, Takabe K. Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer with High Expression of Androgen Receptor has Less Cytolytic Activity and Worse Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy but Better Survival. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2655. [PMID: 31151151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer (BC), the most abundant BC subtype, is notorious for poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The androgen receptor (AR) was reported to support estradiol-mediated ER activity in an in vitro system. Recently, ER-positive BC with fewer tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was shown to have a better prognosis, opposite to the trend seen with ER-negative BC. We hypothesized that ER-positive BC with high expression of AR will have fewer TILs and an inferior response to NAC, but with a better prognosis. In both TCGA and METABRIC cohorts, AR expression was significantly higher in ER-positive BCs compared to ER-negatives (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively) and it correlated with ER expression (R = 0.630, R = 0.509, respectively). In ER-positive tumors, AR high tumors enriched UV response down (NES = 2.01, p < 0.001), and AR low tumors enriched DNA repair (NES = −2.02, p < 0.001). AR high tumors were significantly associated with procancer regulatory T-cells, and AR low tumors were associated with anticancer immune cells, such as CD4, CD8, and Gamma-Delta T-cells and memory B-cells in ER-positive BC (p < 0.01). Further, cytolytic activity was significantly lower in AR high BC in both cohorts. Finally, AR high tumors had a significantly lower rate of attaining pathological complete response to NAC (GSE22358), but better survival. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that high AR has fewer tumor infiltrating lymphocytes as well as cytolytic activity and an inferior response to NAC, but better survival in ER-positive BC.
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15
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Cheng C, Jiang L, Ma T, Wang H, Han X, Sun J, Yang Y, Chen Z, Yu H, Hang Y, Liu F, Wang B, Fang W, Huang H, Fang C, Cai C, Freitag N, Song H. Carboxyl-Terminal Residues N478 and V479 Required for the Cytolytic Activity of Listeriolysin O Play a Critical Role in Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenicity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1439. [PMID: 29163512 PMCID: PMC5671954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that secretes the cytolysin listeriolysin O (LLO), which enables the bacteria to cross the phagosomal membrane. L. monocytogenes regulates LLO activity in the phagosome and minimizes its activity in the host cytosol. Mutants that fail to compartmentalize LLO activity are cytotoxic and have attenuated virulence. Here, we showed that residues N478 and V479 of LLO are required for LLO hemolytic activity and bacterial virulence. A single N478A mutation (LLON478A) significantly increased the hemolytic activity of LLO at a neutral pH, while no difference was observed at the optimum acidic pH, compared with wild-type LLO. Conversely, the mutant LLOV479A exhibited lower hemolytic activity at the acidic pH, but not at the neutral pH. The double mutant LLON478AV479A showed a greater decrease in hemolytic activity at both the acidic and neutral pHs. Interestingly, strains producing LLON478A or LLOV479A lysed erythrocytes similarly to the wild-type strain. Surprisingly, bacteria-secreting LLON478AV479A had barely detectable hemolytic activity, but exhibited host cell cytotoxicity, escaped from the phagosome, grew intracellularly, and spread cell-to-cell with the same efficiency as the wild-type strain, but were highly attenuated in virulence in mice. These data demonstrate that these two residues are required for LLO hemolytic activity and pathogenicity in mice, but not for escape from the phagosome and cell-to-cell spreading. The finding that the nearly non-hemolytic LLON478AV479A mutant grew intracellularly indicates that mutagenesis of a virulence determinant is a novel approach for the development of live vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Li Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Hang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Yongchun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Huifei Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Yi Hang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Fengdan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Bosen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China.,Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huarong Huang
- College of Biological and Environmental Science, Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Fang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Hubei, China
| | - Chang Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Nancy Freitag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Houhui Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Zhejiang A&F University, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Lin'an, China
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Tharad S, Toca-Herrera JL, Promdonkoy B, Krittanai C. Bacillus thuringiensis Cyt2Aa2 toxin disrupts cell membranes by forming large protein aggregates. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:e00394. [PMID: 27612497 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20160090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the lipid membrane disruption by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cyt2Aa2 is different from the general pore-forming model. Cyt2Aa2 forms protein aggregates that disrupt the lipid membrane integrity. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cyt2Aa2 showed toxicity against Dipteran insect larvae and in vitro lysis activity on several cells. It has potential applications in the biological control of insect larvae. Although pore-forming and/or detergent-like mechanisms were proposed, the mechanism underlying cytolytic activity remains unclear. Analysis of the haemolytic activity of Cyt2Aa2 with osmotic stabilizers revealed partial toxin inhibition, suggesting a distinctive mechanism from the putative pore formation model. Membrane permeability was studied using fluorescent dye entrapped in large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) at various protein/lipid molar ratios. Binding of Cyt2Aa2 monomer to the lipid membrane did not disturb membrane integrity until the critical protein/lipid molar ratio was reached, when Cyt2Aa2 complexes and cytolytic activity were detected. The complexes are large aggregates that appeared as a ladder when separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Interaction of Cyt2Aa2 with Aedes albopictus cells was investigated by confocal microscopy and total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy (TIRF). The results showed that Cyt2Aa2 binds on the cell membrane at an early stage without cell membrane disruption. Protein aggregation on the cell membrane was detected later which coincided with cell swelling. Cyt2Aa2 aggregations on supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) were visualized by AFM. The AFM topographic images revealed Cyt2Aa2 aggregates on the lipid bilayer at low protein concentration and subsequently disrupts the lipid bilayer by forming a lesion as the protein concentration increased. These results supported the mechanism whereby Cyt2Aa2 binds and aggregates on the lipid membrane leading to the formation of non-specific hole and disruption of the cell membrane.
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17
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Zhang Y, Zhi L, Zhang Z. Study of the biological features of in vitro cultured γδ T cells. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:87-91. [PMID: 26870341 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the biological features of in vitro cultured γδ T cells. The γδ T cells were in vitro cultured and on different culture days cell proliferation, phenotype, killing activity and the secretion of cytokines were analyzed. Cell numbers were counted by an automated cell counter, phenotype of the cells and cytokines were analyzed by flow cytometry, and killing activities of the cells against gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells were tested using the cell counting kit-8. From days 7 to 14, in vitro cultured γδ T cells enter the exponential phase. On day 14, maximum proliferation fold was observed, and on day 10, the maximum specific growth rate µmax was achieved. Flow phenotype cluster of differentiation 3+-T-cell receptor γδ+ of the γδ T cells in the first 7-17 days achieved a higher proportion and showed no significant differences between 10 days. Secretion of the cytokines interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α gradually increased in the first 7-14 days. The maximum was achieved on day 14, and subsequently began to decrease. The cytolytic activity of the γδ T cells to kill the SGC-7901 cells in the first 7-14 days had an improved killing effect, a slight decline from the first 17 days; in the effector cell to target cell (E:T) ratio 20:1, 10:1 and 5:1 conditions, γδ T cells kill SGC-7901 cells more effectively than 1:1 and 1:2. In conclusion, γδ T cells cultured in the first 7-14 days are suitable for clinical transfusion, and the optimal transfusion time is day 10. An E:T ratio >5:1 is preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Claison Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201201, P.R. China
| | - Liming Zhi
- Shanghai Claison Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201201, P.R. China
| | - Zan Zhang
- Shanghai Claison Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201201, P.R. China
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18
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Dimayuga PC, Chyu KY, Lio WM, Zhao X, Yano J, Zhou J, Honjo T, Shah PK, Cercek B. Reduced neointima formation after arterial injury in CD4-/- mice is mediated by CD8+CD28hi T cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000155. [PMID: 23702879 PMCID: PMC3698777 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background CD8+ T‐cell activation, characterized by increased CD28 expression, reduces neointima formation after arterial injury in mice. The CD8+CD28hi phenotype is associated with increased effector function. In this study, we used a mouse model that has CD8+ but no CD4+ T cells (CD4−/−) to assess the role of CD8+ T cells and test the function of CD8+CD28hi T cells in modulating neointima formation after arterial injury. Methods and Results Neointima formation after pericarotid arterial cuff injury was significantly less in CD4−/− mice compared with wild‐type (WT) mice. Negligible baseline lytic activity by splenic CD8+ T cells from uninjured WT mice against target syngeneic smooth muscle cells was significantly increased 7 days after injury. Interestingly, CD8+ T cells from uninjured CD4−/− mice had significant lytic activity at baseline that remained elevated 7 days after injury. CD8+ T‐cell lytic activity was significantly reduced by depletion of CD28hi cells. CD8+CD28hi T cells adoptively transferred into recipient Rag‐1−/− mice significantly reduced neointima formation compared with CD8+CD28+ T‐cell recipient mice. Conclusions CD8+ T cells reduced neointima formation after arterial injury, attributed in part to increased function of the CD8+CD28hi phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Dimayuga
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Montaldo E, Del Zotto G, Della Chiesa M, Mingari MC, Moretta A, De Maria A, Moretta L. Human NK cell receptors/markers: a tool to analyze NK cell development, subsets and function. Cytometry A 2013; 83:702-13. [PMID: 23650273 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important components of the innate immunity and play a key role in host defense by virtue of their ability to release cytokines and to mediate cytolytic activity against tumor cells and virus-infected cells. NK cells were first described more than 30 years ago on the basis of their peculiar functional capabilities. Subsequently, thanks to the production of a variety of monoclonal antibodies, it became possible to identify surface receptors and markers expressed by NK cells as well as to characterize their functional properties. Here, we provide a brief historical overview about the discovery of human NK cell receptors and we delineate the main phenotypic features of differentiating and mature NK cells in healthy donors as well as their alterations in certain pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Montaldo
- Department of Experimental Medicine-DIMES, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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20
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Grimm EA, Bruner JM, Carinhas J, Köppen JA, Loudon WG, Owen-Schaub L, Steck PA, Moser RP. Characterization of interleukin-2-initiated versus OKT3-initiated human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from glioblastoma multiforme: growth characteristics, cytolytic activity, and cell phenotype. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1991; 32:391-9. [PMID: 1848799 PMCID: PMC11038114 DOI: 10.1007/bf01741334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Outgrowth of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from the human primary brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme was achieved by OKT3 initiation (10 ng/ml), followed by sustained expansion by interleukin-2 (IL-2; 200 U/ml). Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) initiation by this process was performed in parallel with the standard "IL-2-only" method. Of ten tumors, seven yielded TIL in response to OKT3/IL-2, whereas only three of these seven grew after initiation with IL-2 alone. On the basis of cell doubling times, at least 60 doublings, resulting in (hypothetically) up to 10(23) TIL from as few as 2 x 10(5) cells in tumor suspensions, could be achieved using OKT3/IL-2. OKT3-initiated TIL proliferated in culture for as long as 288 days, although senescence of some cultures occurred at as early as 73 days. Significant heterogeneity of lymphocytes infiltrating the fresh tumors and heterogeneity of resultant TIL phenotype and function were apparent, yet several common trends were noted. In all cases after OKT3 initiation, significant net growth was not apparent until approximately 14 days. In contrast, in the three samples that grew in response to IL-2 alone, log-phase growth was always observed earlier. During the early phase of the cultures, all TIL expressed some killing activity toward a broad spectrum of tumors, including the autologous tumor. No consistent preference of TIL for lysis of autologous tumor was observed. Glioblastoma multiforme TIL cultures contained a mixture of CD8+ and CD4+ cells, with few CD16+ or NKH-1+. Of the six TIL examined in detail for population phenotype in relationship to time in culture, four eventually became exclusively CD4+. Further analysis of these CD4+ TIL indicated that all were of the helper-inducer class, 4B4+ and 2H4-. Concurrent with the decline in CD8+ cells, a decline in the cytolytic activity of these TIL cultures occurred. Furthermore, in two TIL that remained CD8+, a decline in the cytolytic activity also occurred. Therefore, loss of killing activity was not merely a reflection of the major cell phenotype changes. These results indicate that the OKT3/IL-2 process provides an alternative to IL-2 alone for TIL initiation and growth, as well as providing a novel system for further analysis of tumor-derived lymphocyte and accessory cell functional potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Grimm
- Department of Tumor Biology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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21
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Arroyo PJ, Bash JA, Wallack MK. Active specific immunotherapy with vaccinia colon oncolysate enhances the immunomodulatory and antitumor effects of interleukin-2 and interferon alpha in a murine hepatic metastasis model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990; 31:305-11. [PMID: 2376048 PMCID: PMC11038662 DOI: 10.1007/bf01740939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/1989] [Accepted: 02/14/1990] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of cytokines as primary or adjuvant antineoplastic agents has been well established. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the interferons have, particularly, proven to be effective antitumor agents when given alone, and seem to act synergistically on the eradication of metastases from immunogenic tumors. Active specific immunotherapy, in the form of viral oncolysates, has also shown effectiveness in cancer therapy. Bearing this in mind, we decided to combine these agents in an adjuvant triple regimen and compare their effectiveness to other treatments in terms of tumor burden and survival in a murine colon cancer hepatic metastases model. BALB/c mice were injected with CC-36, a weakly immunogenic murine colon adenocarcinoma, intrasplenically, to produce artificial liver metastases. The animals were divided into one control group and seven treatment groups receiving either vaccinia colon oncolysate (VCO), IL-2, interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) alone, or combinations of these agents. Half the animals were followed for survival and the other half were sacrificed at the end of the experiment for quantification of tumor burden. The blood of the sacrificed animals was utilized in a series of immunological tests in order to demonstrate the cytolytic potential of the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in each treatment group, as well as to characterize phenotypically the cells acting as effectors. The triple-adjuvant regimen group was by far the most effective treatment group, demonstrating 100% survival and a significant reduction in tumor burden when compared to other groups. Furthermore, the PBL from the animals in this group showed 69.4% lysis of the CC-36 target cells in vitro. These effector lymphocytes were characterized as ASMG1-/Lyt2.2+ cytolytic lymphocytes. We conclude that these lymphocytes were stimulated by the administration of VCO and further augmented by the immunomodulation of the cytokines given in the triple regimen, and that such a regimen might prove beneficial in the treatment of established hepatic metastases from weakly immunogenic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Arroyo
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida 33140
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22
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Uchida A, Fujimoto T, Mizutani Y. Lysing of fresh human tumor by a cytotoxic factor derived from autologous large granular lymphocytes independently of other known cytokines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990; 31:60-4. [PMID: 2106392 PMCID: PMC11038799 DOI: 10.1007/bf01742497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/1989] [Accepted: 06/20/1989] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During interaction with autologous tumor cells large granular lymphocytes (LGL) of cancer patients released a soluble cytotoxic factor, termed LGL-derived cytotoxic factor, which mediated lysing of autologous fresh tumor cells. The cytotoxic factor was compared with purified human recombinant cytotoxic cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), lymphotoxin (LT), interferon (IFN) alpha, IFN gamma, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and IL-2. The LGL cytotoxic factor exhibited cytotoxicity against autologous and allogeneic fresh human tumor cells in an 18-h 51Cr-release assay, while these target cells were resistant to lysing by any of the recombinant cytokines. Mixtures of recombinant(r) TNF, rLT, rIFN alpha, rIFN gamma, rIL-1 alpha and rIL-2 were still unable to produce cytotoxic effects on fresh human tumor cells. Treatment with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed against rTNF, rLT, rIFN alpha, rIFN gamma, or rIL-1 alpha did not inhibit the cytotoxic activity of LGL-derived cytotoxic factor against fresh human tumor cells. Even a mixture of all the antibodies was incapable of blocking the cytolytic activity of the factor to fresh human tumor cells. Furthermore, intact LGL-mediated lysing of autologous tumor cells was not inhibited by any of the antibodies. These results may indicate that a cytotoxic factor produced by LGL in response to autologous tumor cells mediates lysing of fresh human tumor cells independently of TNF, LT, IFN, IL-1 and IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uchida
- Department of Radiation System Biology, Kyoto University, Japan
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23
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Romani L, Grohmann U, Fazioli F, Puccetti P, Mage MG, Fioretti MC. Cell-mediated immunity to chemically xenogenized tumors. I. Inhibition by specific antisera and H-2 association of the novel antigens. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1988; 26:48-54. [PMID: 3257903 PMCID: PMC11038002 DOI: 10.1007/bf00199847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/1987] [Accepted: 09/08/1987] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated proliferative and cytotoxic responses occur in vitro to syngeneic tumor cells antigenically altered by mutagen treatment. One such xenogenized variant of the murine L5178Y lymphoma elicits IgG antibodies reactive with determinants on variant cells that are not expressed at detectable levels on parental or normal cells of the same H-2d haplotype and are also unrelated to public specificities of H-2b or H-2k histocompatibility antigens. In the present study we investigated the effect of those antibodies on development of cell-mediated responses in vitro to the xenogenized cells used for induction of the humoral response. The proliferative reaction, generation of cytolytic activity and target cell lysis were all inhibited by the anti-xenogenized tumor immune serum, whereas the corresponding reactions to the parental cells by syngeneic or allogeneic effector lymphocytes were not. In order to investigate the possible H-2 association of T cell-mediated responses to xenogenized cells, we also examined the effect on those reactions of antibodies specific for Class I or Class II products of the H-2d complex. The results obtained suggested a role for I-Ad molecules in the T cell proliferative response to the xenogenized cells, and also indicated a preferential association of the cytotoxic response with H-2Kd determinants.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Dacarbazine/pharmacology
- Female
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Immune Sera
- Immunity, Cellular
- Isoantibodies/immunology
- Leukemia L5178/immunology
- Leukemia, Experimental/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Romani
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy
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