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Zhao L, Shen C, Xie S, Zhou J, Zhang H, Zhu H, Li Y, Gao S. The role and mechanism of myeloperoxidase in dermatomyositis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110803. [PMID: 37625367 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dermatomyositis (DM) is the best known subtype of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. The hallmarks of DM muscle pathology including microangiopathy, inflammatory infiltration, and perifascicular atrophy. Recent findings have revealed pathogenetic effects of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by causing oxidative damage and regulating abnormal immunity in multiple disease conditions. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of MPO in the pathogenesis of DM. METHODS The peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) mRNA expression and DNA methylation of MPO were verified using real-time qPCR and bisulfite pyrosequencing, respectively. Plasma MPO levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and their relationships with clinical characteristics were analyzed. The expression and distribution of MPO in muscle were tested by immunofluorescence. Purified human native MPO protein was used to stimulate human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) and skeletal muscle myotubes. The cell viability, tube forming capacity, permeability, adhesion molecule expressions in HDMECs, and atrophy and programmed cell death pathways in myotubes were then observed. RESULTS MPO gene methylation was decreased, while mRNA expression and plasma levels were increased in DM. Plasma MPO of DM patients was positively correlated with serum creatine kinase (CK). MPO mainly distributed around endomysia capillaries and perifascicular atrophy in DM muscle biopsies, and was co-localized with CD4+, CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells. MPO not only could influence the cell viability, tube forming capacity, permeability and expression of adhesion molecules (including ICAM 1, VCAM 1 and E-selectin) of HDMECs, but also could cause atrophy of myotubes. CONCLUSIONS Our study disclosed, for the first time, that MPO plays an important role in promoting inflammatory infiltration and inducing muscle damage in DM patients. MPO may be a potential biomarker for DM muscle involvement and MPO targeted drugs may be promising in DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Chuyu Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shasha Xie
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Junyu Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yisha Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
| | - Siming Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
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2
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Nijakowski K, Jankowski J, Gruszczyński D, Surdacka A. Salivary Alterations of Myeloperoxidase in Patients with Systemic Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12078. [PMID: 37569455 PMCID: PMC10418962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a key mediator of the oral immune system, acting as an enzyme that utilises H2O2 to generate molecules with high bactericidal activity. While MPO determination in plasma is quite common, the use of saliva is still rare. Our systematic review was designed to answer the question "Are salivary levels of myeloperoxidase altered in patients with systemic diseases?". Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included twenty-six studies. Altered MPO levels in saliva were most commonly found in patients with cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. Most studies concerned unstimulated whole saliva, and only a few of them stimulated, mainly by chewing paraffin. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was the most common method for determination of MPO concentrations in saliva. Increased salivary MPO levels were more often observed for inflammatory diseases, except patients with inflammatory bowel diseases who were eligible for biologic therapy. In conclusion, MPO could be altered in the saliva of patients with systematic diseases, especially cardiovascular or gastrointestinal diseases. However, further investigations are recommended to validate these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Nijakowski
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jakub Jankowski
- Student’s Scientific Group in Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; (J.J.); (D.G.)
| | - Dawid Gruszczyński
- Student’s Scientific Group in Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; (J.J.); (D.G.)
| | - Anna Surdacka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
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3
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Berntsen HF, Bodin J, Øvrevik J, Berntsen CF, Østby GC, Brinchmann BC, Ropstad E, Myhre O. A human relevant mixture of persistent organic pollutants induces reactive oxygen species formation in isolated human leucocytes: Involvement of the β2-adrenergic receptor. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106900. [PMID: 34607039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chlorinated (Cl), brominated (Br) and perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is associated with immunotoxicity and other adverse effects in humans and animals. Previous studies on POPs have mainly focused on single chemicals, while studies on complex mixtures are limited. Using DCF and luminol assays we examined effects on ROS generation in isolated human neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes, after in vitro exposure to a total mixture and sub-mixtures of 29 persistent compounds (Cl, Br, and PFAA). The mixtures were based on compounds prominent in blood, breast milk, and/or food. All mixture combinations induced ROS production in one or several of the cell models, and in some cases even at concentrations corresponding to human blood levels (compound range 1 pM - 16 nM). Whilst some interactions were detected (assessed using a mixed linear model), halogenated subgroups mainly acted additively. Mechanistic studies in neutrophils at 500× human levels (0.5 nM - 8 µM) indicated similar mechanisms of action for the Cl, PFAA, the combined PFAA + Cl and total (PFAA + Br + Cl) mixtures, and ROS responses appeared to involve β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) and Ca2+ signalling, as well as activation of NADPH oxidases. In line with this, the total mixture also increased cyclic AMP at levels comparable with the non-selective βAR agonist, isoproterenol. Although the detailed mechanisms involved in these responses remain to be elucidated, our data show that POP mixtures at concentrations found in human blood, may trigger stress responses in circulating immune cells. Mixtures of POPs, further seemed to interfere with adrenergic pathways, indicating a novel role of βARs in POP-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Friis Berntsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 5330, Majorstuen, 0304 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Johanna Bodin
- Department of Methods Development and Analytics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0456 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0456 Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Christopher Friis Berntsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sykehuset Innlandet Hospital Trust, Gjøvik, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gunn C Østby
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Bendik C Brinchmann
- National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 5330, Majorstuen, 0304 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0456 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Oddvar Myhre
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0456 Oslo, Norway.
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Siraki AG. The many roles of myeloperoxidase: From inflammation and immunity to biomarkers, drug metabolism and drug discovery. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102109. [PMID: 34455146 PMCID: PMC8403760 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a practical guide to myeloperoxidase (MPO) and presents to the reader the diversity of its presence in biology. The review provides a historical background, from peroxidase activity to the discovery of MPO, to its role in disease and drug development. MPO is discussed in terms of its necessity, as specific individuals lack MPO expression. An underlying theme presented throughout brings up the question of the benefit and burden of MPO activity. Enzyme structure is discussed, including accurate masses and glycosylation sites. The catalytic cycle of MPO and its corresponding pathways are presented, with a discussion of the importance of the redox couples of the different states of MPO. Cell lines expressing MPO are discussed and practically summarized for the reader, and locations of MPO (primary and secondary) are provided. Useful methods of MPO detection are discussed, and how these can be used for studying disease processes are implied through the presentation of MPO as a biomarker. The presence of MPO in neutrophil extracellular traps is presented, and the activators of the former are provided. Lastly, the transition from drug metabolism to a target for drug development is where the review concludes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno G Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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5
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Noia M, Fontenla-Iglesias F, Valle A, Blanco-Abad V, Leiro JM, Lamas J. Characterization of the turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.) myeloperoxidase. An insight into the evolution of vertebrate peroxidases. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:103993. [PMID: 33412231 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have completed the characterization of the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) myeloperoxidase (mpx) gene and protein, which we partially described in a previous study. The turbot mpx gene has 15 exons that encode a protein of 767 aa, with a signal peptide, propeptide and light and heavy chains, and also with haem cavities, a Ca+2-binding motif and several N- and O-glycosylation sites. The mature protein forms homodimers of about 150 kDa and is very abundant in turbot neutrophils. In addition to the mpx (epx2a) gene, another three peroxidase genes, named epx1, epx2b1 and epx2b2, were identified in the turbot genome. Epx1, Epx2b1 and Epx2b2 proteins also have signal peptides and many structural characteristics of mammalian MPO and eosinophil peroxidase (EPX). Mpx was strongly expressed in head kidney, while epx2b1 and epx2b2 were strongly expressed in the gills, and epx1 was not expressed in any of the tissues or organs analysed. In vitro stimulation of head kidney leucocytes with the parasite Philasterides dicentrarchi caused a decrease in mpx expression and an increase in epx2b1 expression over time. In turbot infected experimentally with P. dicentrarchi a significant increase in mpx expression in the head kidney was observed on day 7 postinfection, while the other genes were not regulated. However, mpx, epx2b1 and epx2b2 were downregulated in the gills of infected fish, and epx1 expression was not affected. These results suggest that the four genes responded differently to the same stimuli. Interestingly, BLAST analysis revealed that Epx1 and Mpx showed greater similarity to mammalian EPX than to MPO. Considering the phylogenetic and synteny data obtained, we concluded that the epx/mpx genes of Gnathostomes can be divided into three main clades: EPX1, which contains turbot epx1, EPX2, which contains turbot mpx (epx2a) and epx2b1 and epx2b2 genes, and a clade containing mammalian EPX and MPO (EPX/MPO). EPX/MPO and EPX2 clades share a common ancestor with the chondrichthyan elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii) and the coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) peroxidases. EPX2 was only found in fish and includes two sister groups. One of the groups includes turbot mpx and was only found in teleosts. Finally, the other group contains epx2b1 and epx2b2 genes, and epx2b1-2b2 loci share orthologous genes with other teleosts and also with holosteans, suggesting that these genes appeared earlier on than the mpx gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Noia
- Department of Fundamental Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Fontenla-Iglesias
- Department of Fundamental Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alejandra Valle
- Department of Fundamental Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Verónica Blanco-Abad
- Department of Fundamental Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Leiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Lamas
- Department of Fundamental Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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6
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Bushueva O, Barysheva E, Markov A, Belykh A, Koroleva I, Churkin E, Polonikov A, Ivanov V, Nazarenko M. DNA Hypomethylation of the MPO Gene in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Is Associated with Cerebral Stroke in the Acute Phase. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1914-1932. [PMID: 33864596 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the oxidant-antioxidant system contributes to the pathogenesis of cerebral stroke (CS). Epigenetic changes of redox homeostasis genes, such as glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLM), glutathione-S-transferase-P1 (GSTP1), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1), and myeloperoxidase (MPO), may be biomarkers of CS. In this study, we assessed the association of DNA methylation levels of these genes with CS and clinical features of CS. We quantitatively analyzed DNA methylation patterns in the promoter or regulatory regions of 4 genes (GCLM, GSTP1, TXNRD1, and MPO) in peripheral blood leukocytes of 59 patients with CS in the acute phase and in 83 relatively healthy individuals (controls) without cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. We found that in both groups, the methylation level of CpG sites in genes TXNRD1 and GSTP1 was ≤ 5%. Lower methylation levels were registered at a CpG site (chr1:94,374,293, GRCh37 [hg19]) in GCLM in patients with ischemic stroke compared with the control group (9% [7%; 11.6%] (median and interquartile range) versus 14.7% [10.4%; 23%], respectively, p < 0.05). In the leukocytes of patients with CS, the methylation level of CpG sites in the analyzed region of MPO (chr17:56,356,470, GRCh3 [hg19]) on average was significantly lower (23.5% [19.3%; 26.7%]) than that in the control group (35.6% [30.4%; 42.6%], p < 0.05). We also found increased methylation of MPO in smokers with CS (27.2% [23.5%; 31.1%]) compared with nonsmokers with CS (21.7% [18.1%; 24.8%]). Thus, hypomethylation of CpG sites in GCLM and MPO in blood leukocytes is associated with CS in the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bushueva
- Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia. .,Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Barysheva
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
| | - Anton Markov
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Belykh
- Department of Pathophysiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
| | - Iuliia Koroleva
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Egor Churkin
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia.,Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ivanov
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
| | - Maria Nazarenko
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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Ulfig A, Leichert LI. The effects of neutrophil-generated hypochlorous acid and other hypohalous acids on host and pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:385-414. [PMID: 32661559 PMCID: PMC7873122 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are predominant immune cells that protect the human body against infections by deploying sophisticated antimicrobial strategies including phagocytosis of bacteria and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which neutrophils kill exogenous pathogens before we focus on one particular weapon in their arsenal: the generation of the oxidizing hypohalous acids HOCl, HOBr and HOSCN during the so-called oxidative burst by the enzyme myeloperoxidase. We look at the effects of these hypohalous acids on biological systems in general and proteins in particular and turn our attention to bacterial strategies to survive HOCl stress. HOCl is a strong inducer of protein aggregation, which bacteria can counteract by chaperone-like holdases that bind unfolding proteins without the need for energy in the form of ATP. These chaperones are activated by HOCl through thiol oxidation (Hsp33) or N-chlorination of basic amino acid side-chains (RidA and CnoX) and contribute to bacterial survival during HOCl stress. However, neutrophil-generated hypohalous acids also affect the host system. Recent studies have shown that plasma proteins act not only as sinks for HOCl, but get actively transformed into modulators of the cellular immune response through N-chlorination. N-chlorinated serum albumin can prevent aggregation of proteins, stimulate immune cells, and act as a pro-survival factor for immune cells in the presence of cytotoxic antigens. Finally, we take a look at the emerging role of HOCl as a potential signaling molecule, particularly its role in neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Ulfig
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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8
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Sun Y, Lu Y, Saredy J, Wang X, Drummer Iv C, Shao Y, Saaoud F, Xu K, Liu M, Yang WY, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. ROS systems are a new integrated network for sensing homeostasis and alarming stresses in organelle metabolic processes. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101696. [PMID: 32950427 PMCID: PMC7767745 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for the progression of cardiovascular diseases, inflammations and tumors. However, the mechanisms of how ROS sense metabolic stress, regulate metabolic pathways and initiate proliferation, inflammation and cell death responses remain poorly characterized. In this analytic review, we concluded that: 1) Based on different features and functions, eleven types of ROS can be classified into seven functional groups: metabolic stress-sensing, chemical connecting, organelle communication, stress branch-out, inflammasome-activating, dual functions and triple functions ROS. 2) Among the ROS generation systems, mitochondria consume the most amount of oxygen; and nine types of ROS are generated; thus, mitochondrial ROS systems serve as the central hub for connecting ROS with inflammasome activation, trained immunity and immunometabolic pathways. 3) Increased nuclear ROS production significantly promotes cell death in comparison to that in other organelles. Nuclear ROS systems serve as a convergent hub and decision-makers to connect unbearable and alarming metabolic stresses to inflammation and cell death. 4) Balanced ROS levels indicate physiological homeostasis of various metabolic processes in subcellular organelles and cytosol, while imbalanced ROS levels present alarms for pathological organelle stresses in metabolic processes. Based on these analyses, we propose a working model that ROS systems are a new integrated network for sensing homeostasis and alarming stress in metabolic processes in various subcellular organelles. Our model provides novel insights on the roles of the ROS systems in bridging metabolic stress to inflammation, cell death and tumorigenesis; and provide novel therapeutic targets for treating those diseases. (Word count: 246).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Jason Saredy
- Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Charles Drummer Iv
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Ming Liu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - William Y Yang
- Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA; Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA; Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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9
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Kaid C, Madi RADS, Astray R, Goulart E, Caires-Junior LC, Mitsugi TG, Moreno ACR, Castro-Amarante MF, Pereira LR, Porchia BFMM, de Andrade TO, Landini V, Sanches DS, Pires CG, Tanioka RKO, Pereira MCL, Barbosa IN, Massoco CO, Ferreira LCDS, Okamoto OK, Zatz M. Safety, Tumor Reduction, and Clinical Impact of Zika Virus Injection in Dogs with Advanced-Stage Brain Tumors. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1276-1286. [PMID: 32220305 PMCID: PMC7210722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors are among the most aggressive cancers with poor prognosis and no effective treatment. Recently, we reported the oncolytic potential of Zika virus infecting and destroying the human central nervous system (CNS) tumors in vitro and in immunodeficient mice model. However, translating this approach to humans requires pre-clinical trials in another immunocompetent animal model. Here, we analyzed the safety of Brazilian Zika virus (ZIKVBR) intrathecal injections in three dogs bearing spontaneous CNS tumors aiming an anti-tumoral therapy. We further assessed some aspects of the innate immune and inflammatory response that triggers the anti-tumoral response observed during the ZIKVBR administration in vivo and in vitro. For the first time, we showed that there were no negative clinical side effects following ZIKVBR CNS injections in dogs, confirming the safety of the procedure. Furthermore, the intrathecal ZIKVBR injections reduced tumor size in immunocompetent dogs bearing spontaneous intracranial tumors, improved their neurological clinical symptoms significantly, and extended their survival by inducing the destruction specifically of tumor cells, sparing normal neurons, and activating an immune response. These results open new perspectives for upcoming virotherapy using ZIKV to destroy and induce an anti-tumoral immune response in CNS tumors for which there are currently no effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolini Kaid
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CEL) Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 055080-090, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ernesto Goulart
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CEL) Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 055080-090, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Caires-Junior
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CEL) Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 055080-090, Brazil
| | - Thiago Giove Mitsugi
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CEL) Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 055080-090, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Ramos Moreno
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Castro-Amarante
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Lennon Ramos Pereira
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Oliveira de Andrade
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CEL) Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 055080-090, Brazil
| | - Vivian Landini
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CEL) Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 055080-090, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcia C L Pereira
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CEL) Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 055080-090, Brazil
| | - Igor Neves Barbosa
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CEL) Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 055080-090, Brazil
| | - Cristina O Massoco
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos de Souza Ferreira
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Keith Okamoto
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CEL) Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 055080-090, Brazil; Hemotherapy and Cellular Therapy Department, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652- 900, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CEL) Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 055080-090, Brazil.
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10
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Scandolara TB, Panis C. Neutrophil traps, anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies and cancer: Are they linked? Immunol Lett 2020; 221:33-38. [PMID: 32092357 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is an enzyme present in neutrophils and has been demonstrated to be an important molecule for neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation and function. Yet, it is also a source of autoantigens for anti-neutrophil or anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies (ANCAs), which are capable of activating these immune cells and provoke tissue damage in a sterile microenvironment. The presence of these antibodies in cancer has been related by case reports, but a few studies addressed the significance of this finding beyond autoimmunity context. In this review, we discuss the evidences regarding ANCAs and cancer and its putative clinical meaning in the context of tumor immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Basso Scandolara
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, State University of West Paraná (Unioeste), Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil; Health-Applied Sciences Post Graduation Program, State University of West Paraná (Unioeste), Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, State University of West Paraná (Unioeste), Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil; Health-Applied Sciences Post Graduation Program, State University of West Paraná (Unioeste), Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil.
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11
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Pardo-Esté C, Castro-Severyn J, Krüger GI, Cabezas CE, Briones AC, Aguirre C, Morales N, Baquedano MS, Sulbaran YN, Hidalgo AA, Meneses C, Poblete-Castro I, Castro-Nallar E, Valvano MA, Saavedra CP. The Transcription Factor ArcA Modulates Salmonella's Metabolism in Response to Neutrophil Hypochlorous Acid-Mediated Stress. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2754. [PMID: 31866961 PMCID: PMC6906141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium, a bacterial pathogen with high metabolic plasticity, can adapt to different environmental conditions; these traits enhance its virulence by enabling bacterial survival. Neutrophils play important roles in the innate immune response, including the production of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the myeloperoxidase in neutrophils catalyzes the formation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a highly toxic molecule that reacts with essential biomolecules, causing oxidative damage including lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. The bacterial response regulator ArcA regulates adaptive responses to oxygen levels and influences the survival of Salmonella inside phagocytic cells. Here, we demonstrate by whole transcriptomic analyses that ArcA regulates genes related to various metabolic pathways, enabling bacterial survival during HOCl-stress in vitro. Also, inside neutrophils, ArcA controls the transcription of several metabolic pathways by downregulating the expression of genes related to fatty acid degradation, lysine degradation, and arginine, proline, pyruvate, and propanoate metabolism. ArcA also upregulates genes encoding components of the oxidative pathway. These results underscore the importance of ArcA in ATP generation inside the neutrophil phagosome and its participation in bacterial metabolic adaptations during HOCl stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Pardo-Esté
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Castro-Severyn
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel I Krüger
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Elizabeth Cabezas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alan Cristóbal Briones
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Naiyulin Morales
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Soledad Baquedano
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yoelvis Noe Sulbaran
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro A Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Patogenesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Poblete-Castro
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Castro-Nallar
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel A Valvano
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia P Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Macáková K, Afonso R, Saso L, Mladěnka P. The influence of alkaloids on oxidative stress and related signaling pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:429-444. [PMID: 30703480 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids have always attracted scientific interest due to either their positive or negative effects on human beings. This review aims to summarize their antioxidant effects by both classical in vitro scavenging assay and at the cellular level. Since most in vitro studies used the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, the results from those studies are summed up in the first part of the article. In the second part, available data on the effect of alkaloids on NADPH-oxidase, the key enzyme for reactive oxygen species production, at the cellular level, are summarized. More than 130 alkaloids were tested by DPPH assay. However, due to methodological differences, a direct comparison is hardly possible. It can be at least concluded that some of them were either similar to or even more active than standard antioxidants and the number of aromatic hydroxyl groups seems to be the major determinant for the activity. The data on inhibition of NADPH-oxidase activity by alkaloids demonstrated that there is little relationship to the DPPH assay. The mechanism seems to be based on inhibition of synthesis, activation or translocation of NADPH-oxidase subunits. In some alkaloids, activation of the nuclear factor Nrf2 pathway was documented to be the grounds for inhibition of NADPH-oxidase. Interestingly, many alkaloids can behave both as anti-oxidants and pro-oxidants depending on conditions and pro-oxidation might be the reason for activation of Nrf2. Available data on other "antioxidant" transcription factors FOXOs and PPARs are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Rita Afonso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy.
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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13
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Ndrepepa G. Myeloperoxidase - A bridge linking inflammation and oxidative stress with cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:36-51. [PMID: 30797769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the superfamily of heme peroxidases that is mainly expressed in neutrophils and monocytes. MPO-derived reactive species play a key role in neutrophil antimicrobial activity and human defense against various pathogens primarily by participating in phagocytosis. Elevated MPO levels in circulation are associated with inflammation and increased oxidative stress. Multiple lines of evidence suggest an association between MPO and cardiovascular disease (CVD) including coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arterial hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-related injury, stroke, cardiac arrhythmia and venous thrombosis. Elevated MPO levels are associated with a poor prognosis including increased risk for overall and CVD-related mortality. Elevated MPO may signify an increased risk for CVD for at least 2 reasons. First, low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative stress coexist with many metabolic abnormalities and comorbidities and consequently an elevated MPO level may represent an increased cardiometabolic risk in general. Second, MPO produces a large number of highly reactive species which can attack, destroy or modify the function of every known cellular component. The most common MPO actions relevant to CVD are generation of dysfunctional lipoproteins with an increased atherogenicity potential, reduced NO availability, endothelial dysfunction, impaired vasoreactivity and atherosclerotic plaque instability. These actions strongly suggest that MPO is directly involved in the pathophysiology of CVD. In this regard MPO may be seen as a mediator or an instrument through which inflammation promotes CVD at molecular and cellular level. Clinical value of MPO therapeutic inhibition remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Department of Adult Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany.
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14
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Vanhamme L, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Van Antwerpen P, Delporte C. The other myeloperoxidase: Emerging functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 649:1-14. [PMID: 29614255 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the mammalian peroxidase family. It is mainly expressed in neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. As a catalyzer of reactive oxidative species and radical species formation, it contributes to neutrophil bactericidal activity. Nevertheless MPO invalidation does not seem to have major health consequences in affected individuals. This suggests that MPO might have alternative functions supporting its conservation during evolution. We will review the available data supporting these non-canonical functions in terms of tissue specific expression, function and enzymatic activity. Thus, we discuss its cell type specific expression. We review in between others its roles in angiogenesis, endothelial (dys-) function, immune reaction, and inflammation. We summarize its pathological actions in clinical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium.
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, RD3, and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, RD3, and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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15
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Depreester E, Meyer E, Demeyere K, Van Eetvelde M, Hostens M, Opsomer G. Flow cytometric assessment of myeloperoxidase in bovine blood neutrophils and monocytes. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7638-7647. [PMID: 28690058 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a lysosomal peroxidase enzyme mainly stored in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils playing an important role in innate immunity for first-line protection against microorganisms in many species including cattle. As such, determination of MPO has become of great interest for the diagnosis of infectious and inflammatory diseases in multiple species such as humans. In cattle, MPO determination is rarely done because methods to assess MPO in this species are limited: functional assays have been described earlier, but so far, the quantification of MPO at the single cell level has not been done yet. In the present paper, an innovative flow cytometric method to assess MPO in blood leukocytes of dairy cattle is described. A commercial anti-bovine MPO was used following density gradient separation to isolate polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) leukocytes from blood. Identification of PMN and MN, subdivided in monocytes and lymphocytes, was based on the expression of the surface markers CH138A and CD172A. The optimized protocol was subsequently evaluated on blood samples of 17 Holstein Friesian heifers. Myeloperoxidase expression was measured flow cytometrically and visualized by fluorescence microscopic imaging of sorted PMN and MN populations. We suggest this innovative method to be useful in the field for early detection of cows at higher risk for inflammatory diseases such as mastitis and metritis during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Depreester
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Mieke Van Eetvelde
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Miel Hostens
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Geert Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
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16
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Measurement and Clinical Significance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6501046. [PMID: 28698768 PMCID: PMC5494111 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6501046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the result of the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Biomarkers of oxidative stress are relevant in the evaluation of the disease status and of the health-enhancing effects of antioxidants. We aim to discuss the major methodological bias of methods used for the evaluation of oxidative stress in humans. There is a lack of consensus concerning the validation, standardization, and reproducibility of methods for the measurement of the following: (1) ROS in leukocytes and platelets by flow cytometry, (2) markers based on ROS-induced modifications of lipids, DNA, and proteins, (3) enzymatic players of redox status, and (4) total antioxidant capacity of human body fluids. It has been suggested that the bias of each method could be overcome by using indexes of oxidative stress that include more than one marker. However, the choice of the markers considered in the global index should be dictated by the aim of the study and its design, as well as by the clinical relevance in the selected subjects. In conclusion, the clinical significance of biomarkers of oxidative stress in humans must come from a critical analysis of the markers that should give an overall index of redox status in particular conditions.
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