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Kang H, Choi Y, Kim H, Kim H, Jeong H. Sambou Bamboo salt™ down-regulates the expression levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in activated human mast cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1697-1705. [PMID: 38623440 PMCID: PMC11016022 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have a detrimental impact on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Sambou Bamboo salt™ (BS) suppresses mast cell-mediated inflammatory response and enhances immunity. In this study, we investigated the regulatory effects of BS on expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease/serine subfamily member 2 (TMPRSS2) in human mast cell line (HMC)-1 cells. BS resulted in significant reductions in expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in activated HMC-1 cells. Levels of tryptase were reduced by BS. In addition, BS blocked activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), p38, and phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) in activated HMC-1 cells. Therefore, these results show that BS reduces levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and tryptase by inhibiting AP-1/JNK/p38/PI3K signaling pathways in mast cells. These findings can serve as valuable foundational data for the development of therapeutic agents aimed at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho‑Geun Kang
- Department of Bio-Convergence System, Graduate School, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-Ro, 79 Beon-Gil, Baebang-Eup, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu‑Jin Choi
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-Ro, 79 Beon-Gil, Baebang-Eup, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee‑Yun Kim
- BioChip Research Center, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-Ro, 79 Beon-Gil, Baebang-Eup, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung‑Min Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Korea
| | - Hyun‑Ja Jeong
- Department of Bio-Convergence System, Graduate School, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-Ro, 79 Beon-Gil, Baebang-Eup, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-Ro, 79 Beon-Gil, Baebang-Eup, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
- BioChip Research Center, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-Ro, 79 Beon-Gil, Baebang-Eup, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
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Kim HY, Jeong KM, Kim SH, Choi YJ, Kang HG, Jung H, Min K, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Modulating effect of Eunkyo-san on expression of inflammatory cytokines and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in human mast cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024; 60:195-208. [PMID: 38228999 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00847-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Eunkyo-san is widely used in the treatment of severe respiratory infections. Mast cells not only serve as host cells for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but also they also exacerbate Coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) by causing a cytokine storm. Here we investigated whether Eunkyo-san and its active compound naringenin regulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines and factors connected to viral infection in activated human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells. Eunkyo-san and naringenin significantly reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and tumor necrosis factor-α without impacting cytotoxicity. Eunkyo-san and naringenin reduced levels of factors connected to SARS-CoV-2 infection such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2, SARS-CoV-2 receptor), transmembrane protease/serine subfamily member 2, and tryptase in activated HMC-1 cells. Treatment with Eunkyo-san and naringenin considerably reduced expression levels of ACE2 transcription factor, AP-1 (C-JUN and C-FOS) by blocking phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases signaling pathways. In addition, Eunkyo-san and naringenin effectively suppressed activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB, and activation of caspase-1 in activated HMC-1 cells. Furthermore, Eunkyo-san and naringenin reduced expression of ACE2 mRNA in two activated mast cell lines, RBL-2H3 and IC-2 cells. The overall study findings showed that Eunkyo-san diminished the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and ACE2, and these findings imply that Eunkyo-san is able to effectively mitigating the cytokine storm brought on by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yun Kim
- Biochip Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Jeong
- Division of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Kim
- Division of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Choi
- Division of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Geun Kang
- Department of Bio-Convergence System, Graduate School, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanchul Jung
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwon Min
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Biochip Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bio-Convergence System, Graduate School, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea.
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Degenfeld-Schonburg L, Sadovnik I, Smiljkovic D, Peter B, Stefanzl G, Gstoettner C, Jaksch P, Hoetzenecker K, Aigner C, Radtke C, Arock M, Sperr WR, Valent P. Coronavirus Receptor Expression Profiles in Human Mast Cells, Basophils, and Eosinophils. Cells 2024; 13:173. [PMID: 38247864 PMCID: PMC10814915 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A major problem in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients is the massive tissue inflammation in certain target organs, including the lungs. Mast cells (MC), basophils (BA), and eosinophils (EO) are key effector cells in inflammatory processes. These cells have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. We explored coronavirus receptor (CoV-R) expression profiles in primary human MC, BA, and EO, and in related cell lines (HMC-1, ROSA, MCPV-1, KU812, and EOL-1). As determined using flow cytometry, primary MC, BA, and EO, and their corresponding cell lines, displayed the CoV-R CD13 and CD147. Primary skin MC and BA, as well as EOL-1 cells, also displayed CD26, whereas primary EO and the MC and BA cell lines failed to express CD26. As assessed using qPCR, most cell lines expressed transcripts for CD13, CD147, and ABL2, whereas ACE2 mRNA was not detectable, and CD26 mRNA was only identified in EOL-1 cells. We also screened for drug effects on CoV-R expression. However, dexamethasone, vitamin D, and hydroxychloroquine did not exert substantial effects on the expression of CD13, CD26, or CD147 in the cells. Together, MC, BA, and EO express distinct CoV-R profiles. Whether these receptors mediate virus-cell interactions and thereby virus-induced inflammation remains unknown at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Degenfeld-Schonburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.D.-S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.D.-S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dubravka Smiljkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.D.-S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Peter
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Stefanzl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.D.-S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Gstoettner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Jaksch
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (C.A.)
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (C.A.)
| | - Clemens Aigner
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (C.A.)
| | - Christine Radtke
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michel Arock
- Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75651 Paris, France;
| | - Wolfgang R. Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.D.-S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.D.-S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Dileepan KN, Raveendran VV, Sharma R, Abraham H, Barua R, Singh V, Sharma R, Sharma M. Mast cell-mediated immune regulation in health and disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1213320. [PMID: 37663654 PMCID: PMC10470157 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1213320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are important components of the immune system, and they perform pro-inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory roles in the complex process of immune regulation in health and disease. Because of their strategic perivascular localization, sensitivity and adaptability to the microenvironment, and ability to release a variety of preformed and newly synthesized effector molecules, mast cells perform unique functions in almost all organs. Additionally, Mast cells express a wide range of surface and cytoplasmic receptors which enable them to respond to a variety of cytokines, chemicals, and pathogens. The mast cell's role as a cellular interface between external and internal environments as well as between vasculature and tissues is critical for protection and repair. Mast cell interactions with different immune and nonimmune cells through secreted inflammatory mediators may also turn in favor of disease promoting agents. First and forefront, mast cells are well recognized for their multifaceted functions in allergic diseases. Reciprocal communication between mast cells and endothelial cells in the presence of bacterial toxins in chronic/sub-clinical infections induce persistent vascular inflammation. We have shown that mast cell proteases and histamine induce endothelial inflammatory responses that are synergistically amplified by bacterial toxins. Mast cells have been shown to exacerbate vascular changes in normal states as well as in chronic or subclinical infections, particularly among cigarette smokers. Furthermore, a potential role of mast cells in SARS-CoV-2-induced dysfunction of the capillary-alveolar interface adds to the growing understanding of mast cells in viral infections. The interaction between mast cells and microglial cells in the brain further highlights their significance in neuroinflammation. This review highlights the significant role of mast cells as the interface that acts as sensor and early responder through interactions with cells in systemic organs and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kottarappat N. Dileepan
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Vineesh V. Raveendran
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Harita Abraham
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rajat Barua
- Cardiology Section, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Vikas Singh
- Neurology Section, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Ram Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas, MO, United States
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