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Egbert JR, Silbern I, Uliasz TF, Lowther KM, Yee SP, Urlaub H, Jaffe LA. Phosphatases modified by LH signaling in ovarian follicles: testing their role in regulating the NPR2 guanylyl cyclase†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:102-115. [PMID: 37774352 PMCID: PMC10790345 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to luteinizing hormone (LH), multiple proteins in rat and mouse granulosa cells are rapidly dephosphorylated, but the responsible phosphatases remain to be identified. Because the phosphorylation state of phosphatases can regulate their interaction with substrates, we searched for phosphatases that might function in LH signaling by using quantitative mass spectrometry. We identified all proteins in rat ovarian follicles whose phosphorylation state changed detectably in response to a 30-min exposure to LH, and within this list, identified protein phosphatases or phosphatase regulatory subunits that showed changes in phosphorylation. Phosphatases in the phosphoprotein phosphatase (PPP) family were of particular interest because of their requirement for dephosphorylating the natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) guanylyl cyclase in the granulosa cells, which triggers oocyte meiotic resumption. Among the PPP family regulatory subunits, PPP1R12A and PPP2R5D showed the largest increases in phosphorylation, with 4-10 fold increases in signal intensity on several sites. Although follicles from mice in which these phosphorylations were prevented by serine-to-alanine mutations in either Ppp1r12a or Ppp2r5d showed normal LH-induced NPR2 dephosphorylation, these regulatory subunits and others could act redundantly to dephosphorylate NPR2. Our identification of phosphatases and other proteins whose phosphorylation state is rapidly modified by LH provides clues about multiple signaling pathways in ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Egbert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ivan Silbern
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tracy F Uliasz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Katie M Lowther
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
- Center for Mouse Genome Modification, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT, USA
| | - Siu-Pok Yee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
- Center for Mouse Genome Modification, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT, USA
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laurinda A Jaffe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Kochoian BA, Bure C, Papa SM. Targeting Striatal Glutamate and Phosphodiesterases to Control L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Cells 2023; 12:2754. [PMID: 38067182 PMCID: PMC10706484 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of work during the past several decades has been focused on therapeutic strategies to control L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs), common motor complications of long-term L-DOPA therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). Yet, LIDs remain a clinical challenge for the management of patients with advanced disease. Glutamatergic dysregulation of striatal projection neurons (SPNs) appears to be a key contributor to altered motor responses to L-DOPA. Targeting striatal hyperactivity at the glutamatergic neurotransmission level led to significant preclinical and clinical trials of a variety of antiglutamatergic agents. In fact, the only FDA-approved treatment for LIDs is amantadine, a drug with NMDAR antagonistic actions. Still, novel agents with improved pharmacological profiles are needed for LID therapy. Recently other therapeutic targets to reduce dysregulated SPN activity at the signal transduction level have emerged. In particular, mechanisms regulating the levels of cyclic nucleotides play a major role in the transduction of dopamine signals in SPNs. The phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a large family of enzymes that degrade cyclic nucleotides in a specific manner, are of special interest. We will review the research for antiglutamatergic and PDE inhibition strategies in view of the future development of novel LID therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brik A. Kochoian
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (B.A.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Cassandra Bure
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (B.A.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Stella M. Papa
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (B.A.K.); (C.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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3
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Othman EM, Habib HA, Zahran ME, Amin A, Heeba GH. Mechanistic Protective Effect of Cilostazol in Cisplatin-Induced Testicular Damage via Regulation of Oxidative Stress and TNF-α/NF-κB/Caspase-3 Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12651. [PMID: 37628836 PMCID: PMC10454637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being a potent anticancer drug, cisplatin has limited applicability due to its adverse effects, such as testicular damage. Consequently, reducing its toxicity becomes necessary. In this study, a selective phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor, cilostazol, which is used to treat intermittent claudication, was examined for its ability to abrogate cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity. Its ameliorative effect was compared to that of two phosphodiesterase inhibitors, tadalafil and pentoxifylline. The study also focused on the possible mechanisms involved in the proposed protective effect. Cisplatin-treated rats showed a significant decrease in sperm number and motility, serum testosterone, and testicular glutathione levels, as well as a significant elevation in malondialdehyde, total nitrite levels, and the protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nuclear factor-kappa β, and caspase-3. These outcomes were confirmed by marked testicular architecture deterioration. Contrary to this, cilostazol, in a dose-dependent manner, showed potential protection against testicular toxicity, reversed the disrupted testicular function, and improved histological alterations through rebalancing of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. In addition, cilostazol exerted a more pronounced protective effect in comparison to tadalafil and pentoxifylline. In conclusion, cilostazol ameliorates cisplatin-induced testicular impairment through alteration of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic pathways, offering a promising treatment for cisplatin-induced testicular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M. Othman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heba A. Habib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
| | | | - Amr Amin
- Biology Department, College of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gehan H. Heeba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
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Campolo F, Assenza MR, Venneri MA, Barbagallo F. Once upon a Testis: The Tale of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase in Testicular Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087617. [PMID: 37108780 PMCID: PMC10146088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases are key regulators that fine tune the intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides, given their ability to hydrolyze cAMP and cGMP. They are critical regulators of cAMP/cGMP-mediated signaling pathways, modulating their downstream biological effects such as gene expression, cell proliferation, cell-cycle regulation but also inflammation and metabolic function. Recently, mutations in PDE genes have been identified and linked to human genetic diseases and PDEs have been demonstrated to play a potential role in predisposition to several tumors, especially in cAMP-sensitive tissues. This review summarizes the current knowledge and most relevant findings regarding the expression and regulation of PDE families in the testis focusing on PDEs role in testicular cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Campolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Assenza
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, "Kore" University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Mary Anna Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Barbagallo
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, "Kore" University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
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Subramaniam G, Schleicher K, Kovanich D, Zerio A, Folkmanaite M, Chao YC, Surdo NC, Koschinski A, Hu J, Scholten A, Heck AJ, Ercu M, Sholokh A, Park KC, Klussmann E, Meraviglia V, Bellin M, Zanivan S, Hester S, Mohammed S, Zaccolo M. Integrated Proteomics Unveils Nuclear PDE3A2 as a Regulator of Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy. Circ Res 2023; 132:828-848. [PMID: 36883446 PMCID: PMC10045983 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signaling by cAMP is organized in multiple distinct subcellular nanodomains regulated by cAMP-hydrolyzing PDEs (phosphodiesterases). Cardiac β-adrenergic signaling has served as the prototypical system to elucidate cAMP compartmentalization. Although studies in cardiac myocytes have provided an understanding of the location and properties of a handful of cAMP subcellular compartments, an overall view of the cellular landscape of cAMP nanodomains is missing. METHODS Here, we combined an integrated phosphoproteomics approach that takes advantage of the unique role that individual PDEs play in the control of local cAMP, with network analysis to identify previously unrecognized cAMP nanodomains associated with β-adrenergic stimulation. We then validated the composition and function of one of these nanodomains using biochemical, pharmacological, and genetic approaches and cardiac myocytes from both rodents and humans. RESULTS We demonstrate the validity of the integrated phosphoproteomic strategy to pinpoint the location and provide critical cues to determine the function of previously unknown cAMP nanodomains. We characterize in detail one such compartment and demonstrate that the PDE3A2 isoform operates in a nuclear nanodomain that involves SMAD4 (SMAD family member 4) and HDAC-1 (histone deacetylase 1). Inhibition of PDE3 results in increased HDAC-1 phosphorylation, leading to inhibition of its deacetylase activity, derepression of gene transcription, and cardiac myocyte hypertrophic growth. CONCLUSIONS We developed a strategy for detailed mapping of subcellular PDE-specific cAMP nanodomains. Our findings reveal a mechanism that explains the negative long-term clinical outcome observed in patients with heart failure treated with PDE3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasekaran Subramaniam
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (G.S., K.S., D.K., A.Z., M.F., Y.-C.C., N.C.S., A.K., J.H., K.C.P., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Schleicher
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (G.S., K.S., D.K., A.Z., M.F., Y.-C.C., N.C.S., A.K., J.H., K.C.P., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duangnapa Kovanich
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (G.S., K.S., D.K., A.Z., M.F., Y.-C.C., N.C.S., A.K., J.H., K.C.P., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (D.K., A.S., A.J.R.H.)
- Centre for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Thailand (D.K.)
| | - Anna Zerio
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (G.S., K.S., D.K., A.Z., M.F., Y.-C.C., N.C.S., A.K., J.H., K.C.P., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Milda Folkmanaite
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (G.S., K.S., D.K., A.Z., M.F., Y.-C.C., N.C.S., A.K., J.H., K.C.P., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ying-Chi Chao
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (G.S., K.S., D.K., A.Z., M.F., Y.-C.C., N.C.S., A.K., J.H., K.C.P., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicoletta C. Surdo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (G.S., K.S., D.K., A.Z., M.F., Y.-C.C., N.C.S., A.K., J.H., K.C.P., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Now with Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Padova (N.C.S.)
| | - Andreas Koschinski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (G.S., K.S., D.K., A.Z., M.F., Y.-C.C., N.C.S., A.K., J.H., K.C.P., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jianshu Hu
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (G.S., K.S., D.K., A.Z., M.F., Y.-C.C., N.C.S., A.K., J.H., K.C.P., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arjen Scholten
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (D.K., A.S., A.J.R.H.)
| | - Albert J.R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (D.K., A.S., A.J.R.H.)
| | - Maria Ercu
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin (M.E., A.S., E.K.)
| | - Anastasiia Sholokh
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin (M.E., A.S., E.K.)
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (G.S., K.S., D.K., A.Z., M.F., Y.-C.C., N.C.S., A.K., J.H., K.C.P., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Enno Klussmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin (M.E., A.S., E.K.)
| | - Viviana Meraviglia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (V.M., M.B.)
| | - Milena Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (V.M., M.B.)
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy (M.B.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (M.B.)
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.Z.)
| | - Svenja Hester
- Department of Biochemistry (S.H., S.M.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry (S.H., S.M.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (G.S., K.S., D.K., A.Z., M.F., Y.-C.C., N.C.S., A.K., J.H., K.C.P., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (M.Z.)
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Gezer A, Karadağ Sari E. Investigation of apoptotic and autophagic effects of chronic roflumilast use on testicular tissue in rats by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:276-284. [PMID: 36865049 PMCID: PMC9922372 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.65948.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The present study aims to determine how various dosages of chronic roflumilast affect testicular tissue and testosterone levels in healthy rats. Materials and Methods Biochemical tests, along with histopathological, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence studies, were carried out. Results Loss of tissue in the seminiferous epithelium, degeneration in the interstitial area, a separation between cells, desquamation, interstitial edema, and degenerative alterations in testicular tissue were observed in roflumilast groups when compared with the other groups. While apoptosis and autophagy were statistically negligible in the control and sham groups, the roflumilast groups had significantly higher apoptotic and autophagic alterations, as well as immunopositivity. Serum testosterone levels in the 1 mg/kg roflumilast group were lower than those in the control, sham, and 0.5 mg/kg roflumilast groups. Conclusion Analyses of the research findings revealed that continuous usage of the broad-spectrum active component roflumilast exerted unfavorable effects on the testicular tissue and testosterone levels of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Gezer
- Vocational School of Health Services, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey,Corresponding author: Arzu Gezer. Vocational School of Health Services, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Karadağ Sari
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
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Kovanich D, Low TY, Zaccolo M. Using the Proteomics Toolbox to Resolve Topology and Dynamics of Compartmentalized cAMP Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4667. [PMID: 36902098 PMCID: PMC10003371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
cAMP is a second messenger that regulates a myriad of cellular functions in response to multiple extracellular stimuli. New developments in the field have provided exciting insights into how cAMP utilizes compartmentalization to ensure specificity when the message conveyed to the cell by an extracellular stimulus is translated into the appropriate functional outcome. cAMP compartmentalization relies on the formation of local signaling domains where the subset of cAMP signaling effectors, regulators and targets involved in a specific cellular response cluster together. These domains are dynamic in nature and underpin the exacting spatiotemporal regulation of cAMP signaling. In this review, we focus on how the proteomics toolbox can be utilized to identify the molecular components of these domains and to define the dynamic cellular cAMP signaling landscape. From a therapeutic perspective, compiling data on compartmentalized cAMP signaling in physiological and pathological conditions will help define the signaling events underlying disease and may reveal domain-specific targets for the development of precision medicine interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangnapa Kovanich
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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Bernardazzi C, Sheikh IA, Xu H, Ghishan FK. The Physiological Function and Potential Role of the Ubiquitous Na +/H + Exchanger Isoform 8 (NHE8): An Overview Data. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810857. [PMID: 36142772 PMCID: PMC9501935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+/H+ exchanger transporters (NHE) play an important role in various biologic processes including Na+ absorption, intracellular pH homeostasis, cell volume regulation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The wide expression pattern and cellular localization of NHEs make these proteins pivotal players in virtually all human tissues and organs. In addition, recent studies suggest that NHEs may be one of the primeval transport protein forms in the history of life. Among the different isoforms, the most well-characterized NHEs are the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) and Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3). However, Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 8 (NHE8) has been receiving attention based on its recent discoveries in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the physiological function and potential role of NHE8 in the main organ systems, including useful overviews that could inspire new studies on this multifaceted protein.
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Campolo F, Capponi C, Tarsitano MG, Tenuta M, Pozza C, Gianfrilli D, Magliocca F, Venneri MA, Vicini E, Lenzi A, Isidori AM, Barbagallo F. cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 8A and 8B isoforms are differentially expressed in human testis and Leydig cell tumor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1010924. [PMID: 36277728 PMCID: PMC9585345 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1010924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate/Protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) signaling pathway is the master regulator of endocrine tissue function. The level, compartmentalization and amplitude of cAMP response are finely regulated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). PDE8 is responsible of cAMP hydrolysis and its expression has been characterized in all steroidogenic cell types in rodents including adrenal and Leydig cells in rodents however scarce data are currently available in humans. Here we demonstrate that human Leydig cells express both PDE8A and PDE8B isoforms. Interestingly, we found that the expression of PDE8B but not of PDE8A is increased in transformed Leydig cells (Leydig cell tumors-LCTs) compared to non-tumoral cells. Immunofluorescence analyses further reveals that PDE8A is also highly expressed in specific spermatogenic stages. While the protein is not detected in spermatogonia it accumulates nearby the forming acrosome, in the trans-Golgi apparatus of spermatocytes and spermatids and it follows the fate of this organelle in the later stages translocating to the caudal part of the cell. Taken together our findings suggest that 1) a specific pool(s) of cAMP is/are regulated by PDE8A during spermiogenesis pointing out a possible new role of this PDE8 isoform in key events governing the differentiation and maturation of human sperm and 2) PDE8B can be involved in Leydig cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Campolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Capponi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tarsitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Tenuta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Magliocca
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mary A. Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Vicini
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea M. Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Federica Barbagallo,
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10
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Huang L, Xiao K, Zhang J, Zhang P, He W, Tang Y, Yang W, Huang X, Liu R, Liang X, Liu X, Fu Q, Lu Y, Zhang M. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals potential testosterone function-related regulatory genes/pathways of Leydig cells in immature and mature buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) testes. Gene 2021; 802:145870. [PMID: 34363886 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Leydig cells (LCs) are testosterone-generating endocrine cells that are located outside the seminiferous tubules in the testis, and testosterone is fundamental for retaining spermatogenesis and male fertility. In buffalo, adult Leydig cells (ALCs) are developed by immature Leydig cells (ILCs) in the postnatal testes. However, the genes/pathways associated to the regulation of testosterone secretion function during the development of postnatal LCs remains comprehensively unidentified. The present study comparatively analyzed the transcriptome profiles of ILC and ALC in buffalo with significant differences in testosterone secretion. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis identified 972 and 1,091 annotated genes that were significantly up- and down-regulated in buffalo ALC. Functional enrichment analysis showed that cAMP signaling being the most significantly enriched pathway, and testosterone synthesis and lipid transport-related genes/pathways were upregulated in ALC. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) shows that cAMP signaling and steroid hormone biosynthesis were activated in ALC, demonstrating that cAMP signaling may serve as a positive regulatory pathway in the maintenance of testosterone function during postnatal development of LCs. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks analysis highlighted that ADCY8, ADCY2, POMC, CHRM2, SST, PTGER3, SSTR2, SSTR1, NPY1R, and HTR1D as hub genes in the cAMP signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study identified key genes and pathways associated in the regulation of testosterone secretion function during the ILC-ALC transition in buffalo based on bioinformatics analysis, and these key genes might be deeply involved in cAMP generation to influencing testosterone levels in LCs. The results suggest that ALCs might increase testosterone levels by enhancing cAMP production than ILCs. Our data will enhance the understanding of developmental mechanism studies related to testosterone function and provide preliminary evidence for molecular mechanisms of LCs regulating spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Wengtan He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Weihan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xingchen Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Runfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xianwei Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Reproduction and Breeding, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Xingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yangqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Beavo JA, Golkowski M, Shimizu-Albergine M, Beltejar MC, Bornfeldt KE, Ong SE. Phosphoproteomic Analysis as an Approach for Understanding Molecular Mechanisms of cAMP-Dependent Actions. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 99:342-357. [PMID: 33574048 PMCID: PMC8058506 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, highly sensitive mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic analysis is beginning to be applied to identification of protein kinase substrates altered downstream of increased cAMP. Such studies identify a very large number of phosphorylation sites regulated in response to increased cAMP. Therefore, we now are tasked with the challenge of determining how many of these altered phosphorylation sites are relevant to regulation of function in the cell. This minireview describes the use of phosphoproteomic analysis to monitor the effects of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on cAMP-dependent phosphorylation events. More specifically, it describes two examples of this approach carried out in the authors' laboratories using the selective PDE inhibitor approach. After a short discussion of several likely conclusions suggested by these analyses of cAMP function in steroid hormone-producing cells and also in T-cells, it expands into a discussion about some newer and more speculative interpretations of the data. These include the idea that multiple phosphorylation sites and not a single rate-limiting step likely regulate these and, by analogy, many other cAMP-dependent pathways. In addition, the idea that meaningful regulation requires a high stoichiometry of phosphorylation to be important is discussed and suggested to be untrue in many instances. These new interpretations have important implications for drug design, especially for targeting pathway agonists. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Phosphoproteomic analyses identify thousands of altered phosphorylation sites upon drug treatment, providing many possible regulatory targets but also highlighting questions about which phosphosites are functionally important. These data imply that multistep processes are regulated by phosphorylation at not one but rather many sites. Most previous studies assumed a single step or very few rate-limiting steps were changed by phosphorylation. This concept should be changed. Previous interpretations also assumed substoichiometric phosphorylation was not of regulatory importance. This assumption also should be changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Beavo
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine (J.A.B., M.G., M.S.-A., M.-C.B., S.-E.O.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.E.B.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martin Golkowski
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine (J.A.B., M.G., M.S.-A., M.-C.B., S.-E.O.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.E.B.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Masami Shimizu-Albergine
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine (J.A.B., M.G., M.S.-A., M.-C.B., S.-E.O.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.E.B.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael-Claude Beltejar
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine (J.A.B., M.G., M.S.-A., M.-C.B., S.-E.O.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.E.B.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine (J.A.B., M.G., M.S.-A., M.-C.B., S.-E.O.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.E.B.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shao-En Ong
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine (J.A.B., M.G., M.S.-A., M.-C.B., S.-E.O.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.E.B.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Wang J, Wang J, Shen T, Hong R, Tang S, Zhao X. H 2 S catalysed by CBS regulates testosterone synthesis through affecting the sulfhydrylation of PDE. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3460-3468. [PMID: 33713531 PMCID: PMC8034449 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone deficiency resulted in increased mortality in men. Our previous work found that hydrogen sulphide (H2S) significantly alleviated the spermatogenesis disorder. To investigate whether H2S could regulate testosterone synthesis and the relative signalling pathways. Disorder model of testosterone synthesis was constructed in vitro and in vivo. The cell viability was detected using CCK‐8 method. The concentration of H2S and testosterone were examined using ELISA kits. The relative mRNA and protein expression of CBS, PDE4A, PDE8A and proteins related to testosterone synthesis were detected by RT‐qPCR and western blotting. PAS staining was used to detect the inflammatory status of testis. The sulfhydryl level of PDE4A and PDE8A was determined by Biotin Switch Technique. CBS overexpression inhibited while knockdown promoted LPS + H2O2 induced injury in testosterone synthesis of MLTC‐1 cells, though regulating the level of H2S. The LPS + H2O2 induced inhibition on cAMP and p‐PKA was recovered by CBS overexpression, while addition of the specific inhibitor of PKA had opposite effects. CBS overexpression alleviated the inflammation status in testis and promoted the expression of StAR, P450scc, P450c17 and 3β‐HSD. CBS could also exhibit its protective role through promoting sulfhydrylation of PDE4A and PDE8A. H2S catalysed by CBS could recover testosterone synthesis in vitro and in vivo through inhibiting PDE expression via sulfhydryl modification and activating cAMP/PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Renyun Hong
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Tang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Yang Y, Zhou C, Zhang T, Li Q, Mei J, Liang J, Li Z, Li H, Xiang Q, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Huang Y. Conversion of Fibroblast into Functional Leydig-like Cell Using Defined Small Molecules. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:408-423. [PMID: 32735821 PMCID: PMC7419716 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that fibroblasts can be directly converted into functional Leydig cells by transcription factors. However, the transgenic approach used in these studies raises safety concerns for its future application. Here, we report that fibroblasts can be directly reprogrammed into Leydig-like cells by exposure to a combination of forskolin, 20α-hydroxycholesterol, luteinizing hormone, and SB431542. These chemical compound-induced Leydig-like cells (CiLCs) express steroidogenic genes and have a global gene expression profile similar to that of progenitor Leydig cells, although not identical. In addition, these cells can survive in testis and produce testosterone in a circadian rhythm. This induction strategy is applicable to reprogramming human periodontal ligament fibroblasts toward Leydig-like cells. These findings demonstrated fibroblasts can be directly converted into Leydig-like cells by pure chemical compounds. This strategy overcomes the limitations of conventional transgenic-based reprogramming and provides a simple, effective approach for Leydig cell-based therapy while simultaneously preserving the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Direct induction of fibroblasts into Leydig-like cells (CiLCs) by chemicals CiLCs were modulated by HPG axis and produced testosterone in a diurnal rhythm Conversion process toward CiLCs did not pass through an intermediate state
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenxing Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiaxin Mei
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinlian Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hanhao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Bioparmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Pharmacology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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14
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Schleicher K, Zaccolo M. Axelrod Symposium 2019: Phosphoproteomic Analysis of G-Protein-Coupled Pathways. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 99:383-391. [PMID: 32111700 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By limiting unrestricted activation of intracellular effectors, compartmentalized signaling of cyclic nucleotides confers specificity to extracellular stimuli and is critical for the development and health of cells and organisms. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms that allow local control of cyclic nucleotide signaling is essential for our understanding of physiology and pathophysiology, but mapping the dynamics and regulation of compartmentalized signaling is a challenge. In this minireview we summarize advanced imaging and proteomics techniques that have been successfully used to probe compartmentalized cAMP signaling in eukaryotic cells. Subcellularly targeted fluorescence resonance energy transfer sensors can precisely locate and measure compartmentalized cAMP, and this allows us to estimate the range of effector activation. Because cAMP effector proteins often cluster together with their targets and cAMP regulatory proteins to form discrete cAMP signalosomes, proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis have more recently been used to identify additional players in the cAMP-signaling cascade. We propose that the synergistic use of the techniques discussed could prove fruitful in generating a detailed map of cAMP signalosomes and reveal new details of compartmentalized signaling. Compiling a dynamic map of cAMP nanodomains in defined cell types would establish a blueprint for better understanding the alteration of signaling compartments associated with disease and would provide a molecular basis for targeted therapeutic strategies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: cAMP signaling is compartmentalized. Some functionally important cellular signaling compartments operate on a nanometer scale, and their integrity is essential to maintain cellular function and appropriate responses to extracellular stimuli. Compartmentalized signaling provides an opportunity for precision medicine interventions. Our detailed understanding of the composition, function, and regulation of cAMP-signaling nanodomains in health and disease is essential and will benefit from harnessing the right combination of advanced biochemical and imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schleicher
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Golkowski M, Vidadala VN, Lau HT, Shoemaker A, Shimizu-Albergine M, Beavo J, Maly DJ, Ong SE. Kinobead/LC-MS Phosphokinome Profiling Enables Rapid Analyses of Kinase-Dependent Cell Signaling Networks. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1235-1247. [PMID: 32037842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kinase-catalyzed protein phosphorylation is fundamental to eukaryotic signal transduction, regulating most cellular processes. Kinases are frequently dysregulated in cancer, inflammation, and degenerative diseases, and because they can be inhibited with small molecules, they became important drug targets. Accordingly, analytical approaches that determine kinase activation states are critically important to understand kinase-dependent signal transduction and to identify novel drug targets and predictive biomarkers. Multiplexed inhibitor beads (MIBs or kinobeads) efficiently enrich kinases from cell lysates for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. When combined with phosphopeptide enrichment, kinobead/LC-MS can also quantify the phosphorylation state of kinases, which determines their activation state. However, an efficient kinobead/LC-MS kinase phospho-profiling protocol that allows routine analyses of cell lines and tissues has not yet been developed. Here, we present a facile workflow that quantifies the global phosphorylation state of kinases with unprecedented sensitivity. We also found that our kinobead/LC-MS protocol can measure changes in kinase complex composition and show how these changes can indicate kinase activity. We demonstrate the utility of our approach in specifying kinase signaling pathways that control the acute steroidogenic response in Leydig cells; this analysis establishes the first comprehensive framework for the post-translational control of steroid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Golkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Ho-Tak Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Anna Shoemaker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Masami Shimizu-Albergine
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Joseph Beavo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shao-En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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16
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Larsen MC, Lee J, Jorgensen JS, Jefcoate CR. STARD1 Functions in Mitochondrial Cholesterol Metabolism and Nascent HDL Formation. Gene Expression and Molecular mRNA Imaging Show Novel Splicing and a 1:1 Mitochondrial Association. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:559674. [PMID: 33193082 PMCID: PMC7607000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.559674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STARD1 moves cholesterol (CHOL) from the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) to the inner membrane (IMM) in steroidogenic cells. This activity is integrated into CHOL trafficking and synthesis homeostasis, involving uptake through SR-B1 and LDL receptors and distribution through endosomes, ER, and lipid droplets. In adrenal cells, STARD1 is imported into the mitochondrial matrix accompanied by delivery of several hundred CHOL molecules. This transfer limits CYP11A1-mediated generation of pregnenolone. CHOL transfer is coupled to translation of STARD1 mRNA at the OMM. In testis cells, slower CHOL trafficking seems to be limiting. STARD1 also functions in a slower process through ER OMM contacts. The START domain of STARD1 is utilized by a family of genes, which includes additional STARD (forms 3-6) and GRAMD1B proteins that transfer CHOL. STARD forms 2 and 7 deliver phosphatidylcholine. STARD1 and STARD7 target their respective activities to mitochondria, via N-terminal domains (NTD) of over 50 amino acids. The NTD is not essential for steroidogenesis but exerts tissue-selective enhancement (testis>>adrenal). Three conserved sites for cleavage by the mitochondrial processing protease (MPP) generate three forms, each potentially with specific functions, as demonstrated in STARD7. STARD1 is expressed in macrophage and cardiac repair fibroblasts. Additional functions include CHOL metabolism by CYP27A1 that directs activation of LXR and CHOL export processes. STARD1 generates 3.5- and 1.6-kb mRNA from alternative polyadenylation. The 3.5-kb form exclusively binds the PKA-induced regulator, TIS11b, which binds at conserved sites in the extended 3'UTR to control mRNA translation and turnover. STARD1 expression also exhibits a novel, slow splicing that delayed splicing delivery of mRNA to mitochondria. Stimulation of transcription by PKA is directed by suppression of SIK forms that activate a CRTC/CREB/CBP promoter complex. This process is critical to pulsatile hormonal activation in vivo. sm-FISH RNA imaging shows a flow of single STARD1 mRNA particles from asymmetric accumulations of primary transcripts at gene loci to 1:1 complex of 3.5-kb mRNA with peri-nuclear mitochondria. Adrenal cells are similar but distinguished from testis cells by appreciable basal expression prior to hormonal activation. This difference is conserved in culture and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Campaigne Larsen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joan S. Jorgensen
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Colin R. Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Colin R. Jefcoate,
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17
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Landry TM, Saunders MJ, Akers JD, Womack CJ. Caffeine added to coffee does not alter the acute testosterone response to exercise in resistance trained males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1435-1441. [PMID: 31610637 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effects of coffee ingestion with supplemental caffeine (CAF) on serum testosterone (T) responses to exercise in recreationally strength-trained males. METHODS Subjects ingested 6 mg/kg body weight of caffeine via 12 ounces of coffee (CAF) supplemented with anhydrous caffeine or decaffeinated (DEC) coffee prior to exercise in a randomized, within-subject, crossover design. The exercise session consisted of 21 minutes of high-intensity interval cycling (alternating intensities at power outputs associated with 2.0 mmol/L lactate for two minutes and 4.0 mmol/L lactate for one minute) followed by resistance exercise (seven exercises, three sets of ten repetitions, 65% 1RM, one-minute rest periods). Subjects also completed repetitions to fatigue tests and soreness scales to determine muscle recovery 24 hours following the exercise. RESULTS T was elevated immediately and 30-minutes post-exercise by 20.5% and 14.3% respectively (P<0.05). There was no main effect for treatment and no exercise x treatment interaction. There were no differences in repetitions to fatigue or soreness between treatments (P>0.05). No relationships were observed between T and any proxy of recovery. CONCLUSIONS While past literature suggests caffeine may enhance T post-exercise, data from the current study suggest that augmented T response is not evident following anhydrous caffeine added to coffee. The duration of T elevation indicates that this protocol is beneficial to creating long-lasting increases in serum testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Landry
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Michael J Saunders
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Akers
- Department of Health Professions, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Christopher J Womack
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA -
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18
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Deshpande V, Kao A, Raghuram V, Datta A, Chou CL, Knepper MA. Phosphoproteomic identification of vasopressin V2 receptor-dependent signaling in the renal collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F789-F804. [PMID: 31313956 PMCID: PMC6843035 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00281.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin controls water balance largely through PKA-dependent effects to regulate the collecting duct water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2). Although considerable information has accrued regarding the regulation of water and solute transport in collecting duct cells, information is sparse regarding the signaling connections between PKA and transport responses. Here, we exploited recent advancements in protein mass spectrometry to perform a comprehensive, multiple-replicate analysis of changes in the phosphoproteome of native rat inner medullary collecting duct cells in response to the vasopressin V2 receptor-selective agonist 1-desamino-8D-arginine vasopressin. Of the 10,738 phosphopeptides quantified, only 156 phosphopeptides were significantly increased in abundance, and only 63 phosphopeptides were decreased, indicative of a highly selective response to vasopressin. The list of upregulated phosphosites showed several general characteristics: 1) a preponderance of sites with basic (positively charged) amino acids arginine (R) and lysine (K) in position -2 and -3 relative to the phosphorylated amino acid, consistent with phosphorylation by PKA and/or other basophilic kinases; 2) a greater-than-random likelihood of sites previously demonstrated to be phosphorylated by PKA; 3) a preponderance of sites in membrane proteins, consistent with regulation by membrane association; and 4) a greater-than-random likelihood of sites in proteins with class I COOH-terminal PDZ ligand motifs. The list of downregulated phosphosites showed a preponderance of those with proline in position +1 relative to the phosphorylated amino acid, consistent with either downregulation of proline-directed kinases (e.g., MAPKs or cyclin-dependent kinases) or upregulation of one or more protein phosphatases that selectively dephosphorylate such sites (e.g., protein phosphatase 2A). The phosphoproteomic data were used to create a web resource for the investigation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling and regulation of AQP2-mediated water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Deshpande
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anika Kao
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Viswanathan Raghuram
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arnab Datta
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chung-Lin Chou
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Regulation of Leydig cell steroidogenesis: intriguing network of signaling pathways and mitochondrial signalosome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Turnham RE, Smith FD, Kenerson HL, Omar MH, Golkowski M, Garcia I, Bauer R, Lau HT, Sullivan KM, Langeberg LK, Ong SE, Riehle KJ, Yeung RS, Scott JD. An acquired scaffolding function of the DNAJ-PKAc fusion contributes to oncogenic signaling in fibrolamellar carcinoma. eLife 2019; 8:44187. [PMID: 31063128 PMCID: PMC6533061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare liver cancer. FLCs uniquely produce DNAJ-PKAc, a chimeric enzyme consisting of a chaperonin-binding domain fused to the Cα subunit of protein kinase A. Biochemical analyses of clinical samples reveal that a unique property of this fusion enzyme is the ability to recruit heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). This cellular chaperonin is frequently up-regulated in cancers. Gene-editing of mouse hepatocytes generated disease-relevant AML12DNAJ-PKAc cell lines. Further analyses indicate that the proto-oncogene A-kinase anchoring protein-Lbc is up-regulated in FLC and functions to cluster DNAJ-PKAc/Hsp70 sub-complexes with a RAF-MEK-ERK kinase module. Drug screening reveals Hsp70 and MEK inhibitor combinations that selectively block proliferation of AML12DNAJ-PKAc cells. Phosphoproteomic profiling demonstrates that DNAJ-PKAc biases the signaling landscape toward ERK activation and engages downstream kinase cascades. Thus, the oncogenic action of DNAJ-PKAc involves an acquired scaffolding function that permits recruitment of Hsp70 and mobilization of local ERK signaling. Fibrolamellar carcinoma (or FLC for short) is a rare type of liver cancer that affects teenagers and young adults. FLC tumors are often resistant to standard radiotherapy or chemotherapy treatments. The only way to treat FLC is to remove tumors by surgery. However, often the tumors come back after initial treatment and spread to other locations. Therefore, there is a genuine need to improve the treatment options available to FLC patients. The tumor cells of FLC patients contain a genetic defect that fuses together two genes, which produce proteins called DNAJ and PKAc. Normally, DNAJ helps other proteins in the cell to fold into their correct shapes, while PKAc is an enzyme that can control how cells communicate. However, it is not clear what the abnormal DNAJ-PKAc fusion protein does, or how it causes FLC. Turnham, Smith et al. have now used gene editing to make mouse liver cells that mimic the human FLC mutation. Biochemical experiments on these cells showed that the DNAJ-PKAc protein brings together unique combinations of enzymes that drive uncontrolled cell growth. Analyzing cells taken from tumors in FLC patients confirmed that these enzymes are also activated in the human disease. Turnham, Smith et al. also found that combinations of drugs that simultaneously target the DNAJ-PKAc protein and the recruited enzymes slowed down the growth of FLC cells. More experiments are now needed to test these drug combinations on human FLC cells or in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigney E Turnham
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - F Donelson Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Heidi L Kenerson
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Mitchell H Omar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Martin Golkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Irvin Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Renay Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Ho-Tak Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Kevin M Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Lorene K Langeberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Shao-En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Kimberly J Riehle
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Raymond S Yeung
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - John D Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
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21
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Feng Y, Shi J, Jiao Z, Duan H, Shao B. Mechanism of bisphenol AF-induced progesterone inhibition in human chorionic gonadotrophin-stimulated mouse Leydig tumor cell line (mLTC-1) cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:670-678. [PMID: 29575470 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol AF (BPAF) has been shown to inhibit testicular steroidogenesis in male rats. However, the precise mechanisms related to the toxic effects of BPAF on reproduction remain poorly understood. In the present study, a mouse Leydig tumor cell line (mLTC-1) was used as a model to investigate the mechanism of steroidogenic inhibition and to identify the molecular target of BPAF. Levels of progesterone and the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in cells exposed to BPAF were detected, and expression of key genes and proteins in steroid biosynthesis was assessed. The results showed that BPAF exposure decreased human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)-stimulated progesterone production in a dose-dependent manner. The 24-h IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) value for BPAF regarding progesterone production was 70.2 µM. A dramatic decrease in cellular cAMP concentration was also observed. Furthermore, BPAF exposure inhibited expression of genes and proteins involved in cholesterol transport and progesterone biosynthesis. Conversely, the protein levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) were not altered, and those of progesterone were still decreased upon 22R-hydroxycholesterol treatment of cells exposed to higher doses of BPAF. Together, these data indicate that BPAF exposure inhibits progesterone secretion in hCG-stimulated mLTC-1 cells by reducing expression of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-B1) and cytochrome P450 (P450scc) due to the adverse effects of cAMP. However, StAR might not be the molecular target in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Zhihao Jiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Hejun Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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22
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Umejiego EN, Wang Y, Knepper MA, Chou CL. Roflumilast and aquaporin-2 regulation in rat renal inner medullary collecting duct. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/2/e13121. [PMID: 28108651 PMCID: PMC5269416 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Roflumilast is a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is FDA‐approved for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. With a view toward possible use for treatment of patients with X‐linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) due to hemizygous mutations in the V2 vasopressin receptor, this study sought to determine the effect of roflumilast on aquaporin‐2 (AQP2) phosphorylation, AQP2 trafficking, and water permeability in the rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). In the presence of the vasopressin analog dDAVP (0.1 nmol/L), both roflumilast and its active metabolite roflumilast N‐oxide (RNO) significantly increased phosphorylation at S256, S264, and S269, and decreased phosphorylation at S261 (immunoblotting) in IMCD suspensions in a dose‐dependent manner (3–3000 nmol/L). Another commonly used phosphodiesterase inhibitor, IBMX, affected phosphorylation only at the highest concentration in this range. However, neither roflumilast nor RNO had an effect on AQP2 phosphorylation in the absence of vasopressin. Furthermore, roflumilast alone did not increase AQP2 trafficking to the plasma membrane (immunofluorescence) or increase water permeability in freshly microdissected perfused IMCD segments. We conclude that roflumilast can be used to enhance vasopressin's action on AQP2 activity in the renal collecting duct, but has no detectable effect in the absence of vasopressin. These findings suggest that roflumilast may not have a beneficial effect in X‐linked NDI, but could find useful application in acquired NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezigbobiara N Umejiego
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center NHLBI National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-1603
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center NHLBI National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-1603
| | - Chung-Lin Chou
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center NHLBI National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-1603
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23
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Shafiee-Nick R, Afshari AR, Mousavi SH, Rafighdoust A, Askari VR, Mollazadeh H, Fanoudi S, Mohtashami E, Rahimi VB, Mohebbi M, Vahedi MM. A comprehensive review on the potential therapeutic benefits of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:541-556. [PMID: 28779712 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides, which assume a key role in directing intracellular levels of the second messengers' cAMP and cGMP, and consequently cell function. The disclosure of 11 isoenzyme families and our expanded knowledge of their functions at the cell and molecular level stimulate the improvement of isoenzyme selective inhibitors for the treatment of various diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases. Hence, future and new mechanistic investigations and carefully designed clinical trials could help reap additional benefits of natural/synthetic PDE inhibitors for cardiovascular disease in patients. This review has concentrated on the potential therapeutic benefits of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shafiee-Nick
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbasali Rafighdoust
- Department of Cardiology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Sahar Fanoudi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elmira Mohtashami
- Department of Pharmacodynamic and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Moein Mohebbi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Vahedi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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24
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Analyses of PDE-regulated phosphoproteomes reveal unique and specific cAMP-signaling modules in T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28634298 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703939114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific functions for different cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have not yet been identified in most cell types. Conventional approaches to study PDE function typically rely on measurements of global cAMP, general increases in cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), or the activity of exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC). Although newer approaches using subcellularly targeted FRET reporter sensors have helped define more compartmentalized regulation of cAMP, PKA, and EPAC, they have limited ability to link this regulation to downstream effector molecules and biological functions. To address this problem, we have begun to use an unbiased mass spectrometry-based approach coupled with treatment using PDE isozyme-selective inhibitors to characterize the phosphoproteomes of the functional pools of cAMP/PKA/EPAC that are regulated by specific cAMP-PDEs (the PDE-regulated phosphoproteomes). In Jurkat cells we find multiple, distinct PDE-regulated phosphoproteomes that can be defined by their responses to different PDE inhibitors. We also find that little phosphorylation occurs unless at least two different PDEs are concurrently inhibited in these cells. Moreover, bioinformatics analyses of these phosphoproteomes provide insight into the unique functional roles, mechanisms of action, and synergistic relationships among the different PDEs that coordinate cAMP-signaling cascades in these cells. The data strongly suggest that the phosphorylation of many different substrates contributes to cAMP-dependent regulation of these cells. The findings further suggest that the approach of using selective, inhibitor-dependent phosphoproteome analysis can provide a generalized methodology for understanding the roles of different PDEs in the regulation of cyclic nucleotide signaling.
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Aging has the opposite effect on cAMP and cGMP circadian variations in rat Leydig cells. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:613-623. [PMID: 27915366 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Leydig cell physiology displays a circadian rhythm driven by a complex interaction of the reproductive axis hormones and circadian system. The final output of this regulatory process is circadian pattern of steroidogenic genes expression and testosterone production. Aging gradually decreases robustness of rhythmic testosterone secretion without change in pattern of LH secretion. Here, we analyzed effect of aging on circadian variation of cAMP and cGMP signaling in Leydig cells. Results showed opposite effect of aging on cAMP and cGMP daily variation. Reduced amplitude of cAMP circadian oscillation was probably associated with changed expression of genes involved in cAMP production (increased circadian pattern of Adcy7, Adcy9, Adcy10 and decreased Adcy3); cAMP degradation (increased Pde4a, decreased Pde8b, canceled rhythm of Pde4d, completely reversed circadian pattern of Pde7b and Pde8a); and circadian expression of protein kinase A subunits (Prkac/PRKAC and Prkar2a). Aging stimulates expression of genes responsible for cGMP production (Nos2, Gucy1a3 and Gucy1b3/GUCYB3) and degradation (Pde5a, Pde6a and Pde6h) but the overall net effect is elevation of cGMP circadian oscillations in Leydig cells. In addition, the expression of cGMP-dependent kinase, Prkg1/PRKG1 is up-regulated. It seems that aging potentiate cGMP- and reduce cAMP-signaling in Leydig cells. Since both signaling pathways affect testosterone production and clockwork in the cells, further insights into these signaling pathways will help to unravel disorders linked to the circadian timing system, aging and reproduction.
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SCAP/SREBP pathway is required for the full steroidogenic response to cyclic AMP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5685-93. [PMID: 27601673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611424113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates steroidogenesis largely through a surge in cyclic AMP (cAMP). Steroidogenic rates are also critically dependent on the availability of cholesterol at mitochondrial sites of synthesis. This cholesterol is provided by cellular uptake of lipoproteins, mobilization of intracellular lipid, and de novo synthesis. Whether and how these pathways are coordinated by cAMP are poorly understood. Recent phosphoproteomic analyses of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation sites in MA10 Leydig cells suggested that cAMP regulates multiple steps in these processes, including activation of the SCAP/SREBP pathway. SCAP [sterol-regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating protein] acts as a cholesterol sensor responsible for regulating intracellular cholesterol balance. Its role in cAMP-mediated control of steroidogenesis has not been explored. We used two CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9) knockout approaches to test the role of SCAP in steroidogenesis. Our results demonstrate that SCAP is required for progesterone production induced by concurrent inhibition of the cAMP phosphodiesterases PDE4 and PDE8. These inhibitors increased SCAP phosphorylation, SREBP2 activation, and subsequent expression of cholesterol biosynthetic genes, whereas SCAP deficiency largely prevented these effects. Reexpression of SCAP in SCAP-deficient cells restored SREBP2 protein expression and partially restored steroidogenic responses, confirming the requirement of SCAP-SREBP2 in steroidogenesis. Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase and isoprenylation attenuated, whereas exogenously provided cholesterol augmented, PDE inhibitor-induced steroidogenesis, suggesting that the cholesterol substrate needed for steroidogenesis is provided by both de novo synthesis and isoprenylation-dependent mechanisms. Overall, these results demonstrate a novel role for LH/cAMP in SCAP/SREBP activation and subsequent regulation of steroidogenesis.
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