miR-425-5p as an exosomal biomarker for metastatic prostate cancer

miR-425-5p Regulates Proliferation of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells by Targeting TOB2

In recent years, rising temperatures have caused heat stress (HS), which has had a significant impact on livestock production and growth, presenting considerable challenges to the agricultural industry. Research has shown that miR-425-5p regulates cellular proliferation in organisms. However, the specific role of miR-425-5p in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of miR-425-5p in alleviating the HS-induced proliferation stagnation in BMECs. The results showed that the expression of miR-425-5p significantly decreased when BMEC were exposed to HS. However, the overexpression of miR-425-5p effectively alleviated the inhibitory effect of HS on BMEC proliferation. Furthermore, RNA sequencing analysis revealed 753 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), comprising 361 upregulated and 392 downregulated genes. Some of these genes were associated with proliferation and thermogenesis through enrichment analyses. Further experimentation revealed that TOB2, which acts as a target gene of miR-425-5p, is involved in the regulatory mechanism of BMEC proliferation. In summary, this study suggests that miR-425-5p can promote the proliferation of BMECs by regulating TOB2. The miR-425-5p/TOB2 axis may represent a potential pathway through which miR-425-5p ameliorates the proliferation stagnation of BMECs induced by HS.

MicroRNA-Mediated Antiproliferative Effects of M1 Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Melanoma Cells

INTRODUCTION

Research in tumor treatment has shown promising results using extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from immune cells. EVs derived from M1 macrophages (proinflammatory), known as M1-EVs, have properties that suppress tumor growth, making them a promising treatment tool for immune susceptible tumors such as melanoma. Here, small unaltered M1-EVs (M1-sEVs) were employed in a 3D mouse melanoma model (melanospheres) to evaluate such activity.

METHODS

Macrophages were polarized and EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation. The EVs obtained were characterized based on size, with measurements performed by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy, and the expression profiles of microRNAs were analyzed by microarray and PCR. Melanospheres were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of M1-sEVs. Pondering a possible future transposition from the animal model to the human, human melanoma cells were transfected with a specific miRNA, and the impact on cell proliferation was evaluated.

RESULTS

The isolated EVs showed a size distribution between 50-400 nm in diameter, but preeminently in a range of 70-90 nm. M1-sEVs demonstrated a remarkable ability to reduce cell proliferation and viability in the melanospheres, leading to a decrease in their volume. M1-sEVs contained unique miRNAs, including miR-29a-3p, which exhibited significant antitumor activities according to bioinformatics analysis. Validation of the antitumor effects of miR-29a-3p was obtained by a functional evaluation, i.e., by inducing miRNA overexpression in human melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28).

CONCLUSION

Although further research would be advisable, the study provides evidence supporting the potential of M1-sEVs and their miRNA load as a possible targeted immune therapy for melanoma.

Circ_0071589 contributes to growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of colorectal cancer through regulating miR-296-5p/EN2 axis

To explore the function and regulation mechanism of circ_0071589 in colorectal cancer (CRC). The expression levels of circ_0071589, microRNA-296-5p (miR-296-5p), and Engrailed-2 (EN2) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Western blot was performed to check the protein levels of EN2 and apoptosis-related proteins. Cell colony formation and 5-Ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay were used to exhibit cell proliferation. Cell apoptosis was shown by flow cytometry. Tube formation assay manifested the angiogenesis ability of CRC cells. Transwell assay demonstrated cell migration and invasion. The interaction between miR-296-5p and circ_0071589 or EN2 was identified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The effect of circ_0071589 on tumor formation was demonstrated by in vivo tumor formation experiments. Immunohistochemical (IHC) assay was used to detect the positive cell rate of Ki67 in tumor tissue. Circ_0071589 was upregulated in CRC tissue and cells. Circ_0071589 knockdown repressed CRC cells proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and promoted cell apoptosis. MiR-296-5p was downregulated in CRC tissue and cells. And miR-296-5p inhibitor could reverse the malignant phenotypes and angiogenesis inhibition of CRC cells caused by circ_0071589 knockdown. Additionally, miR-296-5p decreased CRC cell colony formation, EdU-positive cells, angiogenesis, and increased cell apoptosis through reducing the expression level of EN2. Finally, circ_0071589 silencing inhibited tumor formation in vivo. Circ_0071589 upregulated EN2 expression through sponging miR-296-5p, thereby promoting the malignant phenotype and angiogenesis of CRC cells, which provided a new target for the treatment of CRC.

Advances in the study of exosome-derived miRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory disease caused by autoantibodies, with high morbidity and mortality. It involves multiple systems, particularly the renal, which can lead to lupus nephritis (LN); its multi-system effects have a significant impact on the physical and mental health of patients. Exosomes are vesicles that are secreted during cell activity and carry a variety of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. They are distributed through body fluids for cellular communication. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are nucleic acids that are packaged within the exosome that are taken up and released in response to changes in plasma membrane structure. MiRNAs are potential participants in immune and inflammatory responses, which are transported to target cells and can inhibit gene expression in receptor cells. It has been suggested that exosomal miRNA can regulate the pathogenesis of SLE and, as such, they are of value in diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, we focus on the research progress into exosomal miRNA in SLE and inspire new directions for SLE related research.

Role of exosomes in prostate cancer and male fertility

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common and fifth most aggressive neoplasm among men worldwide. In the last decade, extracellular vesicle (EV) research has decoded multiple unsolved cancer-related mysteries. EVs can be classified as microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes, among others. Exosomes play a key role in cellular signaling. Their internal cargos (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) influence the recipient cell. In PCa, the exosome is the regulator of cancer progression. It is also a promising theranostics tool for PCa. Moreover, exosomes have strong participation in male fertility complications. This review aims to highlight the exosome theranostics signature in PCa and its association with male fertility.

Role of exosomes in prostate cancer bone metastasis

Bone is a preferred metastatic site of prostate cancer (PCa), and most patients with PCa metastases develop osteogenic bone metastasis, which manifests as disturbed bone structure and poor bone quality. However, the underlying mechanisms of PCa bone metastasis remain unclear. In recent years, increasing evidence has implicated extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, in PCa bone metastasis. Exosomes are 30-150 nm in diameter, enclosing a cargo of biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. Exosomes play a functional role in intercellular communication, modulate the functions of recipient cells, and potentially modulate bone microenvironment changes, thereby influencing the development of PCa bone metastasis. This review summarizes the involvement of exosomes in the imbalance between bone resorption and formation, and establishing a pre-metastatic niche in bone marrow, as well as potential clinical applications of exosomes in therapeutic strategies for treating patients with advanced PCa with bone metastasis.

The role of mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes as a novel nanobiotechnology target in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), one of the most common types of stem cells, are involved in the modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). With the advancement of nanotechnology, exosomes, especially exosomes secreted by MSCs, have been found to play an important role in the initiation and development of tumors. In recent years, nanobiotechnology and bioengineering technology have been gradually developed to detect and identify exosomes for diagnosis and modify exosomes for tumor treatment. Several novel therapeutic strategies bioengineer exosomes to carry drugs, proteins, and RNAs, and further deliver their encapsulated cargoes to cancer cells through the properties of exosomes. The unique properties of exosomes in cancer treatment include targeting, low immunogenicity, flexibility in modification, and high biological barrier permeability. Nevertheless, the current comprehensive understanding of the roles of MSCs and their secreted exosomes in cancer development remain inadequate. It is necessary to better understand/update the mechanism of action of MSCs-secreted exosomes in cancer development, providing insights for better modification of exosomes through bioengineering technology and nanobiotechnology. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of MSCs-secreted exosomes and bioengineered exosomes in the development, progression, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.

The Bone Microenvironment Soil in Prostate Cancer Metastasis: An miRNA Approach

Bone metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with a high risk of mortality. Changes in the expression pattern of miRNAs seem to be related to early aspects of prostate cancer, as well as its establishment and proliferation, including the necessary steps for metastasis. Here we compiled, for the first time, the important roles of miRNAs in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of bone metastasis, focusing on recent in vivo and in vitro studies. PCa exosomes are proven to promote metastasis-related events, such as osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and proliferation. Aberrant miRNA expression in PCa may induce abnormal bone remodeling and support tumor development. Furthermore, miRNAs are capable of binding to multiple mRNA targets, a dynamic property that can be harnessed for the development of treatment tools, such as antagomiRs and miRNA mimics, which have emerged as promising candidates in PCa treatment. Finally, miRNAs may serve as noninvasive biomarkers, as they can be detected in tissue and bodily fluids, are highly stable, and show differential expression between nonmetastatic PCa and bone metastatic samples. Taken together, the findings underscore the importance of miRNA expression profiles and miRNA-based tools as rational technologies to increase the quality of life and longevity of patients.

Circulating and extracellular vesicle-derived microRNAs as biomarkers in bone-related diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by repressing messengerRNA-targets. MiRNAs are abundant in many cell types and are secreted into extracellular fluids, protected from degradation by packaging in extracellular vesicles. These circulating miRNAs are easily accessible, disease-specific and sensitive to small changes, which makes them ideal biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, predictive or monitoring purposes. Specific miRNA signatures can be reflective of disease status and development or indicators of poor treatment response. This is especially important in malignant diseases, as the ease of accessibility of circulating miRNAs circumvents the need for invasive tissue biopsy. In osteogenesis, miRNAs can act either osteo-enhancing or osteo-repressing by targeting key transcription factors and signaling pathways. This review highlights the role of circulating and extracellular vesicle-derived miRNAs as biomarkers in bone-related diseases, with a specific focus on osteoporosis and osteosarcoma. To this end, a comprehensive literature search has been performed. The first part of the review discusses the history and biology of miRNAs, followed by a description of different types of biomarkers and an update of the current knowledge of miRNAs as biomarkers in bone related diseases. Finally, limitations of miRNAs biomarker research and future perspectives will be presented.

Dynamic Role of Exosome microRNAs in Cancer Cell Signaling and Their Emerging Role as Noninvasive Biomarkers

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate from endosomes and are released by all cells irrespective of their origin or type. They play an important role in cell communication and can act in an autocrine, endocrine, or paracrine fashion. They are 40-150 nm in diameter and have a similar composition to the cell of origin. An exosome released by a particular cell is unique since it carries information about the state of the cell in pathological conditions such as cancer. miRNAs carried by cancer-derived exosomes play a multifaceted role by taking part in cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and immune evasion. Depending on the type of miRNA that it carries as its cargo, it can render cells chemo- or radiosensitive or resistant and can also act as a tumor suppressor. Since the composition of exosomes is affected by the cellular state, stress, and changes in the environment, they can be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Their unique ability to cross biological barriers makes them an excellent choice as vehicles for drug delivery. Because of their easy availability and stability, they can be used to replace cancer biopsies, which are invasive and expensive. Exosomes can also be used to follow the progression of diseases and monitor treatment strategies. A better understanding of the roles and functions of exosomal miRNA can be used to develop noninvasive, innovative, and novel treatments for cancer.

Non-Coding RNAs Derived from Extracellular Vesicles Promote Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation and Tumor Distant Metastasis

Metastasis is a critical stage of tumor progression, a crucial challenge of clinical therapy, and a major cause of tumor patient death. Numerous studies have confirmed that distant tumor metastasis is dependent on the formation of pre-metastatic niche (PMN). Recent studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in PMN formation. The non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) derived from EVs mediate PMN formation and tumor-distant metastasis by promoting an inflammatory environment, inhibiting anti-tumor immune response, inducing angiogenesis and permeability, and by microenvironmental reprogramming. Given the stability and high abundance of ncRNAs carried by EVs in body fluids, they have great potential for application in tumor diagnosis as well as targeted interventions. This review focuses on the mechanism of ncRNAs derived from EVs promoting tumor PMN formation and distant metastasis to provide a theoretical reference for strategies to control tumor metastasis.

Diverse Functions of MiR-425 in Human Cancer

miRNAs are a type of small endogenous noncoding RNA composed of 20-22 nucleotides that can regulate gene expression by targeting the 3' untranslated region of mRNA. Many investigations have discovered that miRNAs have a role in the development and progression of human cancer. Several aspects of tumor development are affected by miR-425, including growth, apoptosis, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and drug resistance. In this article, we discuss the properties and research development of miR-425, focusing on the regulation and function of miR-425 in various cancers. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical implications of miR-425. This review may broaden our horizon for better understanding the role of miR-425 as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in human cancer.

Extracellular vesicle isolation, purification and evaluation in cancer diagnosis

Strategies for non-invasive biomarker discovery in early detection of cancer are an urgent need. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have generated increasing attention from the scientific community and are under intensive investigations due to their unique biological profiles and their non-invasive nature. EVs are membrane-enclosed vesicles with variable sizes and function. Such vesicles are actively secreted from multiple cell types and are considered as key vehicles for inter-cellular communications and signalling. The stability and potential to easily cross biological barriers enable EVs for exerting durable effects on target cells. These along with easy access to such vesicles, the consistent secretion from tumour during all stages of tumorigenesis and their content providing a reservoir of molecules as well as mirroring the identity of the cell of origin are virtues that have made EVs appealing to be assessed in liquid biopsy approaches and for using as a promising resource of biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and therapy and monitoring targeted cancer therapy. Early detection of EVs will guide time-scheduled personalised therapy. Surveying reliable and sensitive methods for rapid isolation of EVs from biofluids, the purity of isolated vesicles and their molecular profiling and marker specification for clinical translation in patients with cancer are issues in the area and the hot topics of many recent studies. Here, the focus is over methods for EV isolation and stratification for digging more information about liquid biopsy-based diagnosis. Extending knowledge regarding EV-based strategies is a key to validate independent patient follow-up for cancer diagnosis at early stages and inspecting the efficacy of therapeutics.

Overview of MicroRNAs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for High-Incidence Cancers in 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) about 22 nucleotides in size, which play an important role in gene regulation and are involved in almost all major cellular physiological processes. In recent years, the abnormal expression of miRNAs has been shown to be associated with human diseases including cancer. In the past ten years, the link between miRNAs and various cancers has been extensively studied, and the abnormal expression of miRNAs has been reported in various malignant tumors, such as lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Due to the high malignancy grade of these cancers, it is more necessary to develop the related diagnostic and prognostic methods. According to the study of miRNAs, many potential cancer biomarkers have been proposed for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases, especially cancer, thus providing a new theoretical basis and perspective for cancer screening. The use of miRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis or prognosis of cancer has the advantages of being less invasive to patients, with better accuracy and lower price. In view of the important clinical significance of miRNAs in human cancer research, this article reviewed the research status of miRNAs in the above-mentioned cancers in 2021, especially in terms of diagnosis and prognosis, and provided some new perspectives and theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers.

Molecular Biomarkers in Cancer

Molecular cancer biomarkers are any measurable molecular indicator of risk of cancer, occurrence of cancer, or patient outcome. They may include germline or somatic genetic variants, epigenetic signatures, transcriptional changes, and proteomic signatures. These indicators are based on biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, that can be detected in samples obtained from tissues through tumor biopsy or, more easily and non-invasively, from blood (or serum or plasma), saliva, buccal swabs, stool, urine, etc. Detection technologies have advanced tremendously over the last decades, including techniques such as next-generation sequencing, nanotechnology, or methods to study circulating tumor DNA/RNA or exosomes. Clinical applications of biomarkers are extensive. They can be used as tools for cancer risk assessment, screening and early detection of cancer, accurate diagnosis, patient prognosis, prediction of response to therapy, and cancer surveillance and monitoring response. Therefore, they can help to optimize making decisions in clinical practice. Moreover, precision oncology is needed for newly developed targeted therapies, as they are functional only in patients with specific cancer genetic mutations, and biomarkers are the tools used for the identification of these subsets of patients. Improvement in the field of cancer biomarkers is, however, needed to overcome the scientific challenge of developing new biomarkers with greater sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value.

Comprehensive Analyses of miRNAs Revealed miR-92b-3p, miR-182-5p and miR-183-5p as Potential Novel Biomarkers in Melanoma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators in the intercellular communication, influencing the function and phenotype of different cell types within the tumor micro-milieu and thus promote tumor progression. Since EVs safely transport packages of proteins, lipids and also nucleic acids such as miRNAs, EVs and their cargo can serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate EV embedded miRNAs specific for melanoma, which could serve as potential biomarkers. In contrast to previous studies, we not only analysed miRNAs from EVs, but also included the miRNA profiles from the EV-secreting cells to identify candidates as suitable biomarkers. While the characterization of EVs derived from normal melanocytes and melanoma cells showed largely comparable properties with regard to size distribution and expression of protein markers, the NGS analyses yielded marked differences for several miRNAs. While miRNA load of EVs derived from normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEMs) and melanoma cells were very similar, they were highly different from their secreting cells. By comprehensive analyses, six miRNAs were identified to be enriched in both melanoma cells and melanoma cell-derived EVs. Of those, the accumulation of miR-92b-3p, miR-182-5p and miR-183-5p in EVs could be validated in vitro. By functional network generation and pathway enrichment analysis we revealed an association with different tumor entities and signaling pathways contributing melanoma progression. Furthermore, we found that miR-92b-3p, miR-182-5p and miR-183-5p were also enriched in EVs derived from serum of melanoma patients. Our results support the hypothesis that miRNAs derived from EVs can serve as prognostic or diagnostic liquid biopsy markers in melanoma. We identified EV-derived miRNAs and showed that those miRNAs, which were enriched in melanoma cells and EVs, are also found elevated in serum-derived EVs of patients with metastatic melanoma, but not in healthy subjects.

Liquid biopsy: Exosomal microRNAs as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer

BACKGROUND

Detecting cancer at an early stage before clinical manifestation could be an effective strategy to decrease cancer mortality. Thus, identifying liquid biopsy biomarkers with high efficacy could be a promising approach for non-invasive diagnosis of cancer.

MAIN TEXT

Liquid biopsies are increasingly used as a supplement to biopsy, as it enables disease progression to be detected months before clinical and radiographic confirmation. Many bodily fluids contain exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) which could provide a new class of biomarkers for early and minimally invasive cancer diagnosis due to the stability of miRNAs in exosomes. In this review, we mainly focused on the exosomal miRNAs (liquid biopsy) as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers.

CONCLUSION

Exosomal miRNAs can be used as diagnostic and prognosis biomarkers that provide unique insights and a more dynamic perspective of the progression and therapeutic responses in various malignancies. Therefore, the development of novel and more sensitive technologies that exploit exosomal miRNAs should be a priority for cancer management.

Identification of Diagnostic Markers for Breast Cancer Based on Differential Gene Expression and Pathway Network

Background: Breast cancer is the second largest cancer in the world, the incidence of breast cancer continues to rise worldwide, and women's health is seriously threatened. Therefore, it is very important to explore the characteristic changes of breast cancer from the gene level, including the screening of differentially expressed genes and the identification of diagnostic markers. Methods: The gene expression profiles of breast cancer were obtained from the TCGA database. The edgeR R software package was used to screen the differentially expressed genes between breast cancer patients and normal samples. The function and pathway enrichment analysis of these genes revealed significant enrichment of functions and pathways. Next, download these pathways from KEGG website, extract the gene interaction relations, construct the KEGG pathway gene interaction network. The potential diagnostic markers of breast cancer were obtained by combining the differentially expressed genes with the key genes in the network. Finally, these markers were used to construct the diagnostic prediction model of breast cancer, and the predictive ability of the model and the diagnostic ability of the markers were verified by internal and external data. Results: 1060 differentially expressed genes were identified between breast cancer patients and normal controls. Enrichment analysis revealed 28 significantly enriched pathways (p < 0.05). They were downloaded from KEGG website, and the gene interaction relations were extracted to construct the gene interaction network of KEGG pathway, which contained 1277 nodes and 7345 edges. The key nodes with a degree greater than 30 were extracted from the network, containing 154 genes. These 154 key genes shared 23 genes with differentially expressed genes, which serve as potential diagnostic markers for breast cancer. The 23 genes were used as features to construct the SVM classification model, and the model had good predictive ability in both the training dataset and the validation dataset (AUC = 0.960 and 0.907, respectively). Conclusion: This study showed that the difference of gene expression level is important for the diagnosis of breast cancer, and identified 23 breast cancer diagnostic markers, which provides valuable information for clinical diagnosis and basic treatment experiments.

Pro-angiogenic effect of PC-3 exosomes in endothelial cells in vitro

The progression to a castration-resistant prostate cancer can occur after treatment with androgen deprivation therapy, resulting in poor prognosis and ineffective therapy response. Hormone dependence transition has been associated with increased tumor vascularization. Considering that exosomes are important components in communication between tumor cells and the microenvironment, we examined the angiogenic potential of exosomes released from Pca cell lines with distinctive profiles of androgen response through exosomes isolation, microscopy and uptake, functional assays follow up by microarray, RT-qPCR and bioinformatics analysis. HUVEC cells treated with PC-3 exosomes (androgen independent) showed increased invasion and tube formation ability. In order to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) related to the angiogenic response, the characterization of exosomal miRNA profile was performed. As result we suggest that the miR-27a-3p could be involved in the pro-angiogenic effect of PC-3 exosomes.