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Trelford CB, Shepherd TG. LKB1 biology: assessing the therapeutic relevancy of LKB1 inhibitors. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:310. [PMID: 38844908 PMCID: PMC11155146 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1), encoded by Serine-Threonine Kinase 11 (STK11), is a master kinase that regulates cell migration, polarity, proliferation, and metabolism through downstream adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK-related kinase signalling. Since genetic screens identified STK11 mutations in Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, STK11 mutants have been implicated in tumourigenesis labelling it as a tumour suppressor. In support of this, several compounds reduce tumour burden through upregulating LKB1 signalling, and LKB1-AMPK agonists are cytotoxic to tumour cells. However, in certain contexts, its role in cancer is paradoxical as LKB1 promotes tumour cell survival by mediating resistance against metabolic and oxidative stressors. LKB1 deficiency has also enhanced the selectivity and cytotoxicity of several cancer therapies. Taken together, there is a need to develop LKB1-specific pharmacological compounds, but prior to developing LKB1 inhibitors, further work is needed to understand LKB1 activity and regulation. However, investigating LKB1 activity is strenuous as cell/tissue type, mutations to the LKB1 signalling pathway, STE-20-related kinase adaptor protein (STRAD) binding, Mouse protein 25-STRAD binding, splicing variants, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, post-translational modifications, and kinase conformation impact the functional status of LKB1. For these reasons, guidelines to standardize experimental strategies to study LKB1 activity, associate proteins, spliced isoforms, post-translational modifications, and regulation are of upmost importance to the development of LKB1-specific therapies. Therefore, to assess the therapeutic relevancy of LKB1 inhibitors, this review summarizes the importance of LKB1 in cell physiology, highlights contributors to LKB1 activation, and outlines the benefits and risks associated with targeting LKB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Trelford
- The Mary &, John Knight Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4‑921, London, ON, N6A 4L6, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Trevor G Shepherd
- The Mary &, John Knight Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4‑921, London, ON, N6A 4L6, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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2
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Tu Y, Yang Q, Tang M, Gao L, Wang Y, Wang J, Liu Z, Li X, Mao L, Jia RZ, Wang Y, Tang TS, Xu P, Liu Y, Dai L, Jia D. TBC1D23 mediates Golgi-specific LKB1 signaling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1785. [PMID: 38413626 PMCID: PMC10899256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase, is a master regulator of the AMPK subfamily and controls cellular events such as polarity, proliferation, and energy homeostasis. Functions and mechanisms of the LKB1-AMPK axis at specific subcellular compartments, such as lysosome and mitochondria, have been established. AMPK is known to be activated at the Golgi; however, functions and regulatory mechanisms of the LKB1-AMPK axis at the Golgi apparatus remain elusive. Here, we show that TBC1D23, a Golgi-localized protein that is frequently mutated in the neurodevelopment disorder pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH), is specifically required for the LKB1 signaling at the Golgi. TBC1D23 directly interacts with LKB1 and recruits LKB1 to Golgi, promoting Golgi-specific activation of AMPK upon energy stress. Notably, Golgi-targeted expression of LKB1 rescues TBC1D23 deficiency in zebrafish models. Furthermore, the loss of LKB1 causes neurodevelopmental abnormalities in zebrafish, which partially recapitulates defects in TBC1D23-deficient zebrafish, and LKB1 sustains normal neuronal development via TBC1D23 interaction. Our study uncovers a regulatory mechanism of the LKB1 signaling, and reveals that a disrupted Golgi-LKB1 signaling underlies the pathogenesis of PCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids, Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiuqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lejiao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Zhen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pinglong Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids, Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Hasegawa K, Matsui TK, Kondo J, Kuwako KI. N-WASP-Arp2/3 signaling controls multiple steps of dendrite maturation in Purkinje cells in vivo. Development 2022; 149:285127. [PMID: 36469048 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During neural development, the actin filament network must be precisely regulated to form elaborate neurite structures. N-WASP tightly controls actin polymerization dynamics by activating an actin nucleator Arp2/3. However, the importance of N-WASP-Arp2/3 signaling in the assembly of neurite architecture in vivo has not been clarified. Here, we demonstrate that N-WASP-Arp2/3 signaling plays a crucial role in the maturation of cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) dendrites in vivo in mice. N-WASP was expressed and activated in developing PCs. Inhibition of Arp2/3 and N-WASP from the beginning of dendrite formation severely disrupted the establishment of a single stem dendrite, which is a characteristic basic structure of PC dendrites. Inhibition of Arp2/3 after stem dendrite formation resulted in hypoplasia of the PC dendritic tree. Cdc42, an upstream activator of N-WASP, is required for N-WASP-Arp2/3 signaling-mediated PC dendrite maturation. In addition, overactivation of N-WASP is also detrimental to dendrite formation in PCs. These findings reveal that proper activation of N-WASP-Arp2/3 signaling is crucial for multiple steps of PC dendrite maturation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hasegawa
- Department of Neural and Muscular Physiology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-shi, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi K Matsui
- Department of Neural and Muscular Physiology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-shi, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Junpei Kondo
- Department of Neural and Muscular Physiology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-shi, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kuwako
- Department of Neural and Muscular Physiology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-shi, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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4
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Huang E, Li S. Liver Kinase B1 Functions as a Regulator for Neural Development and a Therapeutic Target for Neural Repair. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182861. [PMID: 36139438 PMCID: PMC9496952 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver kinase B1 (LKB1), also known as serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) and Par-4 in C. elegans, has been identified as a master kinase of AMPKs and AMPK-related kinases. LKB1 plays a crucial role in cell growth, metabolism, polarity, and tumor suppression. By interacting with the downstream signals of SAD, NUAK, MARK, and other kinases, LKB1 is critical to regulating neuronal polarization and axon branching during development. It also regulates Schwann cell function and the myelination of peripheral axons. Regulating LKB1 activity has become an attractive strategy for repairing an injured nervous system. LKB1 upregulation enhances the regenerative capacity of adult CNS neurons and the recovery of locomotor function in adult rodents with CNS axon injury. Here, we update the major cellular and molecular mechanisms of LKB1 in regulating neuronal polarization and neural development, and the implications thereof for promoting neural repair, axon regeneration, and functional recovery in adult mammals.
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An Epilepsy-Associated Mutation of Salt-Inducible Kinase 1 Increases the Susceptibility to Epileptic Seizures and Interferes with Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Therapy for Infantile Spasms in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147927. [PMID: 35887274 PMCID: PMC9319016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Six mutations in the salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) have been identified in developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE-30) patients, and two of the mutations are nonsense mutations that truncate the C-terminal region of SIK1. In a previous study, we generated SIK1 mutant (SIK1-MT) mice recapitulating the C-terminal truncated mutations using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and found an increase in excitatory synaptic transmission and enhancement of neural excitability in neocortical neurons in SIK1-MT mice. NMDA was injected into SIK1-MT males to induce epileptic seizures in the mice. The severity of the NMDA-induced seizures was estimated by the latency and the number of tail flickering and hyperflexion. Activated brain regions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry against c-fos, Iba1, and GFAP. As another epilepsy model, pentylenetetrazol was injected into the adult SIK1 mutant mice. Seizure susceptibility induced by both NMDA and PTZ was enhanced in SIK1-MT mice. Brain regions including the thalamus and hypothalamus were strongly activated in NMDA-induced seizures. The epilepsy-associated mutation of SIK1 canceled the pharmacological effects of the ACTH treatment on NMDA-induced seizures. These results suggest that SIK1 may be involved in the neuropathological mechanisms of NMDA-induced spasms and the pharmacological mechanism of ACTH treatment.
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Molecular mechanisms regulating the spatial configuration of neurites. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:103-114. [PMID: 35248463 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise neural networks, composed of axons and dendrites, are the structural basis for information processing in the brain. Therefore, the correct formation of neurites is critical for accurate neural function. In particular, the three-dimensional structures of dendrites vary greatly among neuron types, and the unique shape of each dendrite is tightly linked to specific synaptic connections with innervating axons and is correlated with its information processing. Although many systems are involved in neurite formation, the developmental mechanisms that control the orientation, size, and arborization pattern of neurites definitively defines their three-dimensional structure in tissues. In this review, we summarize these regulatory mechanisms that establish proper spatial configurations of neurites, especially dendrites, in invertebrates and vertebrates.
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Li X, Zhong H, Wang Z, Xiao R, Antonson P, Liu T, Wu C, Zou J, Wang L, Nalvarte I, Xu H, Warner M, Gustafsson JA, Fan X. Loss of liver X receptor β in astrocytes leads to anxiety-like behaviors via regulating synaptic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6380-6393. [PMID: 33963286 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are integral components of synaptic transmission, and their dysfunction leads to neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Liver X receptor β (LXRβ) is expressed in astrocytes, and LXRβ global knockout mice shows impaired synaptic formation. In order to define the role of LXRβ in astrocytes, we used a conditional Cre-loxP system to specifically remove LXRβ from astrocytes. We found that this deletion caused anxiety-like but not depressive-like behaviors in adult male mice. This behavioral phenotype could be completely reproduced by selective deletion of LXRβ in astrocytes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Pyramidal neurons in layer V of mPFC are involved in mood behaviors. We found that there was an increased spontaneous excitatory synaptic transmission in layer V pyramidal neurons of the mPFC of these mice. This was concurrent with increased dendritic complexity, despite normal appearance and number of dendritic spines. In addition, gene ontology analysis of RNA sequencing revealed that deletion of astrocytic LXRβ led to the enrichment of the process of synaptic transmission in mPFC. Finally, we also confirmed that renormalized excitatory synaptic transmission in layer V pyramidal neurons alleviated the anxiety in mice with astrocytic LXRβ deletion in mPFC. Together, our findings reveal that astrocytic LXRβ in mPFC is critical in the regulation of synaptic transmission, and this provides a potential new target for treatment of anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hongyu Zhong
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhongke Wang
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Per Antonson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tianyao Liu
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chuan Wu
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jiao Zou
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ivan Nalvarte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Margaret Warner
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden. .,Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China.
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Luck R, Karakatsani A, Shah B, Schermann G, Adler H, Kupke J, Tisch N, Jeong HW, Back MK, Hetsch F, D'Errico A, De Palma M, Wiedtke E, Grimm D, Acker-Palmer A, von Engelhardt J, Adams RH, Augustin HG, Ruiz de Almodóvar C. The angiopoietin-Tie2 pathway regulates Purkinje cell dendritic morphogenesis in a cell-autonomous manner. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109522. [PMID: 34407407 PMCID: PMC9110807 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuro-vascular communication is essential to synchronize central nervous system development. Here, we identify angiopoietin/Tie2 as a neuro-vascular signaling axis involved in regulating dendritic morphogenesis of Purkinje cells (PCs). We show that in the developing cerebellum Tie2 expression is not restricted to blood vessels, but it is also present in PCs. Its ligands angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) are expressed in neural cells and endothelial cells (ECs), respectively. PC-specific deletion of Tie2 results in reduced dendritic arborization, which is recapitulated in neural-specific Ang1-knockout and Ang2 full-knockout mice. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing reveals that Tie2-deficient PCs present alterations in gene expression of multiple genes involved in cytoskeleton organization, dendritic formation, growth, and branching. Functionally, mice with deletion of Tie2 in PCs present alterations in PC network functionality. Altogether, our data propose Ang/Tie2 signaling as a mediator of intercellular communication between neural cells, ECs, and PCs, required for proper PC dendritic morphogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luck
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andromachi Karakatsani
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bhavin Shah
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Geza Schermann
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Adler
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Janina Kupke
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Tisch
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hyun-Woo Jeong
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michaela Kerstin Back
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Hetsch
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna D'Errico
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), University of Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michele De Palma
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Wiedtke
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Bioquant Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Bioquant Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), University of Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jakob von Engelhardt
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Ruiz de Almodóvar
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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Abstract
Neurons develop dendritic morphologies that bear cell type-specific features in dendritic field size and geometry, branch placement and density, and the types and distributions of synaptic contacts. Dendritic patterns influence the types and numbers of inputs a neuron receives, and the ways in which neural information is processed and transmitted in the circuitry. Even subtle alterations in dendritic structures can have profound consequences on neuronal function and are implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. In this chapter, I review how growing dendrites acquire their exquisite patterns by drawing examples from diverse neuronal cell types in vertebrate and invertebrate model systems. Dendrite morphogenesis is shaped by intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as transcriptional regulators, guidance and adhesion molecules, neighboring cells and synaptic partners. I discuss molecular mechanisms that regulate dendrite morphogenesis with a focus on five aspects of dendrite patterning: (1) Dendritic cytoskeleton and cellular machineries that build the arbor; (2) Gene regulatory mechanisms; (3) Afferent cues that regulate dendritic arbor growth; (4) Space-filling strategies that optimize dendritic coverage; and (5) Molecular cues that specify dendrite wiring. Cell type-specific implementation of these patterning mechanisms produces the diversity of dendrite morphologies that wire the nervous system.
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Nourbakhsh K, Yadav S. Kinase Signaling in Dendritic Development and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:624648. [PMID: 33642997 PMCID: PMC7902504 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.624648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrites undergo extensive growth and remodeling during their lifetime. Specification of neurites into dendrites is followed by their arborization, maturation, and functional integration into synaptic networks. Each of these distinct developmental processes is spatially and temporally controlled in an exquisite fashion. Protein kinases through their highly specific substrate phosphorylation regulate dendritic growth and plasticity. Perturbation of kinase function results in aberrant dendritic growth and synaptic function. Not surprisingly, kinase dysfunction is strongly associated with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Herein, we review, (a) key kinase pathways that regulate dendrite structure, function and plasticity, (b) how aberrant kinase signaling contributes to dendritic dysfunction in neurological disorders and (c) emergent technologies that can be applied to dissect the role of protein kinases in dendritic structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Smita Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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11
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Fujishima K, Kurisu J, Yamada M, Kengaku M. βIII spectrin controls the planarity of Purkinje cell dendrites by modulating perpendicular axon-dendrite interactions. Development 2020; 147:226102. [PMID: 33234719 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the geometrical patterning of axon and dendrite wiring remains elusive, despite its crucial importance in the formation of functional neural circuits. The cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) arborizes a typical planar dendrite, which forms an orthogonal network with granule cell (GC) axons. By using electrospun nanofiber substrates, we reproduce the perpendicular contacts between PC dendrites and GC axons in culture. In the model system, PC dendrites show a preference to grow perpendicularly to aligned GC axons, which presumably contribute to the planar dendrite arborization in vivo We show that βIII spectrin, a causal protein for spinocerebellar ataxia type 5, is required for the biased growth of dendrites. βIII spectrin deficiency causes actin mislocalization and excessive microtubule invasion in dendritic protrusions, resulting in abnormally oriented branch formation. Furthermore, disease-associated mutations affect the ability of βIII spectrin to control dendrite orientation. These data indicate that βIII spectrin organizes the mouse dendritic cytoskeleton and thereby regulates the oriented growth of dendrites with respect to the afferent axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Fujishima
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junko Kurisu
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Midori Yamada
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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12
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The polymicrogyria-associated GPR56 promoter preferentially drives gene expression in developing GABAergic neurons in common marmosets. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21516. [PMID: 33299078 PMCID: PMC7726139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR56, a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family, is abundantly expressed in cells of the developing cerebral cortex, including neural progenitor cells and developing neurons. The human GPR56 gene has multiple presumptive promoters that drive the expression of the GPR56 protein in distinct patterns. Similar to coding mutations of the human GPR56 gene that may cause GPR56 dysfunction, a 15-bp homozygous deletion in the cis-regulatory element upstream of the noncoding exon 1 of GPR56 (e1m) leads to the cerebral cortex malformation and epilepsy. To clarify the expression profile of the e1m promoter-driven GPR56 in primate brain, we generated a transgenic marmoset line in which EGFP is expressed under the control of the human minimal e1m promoter. In contrast to the endogenous GPR56 protein, which is highly enriched in the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex, EGFP is mostly expressed in developing neurons in the transgenic fetal brain. Furthermore, EGFP is predominantly expressed in GABAergic neurons, whereas the total GPR56 protein is evenly expressed in both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, suggesting the GABAergic neuron-preferential activity of the minimal e1m promoter. These results indicate a possible pathogenic role for GABAergic neuron in the cerebral cortex of patients with GPR56 mutations.
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Hoersting AK, Schmucker D. Axonal branch patterning and neuronal shape diversity: roles in developmental circuit assembly: Axonal branch patterning and neuronal shape diversity in developmental circuit assembly. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:158-165. [PMID: 33232861 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in human genetics and single cell sequencing rapidly expands the list of molecular factors that offer important new contributions to our understanding of brain wiring. Yet many new molecular factors are being discovered that have never been studied in the context of neuronal circuit development. This is clearly asking for increased efforts to better understand the developmental mechanisms of circuit assembly [1]. Moreover, recent studies characterizing the developmental causes of some psychiatric diseases show impressive progress in reaching cellular resolution in their analysis. They provide concrete support emphasizing the importance of axonal branching and synapse formation as a hotspot for potential defects. Inspired by these new studies we will discuss progress but also challenges in understanding how neurite branching and neuronal shape diversity itself impacts on specificity of neuronal circuit assembly. We discuss the idea that neuronal shape acquisition itself is a key specificity factor in neuronal circuit assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dietmar Schmucker
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB Leuven, University Leuven, Belgium.
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Sun Z, Jiang Q, Li J, Guo J. The potent roles of salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) in metabolic homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:150. [PMID: 32788639 PMCID: PMC7423983 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) belong to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family, and functions mainly involve in regulating energy response-related physiological processes, such as gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism. However, compared with another well-established energy-response kinase AMPK, SIK roles in human diseases, especially in diabetes and tumorigenesis, are rarely investigated. Recently, the pilot roles of SIKs in tumorigenesis have begun to attract more attention due to the finding that the tumor suppressor role of LKB1 in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) is unexpectedly mediated by the SIK but not AMPK kinases. Thus, here we tend to comprehensively summarize the emerging upstream regulators, downstream substrates, mouse models, clinical relevance, and candidate inhibitors for SIKs, and shed light on SIKs as the potential therapeutic targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Sun
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.,Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Qiwei Jiang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
| | - Jianping Guo
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
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Refinement of Cerebellar Network Organization by Extracellular Signaling During Development. Neuroscience 2020; 462:44-55. [PMID: 32502568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum forms regular neural network structures consisting of a few major types of neurons, such as Purkinje cells, granule cells, and molecular layer interneurons, and receives two major inputs from climbing fibers and mossy fibers. Its regular structures consist of three well-defined layers, with each type of neuron designated to a specific location and forming specific synaptic connections. During the first few weeks of postnatal development in rodents, the cerebellum goes through dynamic changes via proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and maturation, to create such a network structure. The development of this organized network structure presumably relies on the communication between developing elements in the network, including not only individual neurons, but also their dendrites, axons, and synapses. Therefore, it is reasonable that extracellular signaling via synaptic transmission, secreted molecules, and cell adhesion molecules, plays important roles in cerebellar network development. Although it is not yet clear as to how overall cerebellar development is orchestrated, there is indeed accumulating lines of evidence that extracellular signaling acts toward the development of individual elements in the cerebellar networks. In this article, we introduce what we have learned from many studies regarding the extracellular signaling required for cerebellar network development, including our recent study suggesting the importance of unbiased synaptic inputs from parallel fibers.
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Li J, Cai C, Li J, Li J, Li J, Sun T, Wang L, Wu H, Yu G. Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery. Molecules 2018; 23:E2661. [PMID: 30332830 PMCID: PMC6222903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses different forms of nanomaterials generated from chitosan and its derivatives for controlled drug delivery. Nanomaterials are drug carriers with multiple features, including target delivery triggered by environmental, pH, thermal responses, enhanced biocompatibility, and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Chitosan (CS), a natural polysaccharide largely obtained from marine crustaceans, is a promising drug delivery vector for therapeutics and diagnostics, owing to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and structural variability. This review describes various approaches to obtain novel CS derivatives, including their distinct advantages, as well as different forms of nanomaterials recently developed from CS. The advanced applications of CS-based nanomaterials are presented here in terms of their specific functions. Recent studies have proven that nanotechnology combined with CS and its derivatives could potentially circumvent obstacles in the transport of drugs thereby improving the drug efficacy. CS-based nanomaterials have been shown to be highly effective in targeted drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jiarui Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Tiantian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Lihao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Haotian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Kuwako KI, Okano H. Versatile Roles of LKB1 Kinase Signaling in Neural Development and Homeostasis. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:354. [PMID: 30333724 PMCID: PMC6176002 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinase signaling pathways orchestrate a majority of cellular structures and functions across species. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1, also known as STK11 or Par-4) is a ubiquitously expressed master serine/threonine kinase that plays crucial roles in numerous cellular events, such as polarity control, proliferation, differentiation and energy homeostasis, in many types of cells by activating downstream kinases of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) subfamily members. In contrast to the accumulating evidence for LKB1 functions in nonneuronal tissues, its functions in the nervous system have been relatively less understood until recently. In the brain, LKB1 initially emerged as a principal regulator of axon/dendrite polarity in forebrain neurons. Thereafter, recent investigations have rapidly uncovered diverse and essential functions of LKB1 in the developing and mature nervous system, such as migration, neurite morphogenesis, myelination and the maintenance of neural integrity, demonstrating that LKB1 is also a multifunctional master kinase in the nervous system. In this review article, we summarize the expanding knowledge about the functional aspects of LKB1 signaling in neural development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Kuwako
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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