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Zhang Z, Wang Z, Liu T, Tang J, Liu Y, Gou T, Chen K, Wang L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Zhang H. Exploring the role of ITGB6: fibrosis, cancer, and other diseases. Apoptosis 2024; 29:570-585. [PMID: 38127283 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Integrin β6 (ITGB6), a member of the integrin family of proteins, is only present in epithelial tissues and frequently associates with integrin subunit αv to form transmembrane heterodimers named integrin αvβ6. Importantly, ITGB6 determines αvβ6 expression and availability. In addition to being engaged in organ fibrosis, ITGB6 is also directly linked to the emergence of cancer, periodontitis, and several potential genetic diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the molecular-biological mechanism of ITGB6, which could provide novel insights for future clinical diagnosis and therapy. This review introduces the structure, distribution, and biological function of ITGB6. This review also expounds on ITGB6-related diseases, detailing the known biological effects of ITGB6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Central Theater Command General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 627 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jiayou Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Tiantian Gou
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Kangli Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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2
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Ferrai C, Schulte C. Mechanotransduction in stem cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151417. [PMID: 38729084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it is an established concept that the capability to reach a specialised cell identity via differentiation, as in the case of multi- and pluripotent stem cells, is not only determined by biochemical factors, but that also physical aspects of the microenvironment play a key role; interpreted by the cell through a force-based signalling pathway called mechanotransduction. However, the intricate ties between the elements involved in mechanotransduction, such as the extracellular matrix, the glycocalyx, the cell membrane, Integrin adhesion complexes, Cadherin-mediated cell/cell adhesion, the cytoskeleton, and the nucleus, are still far from being understood in detail. Here we report what is currently known about these elements in general and their specific interplay in the context of multi- and pluripotent stem cells. We furthermore merge this overview to a more comprehensive picture, that aims to cover the whole mechanotransductive pathway from the cell/microenvironment interface to the regulation of the chromatin structure in the nucleus. Ultimately, with this review we outline the current picture of the interplay between mechanotransductive cues and epigenetic regulation and how these processes might contribute to stem cell dynamics and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Ferrai
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Carsten Schulte
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences and Department of Physics "Aldo Pontremoli", University of Milan, Italy.
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3
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Indana D, Zakharov A, Lim Y, Dunn AR, Bhutani N, Shenoy VB, Chaudhuri O. Lumen expansion is initially driven by apical actin polymerization followed by osmotic pressure in a human epiblast model. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:640-656.e8. [PMID: 38701758 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Post-implantation, the pluripotent epiblast in a human embryo forms a central lumen, paving the way for gastrulation. Osmotic pressure gradients are considered the drivers of lumen expansion across development, but their role in human epiblasts is unknown. Here, we study lumenogenesis in a pluripotent-stem-cell-based epiblast model using engineered hydrogels. We find that leaky junctions prevent osmotic pressure gradients in early epiblasts and, instead, forces from apical actin polymerization drive lumen expansion. Once the lumen reaches a radius of ∼12 μm, tight junctions mature, and osmotic pressure gradients develop to drive further growth. Computational modeling indicates that apical actin polymerization into a stiff network mediates initial lumen expansion and predicts a transition to pressure-driven growth in larger epiblasts to avoid buckling. Human epiblasts show transcriptional signatures consistent with these mechanisms. Thus, actin polymerization drives lumen expansion in the human epiblast and may serve as a general mechanism of early lumenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Indana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrei Zakharov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Youngbin Lim
- Cell Sciences Imaging Facility (CSIF), Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nidhi Bhutani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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4
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Huang Y, Sun M, Lu Z, Zhong Q, Tan M, Wei Q, Zheng L. Role of integrin β1 and tenascin C mediate TGF-SMAD2/3 signaling in chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs induced by type I collagen hydrogel. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae017. [PMID: 38525326 PMCID: PMC10960929 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cartilage defects may lead to severe degenerative joint diseases. Tissue engineering based on type I collagen hydrogel that has chondrogenic potential is ideal for cartilage repair. However, the underlying mechanisms of chondrogenic differentiation driven by type I collagen hydrogel have not been fully clarified. Herein, we explored potential collagen receptors and chondrogenic signaling pathways through bioinformatical analysis to investigate the mechanism of collagen-induced chondrogenesis. Results showed that the super enhancer-related genes induced by collagen hydrogel were significantly enriched in the TGF-β signaling pathway, and integrin-β1 (ITGB1), a receptor of collagen, was highly expressed in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Further analysis showed genes such as COL2A1 and Tenascin C (TNC) that interacted with ITGB1 were significantly enriched in extracellular matrix (ECM) structural constituents in the chondrogenic induction group. Knockdown of ITGB1 led to the downregulation of cartilage-specific genes (SOX9, ACAN, COL2A1), SMAD2 and TNC, as well as the downregulation of phosphorylation of SMAD2/3. Knockdown of TNC also resulted in the decrease of cartilage markers, ITGB1 and the SMAD2/3 phosphorylation but overexpression of TNC showed the opposite trend. Finally, in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed the involvement of ITGB1 and TNC in collagen-mediated chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage regeneration. In summary, we demonstrated that ITGB1 was a crucial receptor for chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs induced by collagen hydrogel. It can activate TGF-SMAD2/3 signaling, followed by impacting TNC expression, which in turn promotes the interaction of ITGB1 and TGF-SMAD2/3 signaling to enhance chondrogenesis. These may provide concernful support for cartilage tissue engineering and biomaterials development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Huang
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qiuling Zhong
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Manli Tan
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qingjun Wei
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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5
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Wei Y, Zhang E, Yu L, Ci B, Sakurai M, Guo L, Zhang X, Lin S, Takii S, Liu L, Liu J, Schmitz DA, Su T, Zhang J, Shen Q, Ding Y, Zhan L, Sun HX, Zheng C, Xu L, Okamura D, Ji W, Tan T, Wu J. Dissecting embryonic and extraembryonic lineage crosstalk with stem cell co-culture. Cell 2023; 186:5859-5875.e24. [PMID: 38052213 PMCID: PMC10916932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis necessitates harmonious coordination between embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. Although stem cells of both embryonic and extraembryonic origins have been generated, they are grown in different culture conditions. In this study, utilizing a unified culture condition that activates the FGF, TGF-β, and WNT pathways, we have successfully derived embryonic stem cells (FTW-ESCs), extraembryonic endoderm stem cells (FTW-XENs), and trophoblast stem cells (FTW-TSCs) from the three foundational tissues of mouse and cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) blastocysts. This approach facilitates the co-culture of embryonic and extraembryonic stem cells, revealing a growth inhibition effect exerted by extraembryonic endoderm cells on pluripotent cells, partially through extracellular matrix signaling. Additionally, our cross-species analysis identified both shared and unique transcription factors and pathways regulating FTW-XENs. The embryonic and extraembryonic stem cell co-culture strategy offers promising avenues for developing more faithful embryo models and devising more developmentally pertinent differentiation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - E Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Leqian Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baiquan Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Masahiro Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sirui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shino Takii
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Lizhong Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Daniel A Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ting Su
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Junmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiaoyan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Linfeng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | | | - Canbin Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daiji Okamura
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Weizhi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Tao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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6
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Kohler TN, De Jonghe J, Ellermann AL, Yanagida A, Herger M, Slatery EM, Weberling A, Munger C, Fischer K, Mulas C, Winkel A, Ross C, Bergmann S, Franze K, Chalut K, Nichols J, Boroviak TE, Hollfelder F. Plakoglobin is a mechanoresponsive regulator of naive pluripotency. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4022. [PMID: 37419903 PMCID: PMC10329048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical cues are instrumental in guiding embryonic development and cell differentiation. Understanding how these physical stimuli translate into transcriptional programs will provide insight into mechanisms underlying mammalian pre-implantation development. Here, we explore this type of regulation by exerting microenvironmental control over mouse embryonic stem cells. Microfluidic encapsulation of mouse embryonic stem cells in agarose microgels stabilizes the naive pluripotency network and specifically induces expression of Plakoglobin (Jup), a vertebrate homolog of β-catenin. Overexpression of Plakoglobin is sufficient to fully re-establish the naive pluripotency gene regulatory network under metastable pluripotency conditions, as confirmed by single-cell transcriptome profiling. Finally, we find that, in the epiblast, Plakoglobin was exclusively expressed at the blastocyst stage in human and mouse embryos - further strengthening the link between Plakoglobin and naive pluripotency in vivo. Our work reveals Plakoglobin as a mechanosensitive regulator of naive pluripotency and provides a paradigm to interrogate the effects of volumetric confinement on cell-fate transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo N Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Joachim De Jonghe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Anna L Ellermann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Ayaka Yanagida
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Michael Herger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Erin M Slatery
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Antonia Weberling
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Clara Munger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Katrin Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Carla Mulas
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Altos Labs, Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex Winkel
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Connor Ross
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sophie Bergmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kevin Chalut
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Altos Labs, Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Thorsten E Boroviak
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
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7
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Corujo-Simon E, Radley AH, Nichols J. Evidence implicating sequential commitment of the founder lineages in the human blastocyst by order of hypoblast gene activation. Development 2023; 150:dev201522. [PMID: 37102672 PMCID: PMC10233721 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Successful human pregnancy depends upon rapid establishment of three founder lineages: the trophectoderm, epiblast and hypoblast, which together form the blastocyst. Each plays an essential role in preparing the embryo for implantation and subsequent development. Several models have been proposed to define the lineage segregation. One suggests that all lineages specify simultaneously; another favours the differentiation of the trophectoderm before separation of the epiblast and hypoblast, either via differentiation of the hypoblast from the established epiblast, or production of both tissues from the inner cell mass precursor. To begin to resolve this discrepancy and thereby understand the sequential process for production of viable human embryos, we investigated the expression order of genes associated with emergence of hypoblast. Based upon published data and immunofluorescence analysis for candidate genes, we present a basic blueprint for human hypoblast differentiation, lending support to the proposed model of sequential segregation of the founder lineages of the human blastocyst. The first characterised marker, specific initially to the early inner cell mass, and subsequently identifying presumptive hypoblast, is PDGFRA, followed by SOX17, FOXA2 and GATA4 in sequence as the hypoblast becomes committed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Corujo-Simon
- Wellcome Trust – MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Arthur H. Radley
- Wellcome Trust – MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust – MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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8
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Ozguldez HO, Govindasamy N, Fan R, Long H, Mildner K, Zeuschner D, Trappmann B, Ranga A, Bedzhov I. Polarity inversion reorganizes the stem cell compartment of the trophoblast lineage. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112313. [PMID: 36989113 PMCID: PMC10157138 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The extra-embryonic tissues that form the placenta originate from a small population of trophectoderm cells with stem cell properties, positioned at the embryonic pole of the mouse blastocyst. During the implantation stages, the polar trophectoderm rapidly proliferates and transforms into extra-embryonic ectoderm. The current model of trophoblast morphogenesis suggests that tissue folding reshapes the trophoblast during the blastocyst to egg cylinder transition. Instead of through folding, here we found that the tissue scale architecture of the stem cell compartment of the trophoblast lineage is reorganized via inversion of the epithelial polarity axis. Our findings show the developmental significance of polarity inversion and provide a framework for the morphogenetic transitions in the peri-implantation trophoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice O Ozguldez
- Embryonic Self-Organization Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Niraimathi Govindasamy
- Embryonic Self-Organization Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rui Fan
- Embryonic Self-Organization Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hongyan Long
- Bioactive Materials Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Karina Mildner
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Britta Trappmann
- Bioactive Materials Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Adrian Ranga
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivan Bedzhov
- Embryonic Self-Organization Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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9
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Xu C, Zhang C, Liu Y, Ma H, Wu F, Jia Y, Hu J. Amniogenesis in Human Amniotic Sac Embryoids after Exposures to Organophosphate Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:47007. [PMID: 37027338 PMCID: PMC10081692 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amniogenesis is a key event in biochemical pregnancy, and its failure may result in human embryonic death. However, whether and how environmental chemicals affect amniogenesis remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to screen chemicals that may disrupt amniogenesis in an amniotic sac embryoid model and to investigate the potential mechanism of amniogenesis failure, with a focus on organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). METHODS This study developed a high-throughput toxicity screening assay based on transcriptional activity of octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4). For the two positive OPFR hits with the strongest inhibitory activity, we used time-lapse and phase-contrast imaging to assess their effects on amniogenesis. Associated pathways were explored by RNA-sequencing and western blotting, and potential binding target protein was identified through a competitive binding experiment. RESULTS Eight positive hits exhibiting Oct4 expression were identified, with 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) and isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDPP) showing the strongest inhibitory activity. EHDPP and IDDPP were found to disrupt the rosette-like structure of the amniotic sac or inhibit its development. Functional markers of squamous amniotic ectoderm and inner cell mass were also found disrupted in the EHDPP- and IDDPP-exposed embryoids. Mechanistically, embryoids exposed to each chemical exhibited abnormal accumulation of phosphorylated nonmuscle myosin (p-MLC-II) and were able to bind to integrin β1 (ITGβ1). CONCLUSION The amniotic sac embryoid models suggested that OPFRs disrupted amniogenesis likely by inhibiting the ITGβ1 pathway, thus providing direct in vitro evidence associating OPFRs with biochemical miscarriage. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11958.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenke Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenhao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haojia Ma
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Feifan Wu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingting Jia
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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10
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Wei Y, Zhang E, Yu L, Ci B, Guo L, Sakurai M, Takii S, Liu J, Schmitz DA, Ding Y, Zhan L, Zheng C, Sun HX, Xu L, Okamura D, Ji W, Tan T, Wu J. Dissecting embryonic and extra-embryonic lineage crosstalk with stem cell co-culture. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.07.531525. [PMID: 36945498 PMCID: PMC10028955 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.07.531525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Faithful embryogenesis requires precise coordination between embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. Although stem cells from embryonic and extraembryonic origins have been generated for several mammalian species(Bogliotti et al., 2018; Choi et al., 2019; Cui et al., 2019; Evans and Kaufman, 1981; Kunath et al., 2005; Li et al., 2008; Martin, 1981; Okae et al., 2018; Tanaka et al., 1998; Thomson et al., 1998; Vandevoort et al., 2007; Vilarino et al., 2020; Yu et al., 2021b; Zhong et al., 2018), they are grown in different culture conditions with diverse media composition, which makes it difficult to study cross-lineage communication. Here, by using the same culture condition that activates FGF, TGF-β and WNT signaling pathways, we derived stable embryonic stem cells (ESCs), extraembryonic endoderm stem cells (XENs) and trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) from all three founding tissues of mouse and cynomolgus monkey blastocysts. This allowed us to establish embryonic and extraembryonic stem cell co-cultures to dissect lineage crosstalk during early mammalian development. Co-cultures of ESCs and XENs uncovered a conserved and previously unrecognized growth inhibition of pluripotent cells by extraembryonic endoderm cells, which is in part mediated through extracellular matrix signaling. Our study unveils a more universal state of stem cell self-renewal stabilized by activation, as opposed to inhibition, of developmental signaling pathways. The embryonic and extraembryonic stem cell co-culture strategy developed here will open new avenues for creating more faithful embryo models and developing more developmentally relevant differentiation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - E Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Leqian Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- The State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baiquan Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Masahiro Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shino Takii
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Daniel A. Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Linfeng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Canbin Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Lin Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Daiji Okamura
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Weizhi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Tao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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11
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Crellin HA, Buckley CE. Using Optogenetics to Investigate the Shared Mechanisms of Apical-Basal Polarity and Mitosis. Cells Tissues Organs 2023; 213:161-180. [PMID: 36599311 DOI: 10.1159/000528796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of apical-basal (AB) polarity and the process of mitotic cell division are both characterised by the generation of specialised plasma membrane and cortical domains. These are generated using shared mechanisms, such as asymmetric protein accumulation, Rho GTPase signalling, cytoskeletal reorganisation, vesicle trafficking, and asymmetric phosphoinositide distribution. In epithelial tissue, the coordination of AB polarity and mitosis in space and time is important both during initial epithelial development and to maintain tissue integrity and ensure appropriate cell differentiation at later stages. Whilst significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying cell division and AB polarity, it has so far been challenging to fully unpick the complex interrelationship between polarity, signalling, morphogenesis, and cell division. However, the recent emergence of optogenetic protein localisation techniques is now allowing researchers to reversibly control protein activation, localisation, and signalling with high spatiotemporal resolution. This has the potential to revolutionise our understanding of how subcellular processes such as AB polarity are integrated with cell behaviours such as mitosis and how these processes impact whole tissue morphogenesis. So far, these techniques have been used to investigate processes such as cleavage furrow ingression, mitotic spindle positioning, and in vivo epithelial morphogenesis. This review describes some of the key shared mechanisms of cell division and AB polarity establishment, how they are coordinated during development and how the advance of optogenetic techniques is furthering this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena A Crellin
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare E Buckley
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Liang X, Weberling A, Hii CY, Zernicka‐Goetz M, Buckley CE. E-cadherin mediates apical membrane initiation site localisation during de novo polarisation of epithelial cavities. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111021. [PMID: 35993232 PMCID: PMC9753465 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual cells within de novo polarising tubes and cavities must integrate their forming apical domains into a centralised apical membrane initiation site (AMIS). This is necessary to enable organised lumen formation within multi-cellular tissue. Despite the well-documented importance of cell division in localising the AMIS, we have found a division-independent mechanism of AMIS localisation that relies instead on Cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Our study of de novo polarising mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) cultured in 3D suggests that cell-cell adhesion localises apical proteins such as PAR-6 to a centralised AMIS. Unexpectedly, we also found that mESC clusters lacking functional E-cadherin still formed a lumen-like cavity in the absence of AMIS localisation but did so at a later stage of development via a "closure" mechanism, instead of via hollowing. This work suggests that there are two, interrelated mechanisms of apical polarity localisation: cell adhesion and cell division. Alignment of these mechanisms in space allows for redundancy in the system and ensures the development of a coherent epithelial structure within a growing organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liang
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Antonia Weberling
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Chun Yuan Hii
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka‐Goetz
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Clare E Buckley
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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13
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Cesare E, Urciuolo A, Stuart HT, Torchio E, Gesualdo A, Laterza C, Gagliano O, Martewicz S, Cui M, Manfredi A, Di Filippo L, Sabatelli P, Squarzoni S, Zorzan I, Betto RM, Martello G, Cacchiarelli D, Luni C, Elvassore N. 3D ECM-rich environment sustains the identity of naive human iPSCs. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1703-1717.e7. [PMID: 36459970 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of in vitro naive human pluripotent stem cell cultures opened new perspectives for the study of early events in human development. The role of several transcription factors and signaling pathways have been characterized during maintenance of human naive pluripotency. However, little is known about the role exerted by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its three-dimensional (3D) organization. Here, using an unbiased and integrated approach combining microfluidic cultures with transcriptional, proteomic, and secretome analyses, we found that naive, but not primed, hiPSC colonies are characterized by a self-organized ECM-rich microenvironment. Based on this, we developed a 3D culture system that supports robust long-term feeder-free self-renewal of naive hiPSCs and also allows direct and timely developmental morphogenesis simply by modulating the signaling environment. Our study opens new perspectives for future applications of naive hiPSCs to study critical stages of human development in 3D starting from a single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cesare
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Anna Urciuolo
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Institute of Pediatric Research IRP, Corso Stati Uniti, Padova 35127, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Hannah T Stuart
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Torchio
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Alessia Gesualdo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Cecilia Laterza
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Onelia Gagliano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Sebastian Martewicz
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Meihua Cui
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Anna Manfredi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy; Next Generation Diagnostic srl, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Lucio Di Filippo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy; Next Generation Diagnostic srl, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sabatelli
- CNR - Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Squarzoni
- CNR - Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Zorzan
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Riccardo M Betto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Graziano Martello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Davide Cacchiarelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine Program, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Camilla Luni
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, Bologna 40131, Italy
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 6/a Via Gradenigo, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 2 Via Orus, Padova 35131, Italy; University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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14
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Kim YS, Bedzhov I. Mechanisms of formation and functions of the early embryonic cavities. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 131:110-116. [PMID: 35513973 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the early mouse embryo develops, fundamental steps include the sequential formation of the first lumens in the murine conceptus. The first cavity established in the pre-implantation embryo is the blastocoel, followed by the emergence of the proamniotic cavity during the peri-implantation stages. The mouse embryo is a dynamic system which switches its modes of lumenogenesis before and after implantation. The blastocoel emerges in between the basolateral membranes, whereas the proamniotic cavity is formed on the apical interface. Defects in the sculpting of these luminal spaces are associated with developmental abnormalities and embryonic lethality. Here, we review the mechanisms by which these early embryonic cavities are formed and discuss the cavities in terms of their common and stage-specific principles of lumenogenesis and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Su Kim
- Embryonic Self-Organization Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan Bedzhov
- Embryonic Self-Organization Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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15
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Bao M, Cornwall-Scoones J, Sanchez-Vasquez E, Cox AL, Chen DY, De Jonghe J, Shadkhoo S, Hollfelder F, Thomson M, Glover DM, Zernicka-Goetz M. Stem cell-derived synthetic embryos self-assemble by exploiting cadherin codes and cortical tension. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1341-1349. [PMID: 36100738 PMCID: PMC9481465 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian embryos sequentially differentiate into trophectoderm and an inner cell mass, the latter of which differentiates into primitive endoderm and epiblast. Trophoblast stem (TS), extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) and embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from these three lineages can self-assemble into synthetic embryos, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that a stem cell-specific cadherin code drives synthetic embryogenesis. The XEN cell cadherin code enables XEN cell sorting into a layer below ES cells, recapitulating the sorting of epiblast and primitive endoderm before implantation. The TS cell cadherin code enables TS cell sorting above ES cells, resembling extraembryonic ectoderm clustering above epiblast following implantation. Whereas differential cadherin expression drives initial cell sorting, cortical tension consolidates tissue organization. By optimizing cadherin code expression in different stem cell lines, we tripled the frequency of correctly formed synthetic embryos. Thus, by exploiting cadherin codes from different stages of development, lineage-specific stem cells bypass the preimplantation structure to directly assemble a postimplantation embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Bao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jake Cornwall-Scoones
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Estefania Sanchez-Vasquez
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andy L Cox
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dong-Yuan Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joachim De Jonghe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shahriar Shadkhoo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Matt Thomson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David M Glover
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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16
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Rap1 controls epiblast morphogenesis in sync with the pluripotency states transition. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1937-1956.e8. [PMID: 35998584 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The complex architecture of the murine fetus originates from a simple ball of pluripotent epiblast cells, which initiate morphogenesis upon implantation. In turn, this establishes an intermediate state of tissue-scale organization of the embryonic lineage in the form of an epithelial monolayer, where patterning signals delineate the body plan. However, how this major morphogenetic process is orchestrated on a cellular level and synchronized with the developmental progression of the epiblast is still obscure. Here, we identified that the small GTPase Rap1 plays a critical role in reshaping the pluripotent lineage. We found that Rap1 activity is controlled via Oct4/Esrrb input and is required for the transmission of polarization cues, which enables the de novo epithelialization and formation of tricellular junctions in the epiblast. Thus, Rap1 acts as a molecular switch that coordinates the morphogenetic program in the embryonic lineage, in sync with the cellular states of pluripotency.
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17
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Apical-basal polarity and the control of epithelial form and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:559-577. [PMID: 35440694 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are the most common cell type in all animals, forming the sheets and tubes that compose most organs and tissues. Apical-basal polarity is essential for epithelial cell form and function, as it determines the localization of the adhesion molecules that hold the cells together laterally and the occluding junctions that act as barriers to paracellular diffusion. Polarity must also target the secretion of specific cargoes to the apical, lateral or basal membranes and organize the cytoskeleton and internal architecture of the cell. Apical-basal polarity in many cells is established by conserved polarity factors that define the apical (Crumbs, Stardust/PALS1, aPKC, PAR-6 and CDC42), junctional (PAR-3) and lateral (Scribble, DLG, LGL, Yurt and RhoGAP19D) domains, although recent evidence indicates that not all epithelia polarize by the same mechanism. Research has begun to reveal the dynamic interactions between polarity factors and how they contribute to polarity establishment and maintenance. Elucidating these mechanisms is essential to better understand the roles of apical-basal polarity in morphogenesis and how defects in polarity contribute to diseases such as cancer.
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18
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Aloisio FM, Barber DL. Arp2/3 complex activity is necessary for mouse ESC differentiation, times formative pluripotency, and enables lineage specification. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1318-1333. [PMID: 35658973 PMCID: PMC9214060 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), a model for differentiation into primed epiblast-like cells (EpiLCs), have revealed transcriptional and epigenetic control of early embryonic development. The control and significance of morphological changes, however, remain less defined. We show marked changes in morphology and actin architectures during differentiation that depend on Arp2/3 complex but not formin activity. Inhibiting Arp2/3 complex activity pharmacologically or genetically does not block exit from naive pluripotency, but attenuates increases in EpiLC markers. We find that inhibiting Arp2/3 complex activity delays formative pluripotency and causes globally defective lineage specification as indicated by RNA sequencing, with significant effects on TBX3-depedendent transcriptional programs. We also identify two previously unreported indicators of mESC differentiation, namely, MRTF and FHL2, which have inverse Arp2/3 complex-dependent nuclear translocation. Our findings on Arp2/3 complex activity in differentiation and the established role of formins in EMT indicate that these two actin nucleators regulate distinct modes of epithelial plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Aloisio
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, Box 0512, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Diane L Barber
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, Box 0512, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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19
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Valencia-Expósito A, Gómez-Lamarca MJ, Widmann TJ, Martín-Bermudo MD. Integrins Cooperate With the EGFR/Ras Pathway to Preserve Epithelia Survival and Architecture in Development and Oncogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892691. [PMID: 35769262 PMCID: PMC9234701 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is required for normal epithelial cell survival. Disruption of this interaction leads to a specific type of apoptosis known as anoikis. Yet, there are physiological and pathological situations in which cells not connected to the ECM are protected from anoikis, such as during cell migration or metastasis. The main receptors transmitting signals from the ECM are members of the integrin family. However, although integrin-mediated cell-ECM anchorage has been long recognized as crucial for epithelial cell survival, the in vivo significance of this interaction remains to be weighed. In this work, we have used the Drosophila wing imaginal disc epithelium to analyze the importance of integrins as survival factors during epithelia morphogenesis. We show that reducing integrin expression in the wing disc induces caspase-dependent cell death and basal extrusion of the dead cells. In this case, anoikis is mediated by the activation of the JNK pathway, which in turn triggers expression of the proapoptotic protein Hid. In addition, our results strongly suggest that, during wing disc morphogenesis, the EGFR pathway protects cells undergoing cell shape changes upon ECM detachment from anoikis. Furthermore, we show that oncogenic activation of the EGFR/Ras pathway in integrin mutant cells rescues them from apoptosis while promoting their extrusion from the epithelium. Altogether, our results support the idea that integrins promote cell survival during normal tissue morphogenesis and prevent the extrusion of transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Jesús Gómez-Lamarca
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - María D. Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- *Correspondence: María D. Martín-Bermudo,
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Halimi R, Levin-Zaidman S, Levin-Salomon V, Bialik S, Kimchi A. Epiblast fragmentation by shedding—a novel mechanism to eliminate cells in post-implantation mouse embryos. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1255-1266. [DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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21
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Qin L, He T, Yang D, Wang Y, Li Z, Yan Q, Zhang P, Chen Z, Lin S, Gao H, Yao Q, Xu Z, Tang B, Yi W, Xiao G. Osteocyte β1 integrin loss causes low bone mass and impairs bone mechanotransduction in mice. J Orthop Translat 2022; 34:60-72. [PMID: 35615639 PMCID: PMC9119859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The key focal adhesion protein β1 integrin plays an essential role in early skeletal development. However, roles of β1 integrin expression in osteocytes during the regulation of bone homeostasis and mechanotransduction are incompletely understood. Materials and methods To study the in vivo function of osteocyte β1 integrin in bone, we utilized the 10-kb Dmp1 (Dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1)-Cre to generate mice with β1 integrin deletion in this cell type. Micro-computerized tomography, bone histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the effects of osteocyte β1 integrin loss on bone mass accrual and biomechanical properties. In vivo tibial loading model was applied to study the possible involvement of osteocyte β1 integrin in bone mechanotransduction. Results Loss of β1 integrin expression in osteocytes resulted in a severe low bone mass and impaired biomechanical properties in load-bearing long bones and spines, but not in non-weight-bearing calvariae, in mice. The loss of β1 integrin led to enlarged size of lacunar-canalicular system, abnormal cell morphology, and disorientated nuclei in osteocytes. Furthermore, β1 integrin loss caused shortening and disorientated collagen I fibers in long bones. Osteocyte β1 integrin loss did not impact the osteoclast activities, but significantly reduced the osteoblast bone formation rate and, in the meantime, enhanced the adipogenic differentiation of the bone marrow stromal cells in the bone microenvironment. In addition, tibial loading failed to accelerate the anabolic bone formation and improve collagen I fiber integrity in mutant mice. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate an essential role of osteocyte β1 integrin in regulating bone homeostasis and mechanotransduction. The transnational potential of this article: This study reveals the regulatory roles of osteocyte β1 integrin in vivo for the maintenance of bone mass accrual, biomechanical properties, extracellular matrix integrity as well as bone mechanobiology, which defines β1 integrin a potential therapeutic target for skeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis.
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22
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Changes in the Mitochondria-Related Nuclear Gene Expression Profile during Human Oocyte Maturation by the IVM Technique. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020297. [PMID: 35053413 PMCID: PMC8774259 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To address which mitochondria-related nuclear differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and related pathways are altered during human oocyte maturation, single-cell analysis was performed in three oocyte states: in vivo matured (M-IVO), in vitro matured (M-IVT), and failed to mature in vitro (IM-IVT). There were 691 DEGs and 16 mitochondria-related DEGs in the comparison of M-IVT vs. IM-IVT oocytes, and 2281 DEGs and 160 mitochondria-related DEGs in the comparison of M-IVT vs. M-IVO oocytes, respectively. The GO and KEGG analyses showed that most of them were involved in pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate metabolism, peroxisome, and amino acid metabolism, i.e., valine, leucine, isoleucine, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism or degradation. During the progress of oocyte maturation, the metabolic pathway, which derives the main source of ATP, shifted from glucose metabolism to pyruvate and fatty acid oxidation in order to maintain a low level of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Although the immature oocytes could be cultured to a mature stage by an in vitro technique (IVM), there were still some differences in mitochondria-related regulations, which showed that the mitochondria were regulated by nuclear genes to compensate for their developmental needs. Meanwhile, the results indicated that the current IVM culture medium should be optimized to compensate for the special need for further development according to this disclosure, as it was a latent strategy to improve the effectiveness of the IVM procedure.
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Pera MF, Rossant J. The exploration of pluripotency space: Charting cell state transitions in peri-implantation development. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1896-1906. [PMID: 34672948 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells in the mammalian embryo undergo state transitions marked by changes in patterns of gene expression and developmental potential as they progress from pre-implantation through post-implantation stages of development. Recent studies of cultured mouse and human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have identified cells representative of an intermediate stage (referred to as the formative state) between naive pluripotency (equivalent to pre-implantation epiblast) and primed pluripotency (equivalent to late post-implantation epiblast). We examine these recent findings in light of our knowledge of peri-implantation mouse and human development, and we consider the implications of this work for deriving human embryo models from pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet Rossant
- The Hospital for Sick Children and the Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Gairdner Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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24
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Torres-Sánchez A, Winter MK, Salbreux G. Tissue hydraulics: Physics of lumen formation and interaction. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203724. [PMID: 34339904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lumen formation plays an essential role in the morphogenesis of tissues during development. Here we review the physical principles that play a role in the growth and coarsening of lumens. Solute pumping by the cell, hydraulic flows driven by differences of osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, balance of forces between extracellular fluids and cell-generated cytoskeletal forces, and electro-osmotic effects have been implicated in determining the dynamics and steady-state of lumens. We use the framework of linear irreversible thermodynamics to discuss the relevant force, time and length scales involved in these processes. We focus on order of magnitude estimates of physical parameters controlling lumen formation and coarsening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Kerr Winter
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom; University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1205 Genève, Switzerland.
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