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Wade KJ, Tisa S, Barrington C, Henriksen JC, Crooks KR, Gignoux CR, Almand AT, Steel JJ, Sitko JC, Rohrer JW, Wickert DP, Almand EA, Pollock DD, Rissland OS. Phylodynamics of a regional SARS-CoV-2 rapid spreading event in Colorado in late 2020. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274050. [PMID: 36194597 PMCID: PMC9531818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the initial reported discovery of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, genomic surveillance has been an important tool to understand its transmission and evolution. Here, we sought to describe the underlying regional phylodynamics before and during a rapid spreading event that was documented by surveillance protocols of the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) in late October-November of 2020. We used replicate long-read sequencing on Colorado SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected July through November 2020 at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical campus in Aurora and the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs. Replicate sequencing allowed rigorous validation of variation and placement in a phylogenetic relatedness network. We focus on describing the phylodynamics of a lineage that likely originated in the local Colorado Springs community and expanded rapidly over the course of two months in an outbreak within the well-controlled environment of the United States Air Force Academy. Divergence estimates from sampling dates indicate that the SARS-CoV-2 lineage associated with this rapid expansion event originated in late October 2020. These results are in agreement with transmission pathways inferred by the United States Air Force Academy, and provide a window into the evolutionary process and transmission dynamics of a potentially dangerous but ultimately contained variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J. Wade
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Samantha Tisa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Chloe Barrington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jesslyn C. Henriksen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kristy R. Crooks
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Gignoux
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Austin T. Almand
- Department of Biology, United States Air Force, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States of America
| | - J. Jordan Steel
- Department of Biology, United States Air Force, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John C. Sitko
- Department of Biology, United States Air Force, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joseph W. Rohrer
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Douglas P. Wickert
- Department of Biology, United States Air Force, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erin A. Almand
- Department of Biology, United States Air Force, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David D. Pollock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Olivia S. Rissland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Norouzi M, Norouzi S, Ruggiero A, Khan MS, Myers S, Kavanagh K, Vemuri R. Type-2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19 Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1211. [PMID: 34205044 PMCID: PMC8229474 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has generated a notable challenge for diabetic patients. Overall, people with diabetes have a higher risk of developing different infectious diseases and demonstrate increased mortality. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant risk factor for COVID-19 progression and its severity, poor prognosis, and increased mortality. How diabetes contributes to COVID-19 severity is unclear; however, it may be correlated with the effects of hyperglycemia on systemic inflammatory responses and immune system dysfunction. Using the envelope spike glycoprotein SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, a key protein expressed in metabolic organs and tissues such as pancreatic islets. Therefore, it has been suggested that diabetic patients are more susceptible to severe SARS-CoV-2 infections, as glucose metabolism impairments complicate the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease in these patients. In this review, we provide insight into the COVID-19 disease complications relevant to diabetes and try to focus on the present data and growing concepts surrounding SARS-CoV-2 infections in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Norouzi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61355, Iran;
| | - Shaghayegh Norouzi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Alistaire Ruggiero
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (A.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Mohammad S. Khan
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Stephen Myers
- College of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (A.R.); (K.K.)
- College of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
| | - Ravichandra Vemuri
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (A.R.); (K.K.)
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