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Lu L, Li W, Cheng Y, Liu M. Chemical recycling technologies for PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 166:245-258. [PMID: 37196390 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The extensive production and consumption of plastics has resulted in significant plastic waste and plastic pollution. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste has a high chlorine content and is the primary source of chlorine in the plastic waste stream, potentially generating hazardous chlorinated organic pollutants if treated improperly. This review discusses PVC synthesis, applications, and the current types and challenges of PVC waste management. Dechlorination is vital for the chemical recycling of PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste. We review dehydrochlorination and dechlorination mechanisms of PVC using thermal degradation and wet treatments, and summarize the recent progress in chemical treatments and dechlorination principles. This review provides readers with a comprehensive analysis of chemical recycling technologies for PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste to transform them into chemicals, fuels, feedstock, and value-added polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiming Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Innovative methodology for comprehensive utilization of refractory low-grade iron ores. POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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3
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Ying Y, Xu L, Lin X, Zhang H, Li X, Lu S, Cao Y, Long J. Influence of different kinds of incinerators on PCDD/Fs: a case study of emission and formation pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:5903-5916. [PMID: 35982393 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Few studies focused on the emission of polychlorinated-ρ-dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) from different kinds of waste incinerators. This study was conducted in a full-scale MSW incineration plant to investigate the influence of different incinerator types on PCDD/F. Experimental results indicated that the 2,3,7,8-PCDD/F concentration in the inlet gas of the air pollution control system (APCS) in the studied fluidized bed was higher (2.03 ng I-TEQ/Nm3) than that of the grate (0.77 ng I-TEQ/Nm3). But gas in the outlet of APCS from both incinerators had an approximate concentration, lower than the Chinese emission limit of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm3. Similar distribution patterns were observed for 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs, as well as 136 PCDD/F congeners. Specifically, OCDD and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD were major isomer constituents for 2,3,7,8-PCDD/F isomers. In terms of formation pathways, a similar formation mechanism was observed based on fingerprint characteristics of 136 PCDD/F congeners. De novo synthesis was the dominating formation pathway for both incinerators. Meanwhile, DD/DF chlorination was another contributor to PCDD/F formation, which in the fluidized bed was higher. In addition, little correlation (0.009 < R2 < 0.533) between conventional pollutants (HCl, CO, PM) and PCDD/Fs was found, suggesting little high-temperature synthesis observed and verifying the dominance of de novo synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin Ecology and Environment Bureau, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Shanghai SUS Environment Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201703, China
| | - Jisheng Long
- Shanghai SUS Environment Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201703, China
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4
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Abstract
Poland’s management of municipal waste, which amounts to over 13 million tons/year, is not efficient—about 60% of the waste is subjected to recovery processes, about 20% of all municipal waste is converted into energy, and almost 40% is landfilled. The authors of this article recognize the potential of pyrolysis as a method of the thermal processing of waste allowing the potential of the energy contained in the waste to be utilized. Pyrolysis is an economically attractive alternative to incineration, with a significantly lower environmental impact, allowing efficient waste management and the use of pyrolysis by-products in the energy sector (pyrolysis gas), or in the building materials sector (biochar). Despite so many advantages, this method is not employed in Poland. The aim of the paper is to indicate a recommended strategy for the application of pyrolysis in Poland as a method of the thermal processing of municipal solid waste. SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis was used as a research method. In the first step, on the basis of the literature review, the factors which may affect the use of pyrolysis in Poland were identified. In the second step, five experts evaluated the weights of those factors and the interactions between them. The products of the weights and interactions allowed, in accordance with SWOT analysis methodology, the most desirable strategy of pyrolysis application in Poland to be determined, which turned out to be an aggressive one. This means that pyrolysis as a thermal waste processing method should be implemented on a large scale in Poland to improve the indicators of municipal waste management.
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Xu Z, Tan J, Hu C, Fang P, Xiao X, Huang J, Wu H, Tang Z, Chen D. Effect of Ca(OH) 2 on the Release Characteristics of HCl during Sludge Combustion. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27197-27203. [PMID: 33134680 PMCID: PMC7594132 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
With the addition of Ca(OH)2, the effects of combustion temperature, moisture, sludge particle size, and chlorine-containing additives on the removal of HCl during sludge combustion were studied. The experimental results showed that combustion temperature and moisture content promoted the formation of HCl and Ca(OH)2 played a key role in the formation of HCl during sludge combustion. Under the best conditions of a sludge particle size of 380-250 μm, moisture content of 5%, temperature of 850 °C, and Ca(OH)2/sludge weight ratio of 3/10, the HCl capture efficiency was 79.81%. In addition, the effect of PVC on the production of HCl was greater than that of NaCl, probably because the lattice energy of NaCl was much higher, indicating that inorganic chlorine was not the main source of HCl. Ca(OH)2 can effectively inhibit the formation of HCl, which had practical guiding significance for the formation of HCl during the sludge combustion, especially the sludge containing chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry
of Education, School of Resources
Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- South
China Institute of Environmental Sciences, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiankang Tan
- Lishui
Bureau of Ecological Environment, Nanjing 200200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunhua Hu
- Key
Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry
of Education, School of Resources
Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ping Fang
- South
China Institute of Environmental Sciences, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- South
China Institute of Environmental Sciences, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhang Huang
- South
China Institute of Environmental Sciences, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiwen Wu
- South
China Institute of Environmental Sciences, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijun Tang
- South
China Institute of Environmental Sciences, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongyao Chen
- South
China Institute of Environmental Sciences, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
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Kim S, Kim B, Lee U, Hwang J. Two-step numerical procedure on the removal process of gaseous potassium chloride generated from waste incineration via the injection of sulfate-based additives. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 107:36-43. [PMID: 32276124 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous potassium chloride (KCl) that constitutes a relatively large portion of the combustion gas of municipal solid waste can condense on the surface of boiler heat exchanger tubes, causing severe corrosion attacks. To reduce the chlorine-induced high-temperature corrosion, sulfate-based additives have been used. In this study, a two-step numerical procedure is proposed to quickly predict the effect of the injection of sulfate-based additives on the removal of gaseous KCl. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is first carried out to obtain the temperature distribution. Then, the thermal decomposition of sulfate additives, sulfation of gaseous KCl, and condensation of K2SO4 are calculated to predict the species concentration profiles at the temperature conditions given by the CFD simulation. After validation with a laboratory-scale experiment using [Formula: see text] , the procedure is applied to a pilot-scale boiler to examine the effects of [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] , and [Formula: see text] . The calculation results show that each additive has an optimal injection temperature range: approximately 800 °C for [Formula: see text] and 1000 °C for both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] , which are consistent with the values reported in the literature. The expressions for the stoichiometric KCl removal efficiency of each additive are derived and compared with the calculated efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Beomjong Kim
- Thermochemical Energy System R&BD Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31056, Republic of Korea.
| | - Uendo Lee
- Thermochemical Energy System R&BD Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31056, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungho Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Li W, Liu D, Shen D, Hu L, Yao J, Long Y. Migration of inorganic chlorine during thermal treatment of mineralized waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 104:207-212. [PMID: 31982783 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is a common element in the environment where it mostly exists in an inorganic ionic state that is highly mobile and non-degradable. It is important to investigate the potential release of chlorine into the environment from mineralized waste (MW) for stable landfill reclamation. In this study, inorganic chlorine in the MW migration process was explored during thermal treatment for chlorine pollution control. The temperature and chlorine greatly affected the distribution of inorganic chlorine in the thermally treated products. Below 800 °C, more than 60% of the inorganic chlorine remained in the bottom slag. Above 900 °C, volatilization caused the release of chlorine from the MW and more than 75% of the inorganic chlorine was deposited inside the furnace. The mass of inorganic chlorine deposited in the thermal treatment furnace was significantly correlated with the actual temperature. At 1000 °C, the masses of inorganic chlorine deposited under pyrolysis, incineration, and gasification atmospheres were 7.69, 5.81, and 5.68 mg, respectively. The greatest deposition of inorganic chlorine inside the furnace occurred during pyrolysis. The chlorine migration process must gain more sight during MW thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Dongyun Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Dongsheng Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Lifang Hu
- College of Quality and Safety Engineering, Institution of Industrial Carbon Metrology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jun Yao
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Linhai 317000, China
| | - Yuyang Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China.
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8
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Ma C, Li B, Chen D, Wenga T, Ma W, Lin F, Chen G. An investigation of an oxygen-enriched combustion of municipal solid waste on flue gas emission and combustion performance at a 8 MWth waste-to-energy plant. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 96:47-56. [PMID: 31376969 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the effect of oxygen-enriched combustion (OEC) on the flue gas emission and combustion performance of municipal solid waste (MSW) in a full-scale waste incineration plant without flue gas recirculation. Input gas with different oxygen concentrations (21%, 24%, 27%) were supplied into the MSW grating furnace with a capacity of 150 t/d to evaluate the effect of inlet oxygen content on the emissions of NOX, NO, SO2, HCl as well as dioxins (PCDDs and PCDFs). Combustion temperature in the incinerator, unburnt rate and thermal efficiency were also examined to assess the combustion performance under OEC condition. Results showed that the amount of SO2 and HCl decreased to lower levels during OEC condition, while the average concentrations of NOX and NO increased with increase in oxygen content of input gas. Dioxins (PCDDs and PCDFs) in both flue gas and fly ash were highly increased elevated by the oxygen intake, especially for PeCDFs and HxCDFs. The average temperature in three grates of incinerator increased as oxygen concentration increased, while the unburnt rate gradually decreased, indicating a slight improvement of MSW thermal efficiency and more complete combustion under OEC condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass-wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass-wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass-wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Terrence Wenga
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass-wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenchao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass-wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Fawei Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass-wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass-wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850012, China
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9
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Wang D, Zhang H, Fan Y, Ren M, Cao R, Chen J. Electrophilic Chlorination of Naphthalene in Combustion Flue Gas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5741-5749. [PMID: 30950597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene chlorination is an important formation mechanism of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in combustion flue gas. In this study, a total of 21 metal chlorides and oxides were screened for their activities in the electrophilic chlorination of naphthalene. Copper(II) chloride exhibited the highest activity at 200-350 °C, followed by copper(I) chloride. Copper(II) chloride primarily acted as a strong chlorinating agent to facilitate chlorine substitution on naphthalene. Iron (II and III) chlorides were only highly active at 200-250 °C. At 250 °C, the average naphthalene chlorination efficiency over CuCl2·2H2O was 7.5-fold, 30.2-fold and 34.7-fold higher than those over CuCl, FeCl3·6H2O and FeCl2·4H2O, respectively. The other metal chlorides were less active. Under heated conditions, copper(II) and iron(III) chlorides were transformed to copper(I) and iron(II) chlorides via dechlorination, and then transformed to oxychlorides and oxides, thereby forming dechlorination-oxychlorination cycles of copper and iron species, respectively. The results obtained suggest that electrophilic chlorination of naphthalene in combustion flue gas is primarily driven by dechlorination-oxychlorination cycles of copper and iron species, and the reaction produces a selective chlorination pattern at 1 and 4 positions of naphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
| | - Yun Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
| | - Meihui Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
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Zhu H, Wang Y, Jing N, Jiang X, Lv G, Yan J. Study on the evolution and transformation of chlorine during co-processing of hazardous waste incineration residue in a cement kiln. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2019; 37:495-501. [PMID: 30795720 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19828147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The co-processing of hazardous waste in a cement kiln can eliminate a large quantity of hazardous wastes, but the excessive existence of chlorine will affect not only the operation of a cement kiln but also the quality of cement products. In this study, the mixtures of hazardous waste incineration residue and raw meal were incinerated in a high temperature tubular furnace. The distribution ratio of chlorine in flue gas, clinker and fly ash under different experiment conditions was obtained and the influence of the co-processing conditions on chlorine evolution and transformation was studied. The results showed that chlorine mainly existed in flue gas and clinker, and only less than 1% of chlorine existed in fly ash. The incineration temperature had a significant influence on the distribution of chlorine. The higher the incinerating temperature, the greater the distribution ratio of chlorine in flue gas and fly ash. The proportion of chlorine in all parts remained basically unchanged while the temperature was higher than 1300°C. With the increase of the retention time, the proportion of chlorine released into the flue gas increased. The distribution ratio of chlorine in each part remained unchanged after about 30 minutes. There were four stages of the rate of chlorine release. In addition, the chlorine content of the sample had little effect on the partition of chlorine. Some suggestions on the co-processing of hazardous waste in a cement kiln are put forward based on these experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhu
- 1 College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nijie Jing
- 1 College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuguang Jiang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojun Lv
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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11
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Wang X, Xie H, Du R, Liu Y, Lin P, Zhang J, Bu C, Huang Y, Zhang W. High-temperature chlorination of PbO and CdO induced by interaction with NaCl and Si/Al matrix. RSC Adv 2018; 8:34449-34458. [PMID: 35548648 PMCID: PMC9086868 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06255b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Municipal solid-waste incineration leads to emission of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), which vaporize in furnace and condense in flue. NaCl in waste has been proven to enhance volatilization of Pb and Cd at high temperatures via chlorination of oxides to chlorides; however, this process was not well-understood so far due to its complexity. This study decoupled the indirect chlorination process and direct chlorination process so that these two processes were investigated separately. A horizontal tube furnace was used to heat the mixtures of NaCl and Si/Al matrix for indirect chlorination and the mixtures of NaCl, PbO/CdO and Si/Al matrix for direct chlorination. A set of dynamic sampling devices was designed and used to obtain dynamic data during temperature rising. The indirect chlorination process was initiated above 800 °C in O2 + H2O atmosphere and O2 atmosphere and above 1000 °C in N2 atmosphere. Al2O3 exhibited higher activity than SiO2 to react with NaCl, releasing HCl or Cl2. In the Cl release reaction, NaCl was in the gas phase. The direct chlorination process was initiated at 650–700 °C when the Si/Al matrix contained SiO2 only and at around 800 °C when the Si/Al matrix contained Al2O3 only or both SiO2 and Al2O3. SiO2 exhibited higher activity than Al2O3 in direct chlorination. The pre-reaction between PbO/CdO and Si/Al matrices was considered as the necessary condition for direct chlorination. During chlorination in O2 + H2O atmosphere, indirect chlorination and direct chlorination occurred simultaneously, and the latter dominated the volatilization of Pb and Cd. The chlorination process by NaCl was decoupled as indirect chlorination and direct chlorination, which were investigated separately.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
| | - Hao Xie
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
| | - Rong Du
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
| | - Pingfang Lin
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
| | - Jubing Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
| | - Changsheng Bu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
| | - Yaji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University Nanjing 210096 Jiangsu China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Nanjing Shangyuan Industrial Gas Plant Nanjing 211100 Jiangsu China
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12
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Lu JW, Zhang S, Hai J, Lei M. Status and perspectives of municipal solid waste incineration in China: A comparison with developed regions. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 69:170-186. [PMID: 28408280 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid expansion of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, the applicability, technical status, and future improvement of MSW incineration attract much attention in China. This paper aims to be a sensible response, with the aid of a comparison between China and some representative developed regions including the EU, the U.S., Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan area. A large number of up-to-date data and information are collected to quantitatively and impartially support the comparison, which covers a wider range of key points including spatial distribution, temporal evolution, technologies, emissions, and perspectives. Analysis results show that MSW incineration is not an outdated choice; however, policy making should prevent the potentially insufficient utilization of MSW incinerators. The structure of MSW incineration technologies is changing in China. The ratio of plants using fluidized bed is decreasing due to various realistic reasons. Decision-makers would select suitable combustion technologies by comprehensive assessments, rather than just by costs. Air pollution control systems are improved with the implementation of China's new emission standard. However, MSW incineration in China is currently blamed for substandard emissions. The reasons include the particular elemental compositions of Chinese MSW, the lack of operating experience, deficient fund for compliance with the emission standard, and the lack of reliable supervisory measures. Some perspectives and suggestions from both technical and managerial aspects are given for the compliance with the emission standard. This paper can provide strategic enlightenments for MSW management in China and other developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Lu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Sukun Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing Hai
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Ming Lei
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
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Huang Y, Wang X, Liu C, Wang Y, Dong L. Kaolinite induced control of particulate lead and cadmium emissions during fluidized bed waste incineration. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 China
| | - X. Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210042 China
| | - C. Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Y. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 China
| | - L. Dong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 China
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14
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Liang S, Fan Z, Zhang W, Guo M, Cheng F, Zhang M. Controllable growth of Na 2CO 3fibers for mesoporous activated alumina ball modification towards the high-efficiency adsorption of HCl gas at low temperature. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10790k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Na2CO3fibers coated on activated alumina were successfully prepared; they showed higher efficiency HCl adsorption at the low temperature of 423 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyang Liang
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Zhengyun Fan
- Institute of Technology of Shougang Group
- Beijing 100043
- China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Institute of Technology of Shougang Group
- Beijing 100043
- China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Fangqin Cheng
- Shanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of High Value-added Utilization of Coal-related Wastes in Shanxi University
- China
| | - Mei Zhang
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
- Shanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of High Value-added Utilization of Coal-related Wastes in Shanxi University
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15
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Effect of CO2 on high temperature chlorination behavior of calcined limestone in an innovated fixed-bed reactor. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Tsai YI, Sopajaree K, Kuo SC, Yu SP. Potential PM2.5 impacts of festival-related burning and other inputs on air quality in an urban area of southern Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 527-528:65-79. [PMID: 25958356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Mid-Autumn Festival (MAF), or Moon Festival, is a harvest festival in Taiwan, celebrated by families across the island with evening barbecues outside. This study investigated the potential impact of these activities on the air quality in Tainan, a city in southern Taiwan. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was examined in the period leading up to the MAF (pre-MAF), during the Festival (MAF), after the Festival (post-MAF), and in the period after this (a period of moderate air quality: MAQ). Gaseous pollutants in PM2.5 were, from highest to lowest mean concentration, NH3, SO2, HCl, HNO3, HNO2, and oxalic acid, while inorganic salts were mainly in the form of the photochemical products SO4(2-), NH4(+), and NO3(-). These inorganic salts accounted for 37.6%-44.5% of the PM2.5 mass concentration, while a further 26.3%-42.8% of the PM2.5 mass was total carbon (TC). TC was mostly composed of organic carbon (OC) produced by photochemical reactions. Of this, 9.8%-14.9% was carboxylates, of which oxalate was the most abundant compound, accounting for 22.8%-31.9% of carboxylates. The presence of phthalates in the PM2.5 indicated emissions from the plastics industry. Although a noticeable amount of aerosol was produced by festival activities and burning of softwood and hardwood, onshore air currents during the festival prevented potential high aerosol loading. During the moderate air quality period following post-MAF, the concentration of total carbohydrates was 1.44-2.64 times the amount during the festival. Levoglucosan and myo-inositol accounted for 81.7%-89.6% of the total carbohydrate concentration. The average Levo/Manno ratio was 18.64 ± 5.24. The concentration of levoglucosan was closely related to that of PO4(3-), erythritol, and galactose. Backward trajectories indicated that biomass burning in China affected the air quality of Tainan City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying I Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Indoor Air Quality Research and Service Center, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
| | - Khajornsak Sopajaree
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Su-Ching Kuo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Po Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
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17
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Rosner DE, Arias-Zugasti M. Transport-shifted multi-component non-ideal acid dew-point predictions and generalization/application of the mist-onset “tangency condition” for ideal vapor mixtures near cool surfaces. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Zhou H, Meng A, Long Y, Li Q, Zhang Y. A review of dioxin-related substances during municipal solid waste incineration. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 36:106-118. [PMID: 25488732 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are among the most toxic chemicals and the main restriction on municipal solid waste incineration. To exert more effective control over the formation of dioxin homologues during municipal solid waste incineration, it is significant to investigate dioxin-related compounds. Despite the numerous studies about PCDD/Fs, a unified understanding regarding many problems has yet to be reached because the homologues of PCDD/Fs are excessive, the measurement of PCDD/Fs is difficult, and the formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs are complicated. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the different formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs, including high temperature homogeneous reaction PCDD/Fs formation and low temperature heterogeneous reaction PCDD/Fs formation. Then the sources of PCDD/Fs including precursors (chlorophenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and residual carbon are summarized. In particular, this paper analyzes the substances that influence PCDD/Fs formation and their impact mechanisms, including different categories of chlorine (Cl2, HCl and chloride in fly ash), O2, copper, sulfur, water, and nitrogen compounds (ammonia and urea). Due to the high cost and complexity of PCDD/Fs measurement, PCDD/Fs indicators, especially chlorobenzenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are summarized, to find an effective surrogate for quick, convenient and real-time monitoring of PCDD/Fs. Finally, according to the results of the current study, recommendations for further research and industrial applications prospects are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aihong Meng
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanqiu Long
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qinghai Li
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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19
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Massari A, Beggio M, Hreglich S, Marin R, Zuin S. Behavior of TiO₂ nanoparticles during incineration of solid paint waste: a lab-scale test. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:1897-1907. [PMID: 24929868 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the potential impacts posed by products containing engineered nanoparticles, it is essential to generate more data about the release of these particles from products' life cycle. Although first studies were performed to investigate the release of nanoparticles from use phase, very few data are available on the potential release from recycling or disposal of nano-enhanced products. In this work, we investigated the behavior of TiO2 nanoparticles from incineration of solid paint waste containing these particles. Solid paint debris with and without TiO2 nanoparticles were treated in a lab scale incineration plant at 950°C (combustion temperature) and in oxidizing atmosphere. The obtained ashes were also vitrified with additives and the release of Ti was finally evaluated by leaching test. From our incineration lab-scale experiment, we did not observe a release of TiO2 nanoparticles into the atmosphere, and Ti was attached to the surface of obtained solid residues (i.e. ashes). The characterization of ashes showed that TiO2 nanoparticles reacted during the incineration to give calcium titanate. Finally, a very low release of Ti was measured, less 1 mg/kg, during the leaching test of ashes vitrified with glass cullet and feldspathic inert. Our work suggests that TiO2 nanoparticles added in paints may undergo to physicochemical transformation during the incineration, and that Ti found in ashes may be strongly immobilized in glass matrix. Since this conclusion is based on lab-scale experiment, further research is required to identify which nanoparticles will be emitted to the environment from a real-word-incineration system of household hazardous waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Massari
- Venice Research Consortium, Via della Libertà 12, c/o VEGA Park, 30175 Venice, Italy
| | - Marta Beggio
- Venice Research Consortium, Via della Libertà 12, c/o VEGA Park, 30175 Venice, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Marin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155/b, 30170 Venice, Italy
| | - Stefano Zuin
- Venice Research Consortium, Via della Libertà 12, c/o VEGA Park, 30175 Venice, Italy.
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21
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Yu J, Sun L, Xiang J, Hu S, Su S, Qiu J. Vaporization of heavy metals during thermal treatment of model solid waste in a fluidized bed incinerator. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:1122-1126. [PMID: 22264859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigated the volatilization behavior of heavy metals during thermal treatment of model solid waste in a fluidized bed reactor. Four metal chlorides (Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) were chosen as metal sources. The influence of redox conditions, water and mineral matrice on heavy metal volatilization was investigated. In general, Cd shows significant vaporization especially when HCl was injected, while Cu and Pb vaporize moderately and Zn vaporization is negligible. Increasing oxygen concentration can lower heavy metal vaporization. Heavy metal interactions with the mineral matter can result in the formation of stable metallic species thus playing a negative effect on their behavior. However, HCl can promote the heavy metal release by preventing the formation of stable metallic species. The chemical sorption (either physical or chemical) inside the pores, coupled with the internal diffusion of gaseous metal species, may also control the vaporization process. With SO(2) injected, Cd and Pb show a higher volatility as a result of SO(2) reducing characteristics. From the analysis, the subsequent order of heavy metal volatility can be found: Cd>Cu≥Pb≫Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
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22
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Ren Q, Zhao C, Duan L, Chen X. NO formation during agricultural straw combustion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:7211-7217. [PMID: 21592786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
NO formation during combustion of four typical kinds of straw (wheat straw, rice straw, cotton stalk and corn stalk) which belong to soft straw and hard straw was studied in a tubular quartz fixed bed reactor under conditions relevant to grate boiler combustion. Regarding the real situation in biomass fired power plants in China, NO formation from blended straw combustion was also investigated. Nitrogen transfer during blended straw pyrolysis was performed using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) coupled with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The results show that NO conversion for the four straws during combustion is distinctive. Over 70% fuel-N converts into NO for cotton stalk, while only 37% for wheat straw under the same condition. When wheat straw and cotton stalk were mixed, N-NO conversion increases. The limestone addition promotes NO emission during cotton stalk combustion. The presence of SO(2) in atmosphere suppresses NO formation from straw combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Ren
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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23
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Li XD, Zhang J, Yan JH, Chen T, Lu SY, Cen KF. Effect of water on catalyzed de novo formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2006; 137:57-61. [PMID: 16533559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of water vapor on catalyzed de novo formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) was investigated through experiments conducted on a fixed-bed apparatus. The results indicated that water vapor could promote the formation of PCDD and PCDF. The dominant pathway was activating fly ash in this work, while water also reacted with chlorine to change the equilibrium of Deacon reaction, which influenced the final yield of PCDD/PCDF. Also a suppression effect of water on CuCl(2) was found according to the values of the catalysis indicator. It is possible that water reduced the catalysis of CuCl(2) or prevented its direct chlorination. But the overall effect of water on the formation of PCDD and PCDF was promotion rather than inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, 310027 Zhejiang, PR China.
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