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Fettweis A, Hansul S, Schamphelaere KD, Smolders E. Metal Mixture Toxicity of Ni, Cu, and Zn in Freshwater Algal Communities and the Correlation of Single-Species Sensitivities Among Single Metals: A Comparative Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:2666-2683. [PMID: 37606176 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects assessment of metals is mainly based on data of single metals on single species, thereby not accounting for effects of metal mixtures or effects of species interactions. Both of these effects were tested in combination, thereby hypothesizing that the sensitivity of a community to synergistic mixture toxicity depends on the correlation of single-species sensitivities among the single metals. Single-metal and metal-mixture effects were tested in full concentration-response experiments (fixed ray of 1:1:3 and 5:1:13 mass ratio Ni:Cu:Zn) on eight single freshwater algal species and 14 algal communities of four species each. The mean correlation of single-species median effect concentrations among the single metals (Ni-Cu, Cu-Zn, and Zn-Ni) for all species in a community (r ̅ ) ranged from -0.4 to 0.9 among the communities; most of these (12/14) were positive. Functional endpoints (total biomass) were overall less sensitive than structural endpoints (Bray-Curtis similarity index) for communities with positively correlated single-species sensitivities among the single metals (r ̅ > 0.33 ), suggesting that such correlations indicate functional redundancy under metal-mixture stress. Antagonistic metal-mixture interactions were predominantly found in single species, whereas metal-mixture interactions were antagonistic and surprisingly synergistic for the communities, irrespective of the reference mixture model used (concentration addition or independent action). The mixture interactions close to the carrying capacity (day 7) of communities gradually shifted from antagonism to more noninteractions with increasing correlation of single-species sensitivities among the single metals. Overall, this suggests that functional redundancy under mixed-metal stress comes at the cost of reduced biodiversity and that synergisms can emerge at the community level without any synergisms on the single-species level. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2666-2683. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fettweis
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Simon Hansul
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karel De Schamphelaere
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erik Smolders
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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Loveridge A, Smith DS, McGeer JC. Dissolved Organic Matter Mitigates the Acute Toxicity of Thulium to Hyalella azteca but Ca, Mg and Na Do Not. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:637-647. [PMID: 34687338 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The demand for rare earth elements (REEs) is growing and as a result, environmental exposure is a concern. The objective of this research was to evaluate the acute toxicity of Tm to Hyalella azteca and to understand the potential for toxicity modification by dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the cations Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+. Standard methods were followed for 96 h static exposures in a medium with a hardness of 60 mg CaCO3/L, pH of 7.3 at 23 °C. H. azteca neonates (2-9 d of age) were used and in unmodified media the LC50 concentration was 3.4 µM [95% CI 2.9-3.9 µM; 573 µg/L (482-663)] based on measured dissolved concentrations at the end of the test. Tests done with different concentrations of Ca (0.25, 0.5 and 1.5 mM) did not show consistent trends and there was no clear evidence of a protective effect from Ca. Variations in Na (0.26, 0.5 and 1.6 mM) resulted in no significant changes in toxicity. Similarly, Mg (0.07, 0.14 and 0.4 mM) did not result in significant changes in LC50 values, except for a reduction in toxicity for measured total Tm at the lowest Mg concentration. Our results indicate that Tm toxicity is not influenced by cationic competition (Ca, Na and Mg). Dissolved organic matter (sourced from Luther Marsh ON) offered significant protection against Tm toxicity. Addition of 9 mg DOC/L resulted in significantly increased LC50 values. This study contributes toward understanding the toxicity of Tm and the importance of considering dissolved organic matter in estimating the potential for environmental risk of REEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Loveridge
- Biology Department, Institute for Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L-3C5, Canada
| | - D Scott Smith
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Institute for Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L-3C5, Canada
| | - James C McGeer
- Biology Department, Institute for Water Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L-3C5, Canada.
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Hansul S, Fettweis A, Smolders E, De Schamphelaere K. Interactive Metal Mixture Toxicity to Daphnia magna Populations as an Emergent Property in a Dynamic Energy Budget Individual-Based Model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:3034-3048. [PMID: 34314541 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessment of metal mixtures is challenging due to the large number of possible mixtures and interactions. Mixture toxicity data cannot realistically be generated for all relevant scenarios. Therefore, methods for prediction of mixture toxicity from single-metal toxicity data are needed. We tested how well toxicity of Cu-Ni-Zn mixtures to Daphnia magna populations can be predicted based on the Dynamic Energy Budget theory with an individual-based model (DEB-IBM), assuming non-interactivity of metals on the physiological level. We exposed D. magna populations to Cu, Ni, and Zn and their mixture at a fixed concentration ratio. We calibrated the DEB-IBM with single-metal data and generated blind predictions of mixture toxicity (population size over time), with account for uncertainty. We compared the predictive performance of the DEB-IBM with respect to mixture effects on population density and population growth rates with that of two reference models applied on the population level, independent action and concentration addition. Our inferred physiological modes of action (pMoA) differed from literature-reported pMoAs, raising the question of whether this is a result of different model selection approaches, intraspecific variability, or whether different pMoAs might actually drive toxicity in a population context. Observed mixture effects were concentration- and endpoint-dependent. The independent action was overall more accurate than the concentration addition but concentration addition-predicted effects on population growth rate were slightly better. The DEB-IBM most accurately predicted effects on 6-week density, including antagonistic effects at high concentrations, which emerged from non-interactivity at the physiological level. Mixture effects on initial population growth rate appear to be more difficult to predict. To explain why model accuracy is endpoint-dependent, relationships between individual-level and population-level endpoints should be illuminated. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3034-3048. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hansul
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Andreas Fettweis
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Erik Smolders
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Karel De Schamphelaere
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent, Ghent University, Belgium
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Fettweis A, Bergen B, Hansul S, De Schamphelaere K, Smolders E. Correlated Ni, Cu, and Zn Sensitivities of 8 Freshwater Algal Species and Consequences for Low-Level Metal Mixture Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2015-2025. [PMID: 33683756 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Predicting metal sensitivities and metal mixture interactions for species within each trophic level is essential to understand the effects of metals at the ecosystem level. The present study was set up to explore the correlations of metal sensitivities among species and if these sensitivities or metal mixture interactions are related to growth or morphological traits. The toxicity of Ni, Cu, and Zn on algal growth was tested for 8 freshwater algal species when dosed singly and in combinations in phosphorus-limiting static systems. The metal sensitivities on specific growth rate (10% effect concentrations expressed as free ion activities) varied 2 to 3 orders of magnitude among species depending on metal. These sensitivities were unrelated (p > 0.05) to their specific growth rate (0.7-1.8 d-1 ) or cell volume (100 -103 m3 cell-1 ). Species-specific differences in one or more toxicokinetic and/or toxicodynamic (TKTD) processes are likely at the basis of this variation. The log-transformed metal sensitivities positively correlated (p < 0.1) among the species in all 3 binary combinations (Ni-Cu, Ni-Zn, and Cu-Zn), suggesting that species have correlated TKTD rates for these metals. Furthermore, they would also predict stronger effects of metal mixtures on algal community biodiversity than what would be expected without a positive correlation. Low-level metal mixture effects varied similarly, largely among species and mixture interactions that were highly variable: ranging from synergistic to antagonistic relative to independent action during exponential growth, whereas mixture interactions at 10% effect shifted toward additivity/synergism relative to concentration addition at carrying capacity. Some evidence was found for stronger synergistic mixture effects in smaller species. Overall, the present study highlights the importance of incorporating more species in sensitivity distributions and accounting for mixture toxicity in risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2015-2025. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fettweis
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Benoit Bergen
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Simon Hansul
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karel De Schamphelaere
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erik Smolders
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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Macoustra GK, Jolley DF, Stauber JL, Koppel DJ, Holland A. Speciation of nickel and its toxicity to Chlorella sp. in the presence of three distinct dissolved organic matter (DOM). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128454. [PMID: 33077193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nickel is often a metal of interest in regulatory settings given its increasing prevalence in disturbed freshwaters and as a known toxicant to fish and algae. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a toxicity modifying factor for nickel and a ubiquitous water physicochemical parameter. This study investigated the effect of DOM concentration and source on the chronic toxicity of nickel to Chlorella sp. using three DOM at two concentrations (3.1 ± 1.8 and 12 ± 1.3 mg C/L). Nickel toxicity to Chlorella sp. was not strongly influenced by DOM concentration. In the absence of DOM, the 72-h EC50 for Chlorella sp. was 120 μg Ni/L. In the low DOM treatment, nickel toxicity was either unchanged or slightly increased (87-140 μg Ni/L) and unchanged or slightly decreased in the high DOM treatment (130-240 μg Ni/L). DOM source also had little effect on nickel toxicity, the largest differences in nickel toxicity occurring in the high DOM treatment. Labile nickel (measured by diffusive gradients in thin-films, DGT) followed strong linear relationships with dissolved nickel (R2 > 0.97). DOM concentration and source had limited effect on DGT-labile nickel. DGT-labile nickel decreased with increasing DOM concentration for only one of the three DOM. Modelled labile nickel concentrations (expressed as maximum dynamic concentrations, cdynmax) largely agreed with DGT-labile nickel and suggested that toxicity is explained by free Ni2+ concentrations. This study confirms that nickel toxicity is largely unaffected by DOM concentration or source and that both measured (DGT) and modelled (cdynmax and free Ni2+) nickel concentrations can explain nickel toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella K Macoustra
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Dianne F Jolley
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | | | - Darren J Koppel
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2232, Australia; Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Aleicia Holland
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2232, Australia; La Trobe University, School of Life Science, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Albury/Wodonga Campus, VIC, 3690, Australia.
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Baran A, Mierzwa-Hersztek M, Gondek K, Tarnawski M, Szara M, Gorczyca O, Koniarz T. The influence of the quantity and quality of sediment organic matter on the potential mobility and toxicity of trace elements in bottom sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2893-2910. [PMID: 31236855 PMCID: PMC6856041 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on the fraction of trace elements in the bottom sediments is a key to understand their mobility and ecotoxicological impact. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of the content of organic matter fractions on the mobility and ecotoxicity of trace elements in sediments from the Rybnik reservoir. The most refractory fraction of organic matter-Cnh (non-hydrolysing carbon)-dominated in the sediments. The content of organic matter fractions are arranged in the following order: Cnh (non-hydrolysing carbon) > Cfa (fulvic acid) > Cha (humic acid) > DOC (dissolved organic carbon). On the other hand, the highest value of correlation coefficients was found for different fractions of trace elements and DOC content in the bottom sediments. A higher content of TOC in the sediments significantly increased the share of elements in the potential mobile fraction and, at the same time, decreased the binding of elements in the mobile fractions. Moreover, in sediments that contain more than 100 g/kg d.m. TOC, no and medium risk of trace element release from sediments was observed. The Cu, Cd and Ni were potentially the most toxic elements for biota in the Rybnik reservoir. However, the correlation between the content of trace elements and the response of bacteria was insignificant. These results suggested that the complexation of trace elements with organic matter makes them less toxic for Vibrio fischeri. The transformation and sources of organic matter play an important role in the behaviour of trace elements in the bottom sediments of the Rybnik reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Baran
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gondek
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Tarnawski
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Geotechnics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szara
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Gorczyca
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Koniarz
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Geotechnics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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7
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Strivens J, Hayman N, Johnston R, Rosen G. Effects of Dissolved Organic Carbon on Copper Toxicity to Embryos of Mytilus galloprovincialis as Measured by Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1029-1034. [PMID: 30840314 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) potentially better quantifies bioavailable copper (Cu) in seawater. Laboratory exposure of DGTs and Mytilus galloprovincialis embryos at varying concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and Cu were performed to resolve the degree to which mimicry of toxicity buffering occurs in passive sampler quantification. The results provide preliminary median effect concentrations (EC50s) ranging from 4.8 to 11.5 µg/L as CDGT Cu over the span of 0.896 to 8.36 mg/L DOC. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;00:1-6. Published 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Hayman
- Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Robert Johnston
- Puget Sound Naval Shipyard & Intermediate Maintenance Facility, Bremerton, Washington, USA
| | - Gunther Rosen
- Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
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Duarte RM, Smith DS, Val AL, Wood CM. Dissolved organic carbon from the upper Rio Negro protects zebrafish (Danio rerio) against ionoregulatory disturbances caused by low pH exposure. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20377. [PMID: 26853589 PMCID: PMC4745052 DOI: 10.1038/srep20377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The so-called "blackwaters" of the Amazonian Rio Negro are rich in highly coloured dissolved organic carbon (DOC), but ion-poor and very acidic, conditions that would cause fatal ionoregulatory failure in most fish. However these blackwaters support 8% of the world's ichthyofauna. We tested the hypothesis that native DOC provides protection against ionoregulatory dysfunction in this extreme environment. DOCs were isolated by reverse-osmosis from two Rio Negro sites. Physico-chemical characterization clearly indicated a terrigenous origin, with a high proportion of hydroxyl and phenolic sites, high chemical reactivity to protons, and unusual proteinaceous fluorescence. When tested using zebrafish (a model organism), Rio Negro DOC provided almost perfect protection against ionoregulatory disturbances associated with acute exposure to pH 4.0 in ion-poor water. DOC reduced diffusive losses of Na(+) and Cl(-), and promoted a remarkable stimulation of Na(+) uptake that otherwise would have been completely inhibited. Additionally, prior acclimation to DOC at neutral pH reduced rates of branchial Na(+) turnover, and provided similar protection against acid-induced ionoregulatory disturbances, even if the DOC was no longer present. These results reinforce the important roles that DOC molecules can play in the regulation of gill functions in freshwater fish, particularly in ion-poor, acidic blackwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M. Duarte
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Coastal Campus, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - D. Scott Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Adalberto L. Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Chris M. Wood
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Al-Reasi HA, Yusuf U, Smith DS, Wood CM. The effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on sodium transport and nitrogenous waste excretion of the freshwater cladoceran (Daphnia magna) at circumneutral and low pH. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 158:207-15. [PMID: 24028854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM), a heterogeneous substance found in all natural waters, has many documented abiotic roles, but recently, several possible direct influences of DOM on organism physiology have been reported. However, most studies have been carried out with a limited number of natural DOM isolates or were restricted to the use of commercial or artificial humic substances. We therefore employed three previously characterized, chemically-distinct natural DOMs, as well as a commercially available humic acid (Aldrich, AHA), at circumneutral (7-8) and acidic pH (~5), to examine DOM effects on whole-body Na(+) concentration, unidirectional influx and efflux rates of Na(+), and ammonia and urea excretion rates in Daphnia magna. Whole-body Na(+) concentration, Na(+) influx, and Na(+) efflux rates were all unaffected regardless of pH, suggesting no influence of the various natural DOMs on active uptake and passive diffusion of Na(+) in this organism. Ammonia and urea excretion rates were both increased by low pH. Ammonia excretion rates were reduced at circumneutral pH by the most highly colored, allochthonous DOM, and at low pH by all three natural DOMs, as well as by the commercial AHA. Urea excretion rates were not influenced by the presence of the various DOMs in circumneutral solutions, but were attenuated by the presence of two allochthonous DOM sources (isolated from Bannister Lake and Luther Marsh) at acidic pH. The observed reductions may be attributed partially to the higher buffering capacities of natural DOM sources, as well as their ability to interact with biological membranes as estimated by a new measure calculated from their acid-base titration characteristics, the Proton Binding Index (PBI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Al-Reasi
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1.
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Monteiro SCR, Pinho GLL, Hoffmann K, Barcarolli IF, Bianchini A. Acute waterborne copper toxicity to the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa at different salinities: influence of natural freshwater and marine dissolved organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1412-1419. [PMID: 23427042 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) on acute waterborne Cu toxicity was evaluated in the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa at 3 different water salinities. Three sources of freshwater DOM (extracted by reverse osmosis) and 2 sources of marine DOM (extracted using a solid-phase technique) were used. Artificial salt water was used to prepare the experimental media. Different combinations of Cu concentrations and DOM sources and concentrations were tested at salinities of 5, 15, and 30 ppt. Toxicity data (48-h median lethal concentration [LC50] values) were calculated based on dissolved Cu concentrations. In a broad view, data showed that increasing salinity was protective against the acute waterborne Cu toxicity. In general, Cu toxicity was also lower in the presence than in the absence of DOM. Toxicity (48-h LC50) values from all treatments at the same salinity showed a positive linear relationship with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Thus, the protective effect of DOM against the acute Cu toxicity seems to be dependent mainly on the DOM concentration. However, it seems also to be dependent to some extent on the source of DOM used. In summary, findings reported in the present study clearly indicate that both salinity and DOM (source and concentration) should be taken into account in the development of an estuarine version of the biotic ligand model.
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Al-Reasi HA, Smith DS, Wood CM. Evaluating the ameliorative effect of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality on copper toxicity to Daphnia magna: improving the BLM. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:524-537. [PMID: 22072428 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Various quality predictors of seven different natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) and humic substances were evaluated for their influence on protection of Daphnia magna neonates against copper (Cu) toxicity. Protection was examined at 3 and 6 mg l(-1) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of each DOM isolate added to moderately hard, dechlorinated water. Other water chemistry parameters (pH, concentrations of DOC, calcium, magnesium and sodium) were kept relatively constant. Predictors included absorbance ratios Abs(254/365) (index of molecular weight) and Abs-octanol(254)/Abs-water(254) (index of lipophilicity), specific absorption coefficient (SAC(340); index of aromaticity), and fluorescence index (FI; index of source). In addition, the fluorescent components (humic-like, fulvic-like, tryptophan-like, and tyrosine-like) of the isolates were quantified by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Up to 4-fold source-dependent differences in protection were observed amongst the different DOMs. Significant correlations in toxicity amelioration were found with Abs(254/365), Abs-octanol(254)/Abs-water(254), SAC(340), and with the humic-like fluorescent component. The relationships with FI were not significant and there were no relationships with the tryptophan-like or tyrosine-like fluorescent components at 3 mg C l(-1), whereas a negative correlation was seen with the fulvic-like component. In general, the results indicate that larger, optically dark, more lipophilic, more aromatic DOMs of terrigenous origin, with higher humic-like content, are more protective against Cu toxicity. A method for incorporating SAC(340) as a DOM quality indicator into the Biotic Ligand Model is presented; this may increase the accuracy for predicting Cu toxicity in natural waters.
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Al-Reasi HA, Wood CM, Smith DS. Physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of natural organic matter (NOM) from various sources and implications for ameliorative effects on metal toxicity to aquatic biota. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 103:179-190. [PMID: 21470554 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM), expressed as dissolved organic carbon (DOC in mgCL(-1)), is an ubiquitous complexing agent in natural waters, and is now recognized as an important factor mitigating waterborne metal toxicity. However, the magnitude of the protective effect, judged by toxicity measures (e.g. LC50), varies substantially among different NOM sources even for similar DOC concentrations, implying a potential role of NOM physicochemical properties or quality of NOM. This review summarizes some key quality parameters for NOM samples, obtained by reverse osmosis, and by using correlation analyses, investigates their contribution to ameliorating metal toxicity towards aquatic biota. At comparable and environmentally realistic DOC levels, molecular spectroscopic characteristics (specific absorbance coefficient, SAC, and fluorescence index, FI) as well as concentrations of fluorescent fractions obtained from mathematical mixture resolution techniques (PARAFAC), explain considerable variability in the protective effects. NOM quality clearly influences the toxicity of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). NOM quality may also influence the toxicity of silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd) and inorganic mercury (Hg), but as yet insufficient data are available to unequivocally support the latter correlations between toxicity reduction and NOM quality predictors. Cu binding capacities, protein-to-carbohydrate ratio, and lipophilicity, show insignificant correlation to the amelioration offered by NOMs, but these conclusions are based on data for Norwegian NOMs with very narrow ranges for the latter two parameters. Certainly, various NOMs alleviate metal toxicity differentially and therefore their quality measures should be considered in addition to their quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Al-Reasi
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
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Baken S, Degryse F, Verheyen L, Merckx R, Smolders E. Metal complexation properties of freshwater dissolved organic matter are explained by its aromaticity and by anthropogenic ligands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:2584-90. [PMID: 21405071 DOI: 10.1021/es103532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters affects the fate and environmental effects of trace metals. We measured variability in the Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn affinity of 23 DOM samples isolated by reverse osmosis from freshwaters in natural, agricultural, and urban areas. Affinities at uniform pH and ionic composition were assayed at low, environmentally relevant free Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn activities. The C-normalized metal binding of DOM varied 4-fold (Cu) or about 10-fold (Cd, Ni, Zn) among samples. The dissolved organic carbon concentration ranged only 9-fold in the waters, illustrating that DOM quality is an equally important parameter for metal complexation as DOM quantity. The UV-absorbance of DOM explained metal affinity only for waters receiving few urban inputs, indicating that in those waters, aromatic humic substances are the dominant metal chelators. Larger metal affinities were found for DOM from waters with urban inputs. Aminopolycarboxylate ligands (mainly EDTA) were detected at concentrations up to 0.14 μM and partly explained the larger metal affinity. Nickel concentrations in these surface waters are strongly related to EDTA concentrations (R2=0.96) and this is underpinned by speciation calculations. It is concluded that metal complexation in waters with anthropogenic discharges is larger than that estimated with models that only take into account binding on humic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Baken
- Division of Soil and Water Management, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20-bus 2459, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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14
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Louis Y, Garnier C, Lenoble V, Omanović D, Mounier S, Pizeta I. Characterisation and modelling of marine dissolved organic matter interactions with major and trace cations. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 67:100-107. [PMID: 19135243 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A two-step protocol (nano-filtration and reverse osmosis) was applied for natural organic matter (NOM) preconcentration of a seawater sample. Complexing affinities of the so concentrated marine dissolved NOM (DNOM) towards major and trace cations were studied by potentiometric and voltammetric titration techniques. The potentiometric titration experiments fitted by models describing and characterising the DNOM-cation interactions, revealed four distinct classes of acidic sites (pKa of 3.6, 4.8, 8.6 and 12). A total acidic sites density of 445meq/mol(C) was estimated, with a majority (60%) of carboxylic-like sites. Pseudopolarographic measurements revealed two distinct groups of copper complexes: labile, reducible at about -0.2V; and inert, directly reducible at about -1.4V. Simultaneous competition between copper, calcium and proton highlighted the presence of two classes of binding sites (density of 1.72 and 10.25 meq mol(C)(-1), respectively, corresponding to 3% of total acidic sites). The first class was more specific to copper (logK(CuL) 9.9, logK(CaL) 2.5, pKa 8.6), whereas stronger competition between copper and calcium occurred for the second class (logK(CuL) 6.9, logK(CaL) 5.5, pKa 8.2). The binding sites characterisation was validated by the very good matching of the non-concentrated seawater sample titration data with the simulated curves obtained using the binding parameters from the concentrated sample. Furthermore, this comparison also validated the applied preconcentration protocol, highlighting its negligible influence on organic matter properties when considering copper complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Louis
- Laboratoire PROTEE, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, BP 20132, 83957 La Garde, France.
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15
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Ouellet A, Catana D, Plouhinec JB, Lucotte M, Gélinas Y. Elemental, isotopic, and spectroscopic assessment of chemical fractionation of dissolved organic matter sampled with a portable reverse osmosis system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:2490-2495. [PMID: 18504986 DOI: 10.1021/es702523w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Portable reverse osmosis (RO) systems are increasingly being used for isolating dissolved organic matter (DOM) from freshwater aquatic systems because of their high volume processing capacity and high absolute DOM recoveries. However, obtaining complete recoveries implies the rinsing of the reverse osmosis system with a solution of dilute NaOH and combining the rinse solution and the DOM concentrate. Because of the potential chemical alterations that can affect the integrity of the organic pool leached from the RO system at high pHs, this approach is not compatible with studies based on the molecular-level analysis of DOM. The potential for elemental, isotopic, and chemical fractionation was thus evaluated on a series of freshwater DOM samples concentrated in the field with a portable RO system when the concentrate and the rinse solution are not combined. DOC recoveries in the concentrate varied between 81.6 and 88.8%, and total balance calculations showed total recoveries of dissolved and particulate organic carbon ranging between 96.4 and 106.9%. Despite similar delta13C signatures, differences in N content and FTIR-based chemical composition between the concentrate and the rinse DOM solutions suggest some degree of chemical fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ouellet
- GEOTOP and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Lee CW, Ryu JY, Lim KW. Acute Toxicity Test of Agricultural Chemicals to Water Fleas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.5322/jes.2007.16.1.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Koprivnjak JF, Perdue EM, Pfromm PH. Coupling reverse osmosis with electrodialysis to isolate natural organic matter from fresh waters. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:3385-92. [PMID: 16952387 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) has proven to be an effective method for the concentration of natural organic matter (NOM) from fresh waters, but an undesirable consequence of this process is the co-concentration of some inorganic solutes. Accordingly, current practice yields solutions of NOM that, upon desalting and freeze-drying, are converted into dry solids containing finely dispersed sulfuric acid and silicic acid (H(4)SiO(4)). These acids will contribute to the apparent carboxylic and phenolic contents of NOM, leading to an overestimation of both. NOM may also be chemically altered by sulfuric acid, which reacts strongly with many classes of organic compounds. The sulfur content and ash content of NOM will be elevated in the presence of sulfuric acid and H(4)SiO(4). The goal of this study is to develop and test a method in which the removal of water by RO is coupled with the removal of salts by electrodialysis (ED). Like RO, ED is a relatively mild treatment that enables the desalting of NOM solutions without subjecting those samples to conditions of extremely high or low pH. The end product of the coupled process is a desalted, concentrated liquid sample from which low-ash NOM can be obtained as a freeze-dried solid material. In this study, the efficacy of ED for desalting NOM is evaluated using concentrated synthetic river waters and actual concentrated (by RO) river waters. Under optimal operating conditions, both sulfate and silica can be largely removed from RO-concentrated solutions of riverine NOM with only an average loss of 3% of total organic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Koprivnjak
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 30332 0340, USA
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Cheng T, Schamphelaere KD, Lofts S, Janssen C, Allen HE. Measurement and computation of zinc binding to natural dissolved organic matter in European surface waters. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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