1
|
Association of prenatal exposure to dioxin-like compounds, polychlorinated biphenyl, and methylmercury with event-related brain potentials in school-aged children: the Hokkaido study. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
2
|
Kishi R, Ikeda-Araki A, Miyashita C, Itoh S, Kobayashi S, Ait Bamai Y, Yamazaki K, Tamura N, Minatoya M, Ketema RM, Poudel K, Miura R, Masuda H, Itoh M, Yamaguchi T, Fukunaga H, Ito K, Goudarzi H. Hokkaido birth cohort study on environment and children's health: cohort profile 2021. Environ Health Prev Med 2021; 26:59. [PMID: 34022817 PMCID: PMC8141139 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-021-00980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health is an ongoing study consisting of two birth cohorts of different population sizes: the Sapporo cohort and the Hokkaido cohort. Our primary objectives are to (1) examine the effects that low-level environmental chemical exposures have on birth outcomes, including birth defects and growth retardation; (2) follow the development of allergies, infectious diseases, and neurobehavioral developmental disorders, as well as perform a longitudinal observation of child development; (3) identify high-risk groups based on genetic susceptibility to environmental chemicals; and (4) identify the additive effects of various chemicals, including tobacco. METHODS The purpose of this report is to provide an update on the progress of the Hokkaido Study, summarize recent results, and suggest future directions. In particular, this report provides the latest details from questionnaire surveys, face-to-face examinations, and a collection of biological specimens from children and measurements of their chemical exposures. RESULTS The latest findings indicate different risk factors of parental characteristics on birth outcomes and the mediating effect between socioeconomic status and children that are small for the gestational age. Maternal serum folate was not associated with birth defects. Prenatal chemical exposure and smoking were associated with birth size and growth, as well as cord blood biomarkers, such as adiponectin, leptin, thyroid, and reproductive hormones. We also found significant associations between the chemical levels and neuro development, asthma, and allergies. CONCLUSIONS Chemical exposure to children can occur both before and after birth. Longer follow-up for children is crucial in birth cohort studies to reinforce the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. In contrast, considering shifts in the exposure levels due to regulation is also essential, which may also change the association to health outcomes. This study found that individual susceptibility to adverse health effects depends on the genotype. Epigenome modification of DNA methylation was also discovered, indicating the necessity of examining molecular biology perspectives. International collaborations can add a new dimension to the current knowledge and provide novel discoveries in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan. .,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Ikeda-Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itoh
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamazaki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naomi Tamura
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Machiko Minatoya
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kritika Poudel
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryu Miura
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Masuda
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mariko Itoh
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamaguchi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisanori Fukunaga
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ito
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Houman Goudarzi
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Medical Education and International Relations, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baba T, Ito S, Yuasa M, Yoshioka E, Miyashita C, Araki A, Sasaki S, Kobayashi S, Kajiwara J, Hori T, Kato S, Kishi R. Association of prenatal exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs with maternal and infant thyroid hormones: The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:1239-1246. [PMID: 29751429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that are universally detected. Some congeners of PCDDs, PCDFs or PCBs have dioxin-like toxicity, whereas non-dioxin-like PCBs are considered to have different toxicity. Reports of the relationships between prenatal exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs or PCBs and thyroid homeostasis in pregnant women and infants have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal serum PCDD/F or PCB levels on maternal and neonatal thyroid hormone (TH) levels in a prospective cohort. Of the 514 subjects in the prospective cohort, 386 mothers and 410 infants were included for analysis. Fifteen dioxins and seventy PCBs in maternal blood collected between 23 and 41weeks of gestation were measured using high-resolution gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Blood samples to measure thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were obtained from mothers at an early gestational stage (median ten weeks), and from infants between four and seven days of age, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. Median concentration of total PCBs, PCB 153 were 104,700, and 20,500pg/g lipid, respectively. Median total dioxin-TEQ was 13.8pg/g lipid. Total dioxin-TEQ, coplanar PCBs were positively associated with neonatal FT4 (beta=0.224, 0.206, respectively). The association was stronger in boys (beta=0.299, 0.282, respectively). Several PCDD/F and PCB isomers were also positively associated with neonatal FT4. Total PCBs or non-dioxin-like PCBs were not associated with any maternal or neonatal THs. No DLC grouping or congeners were associated with neonatal TSH. Non-ortho PCBs were positively associated with maternal FT4. Three PCB congeners had significant positive association(s) with maternal THs. In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that perinatal exposure to background-level DLCs increases neonatal FT4, especially in boys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Baba
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Ito
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Yuasa
- Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Eiji Yoshioka
- Department of Social Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | | | - Tsuguhide Hori
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Japan
| | - Shizue Kato
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kishi R, Araki A, Minatoya M, Itoh S, Goudarzi H, Miyashita C. Birth cohorts in Asia: The importance, advantages, and disadvantages of different-sized cohorts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:1143-1154. [PMID: 29751420 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Asia contains half of the world's children, and the countries of Asia are the most rapidly industrializing nations on the globe. Environmental threats to the health of children in Asia are myriad. Several birth cohorts were started in Asia in early 2000, and currently more than 30 cohorts in 13 countries have been established for study. Cohorts can contain from approximately 100-200 to 20,000-30,000 participants. Furthermore, national cohorts targeting over 100,000 participants have been launched in Japan and Korea. The aim of this manuscript is to discuss the importance of Asian cohorts, and the advantages and disadvantages of different-sized cohorts. As for case, one small-sized (n=514) cohort indicate that even relatively low level exposure to dioxin in utero could alter birth size, neurodevelopment, and immune and hormonal functions. Several Asian cohorts focus prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyo substances and reported associations with birth size, thyroid hormone levels, allergies and neurodevelopment. Inconsistent findings may possibly be explained by the differences in exposure levels and target chemicals, and by possible statistical errors. In a smaller cohort, novel hypotheses or preliminary examinations are more easily verifiable. In larger cohorts, the etiology of rare diseases, such as birth defects, can be analyzed; however, they require a large cost and significant human resources. Therefore, conducting studies in only one large cohort may not always be the best strategy. International collaborations, such as the Birth Cohort Consortium of Asia, would cover the inherent limitation of sample size in addition to heterogeneity of exposure, ethnicity, and socioeconomic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Machiko Minatoya
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itoh
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Houman Goudarzi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kobayashi S, Sata F, Miyashita C, Miura R, Azumi K, Kobayashi S, Goudarzi H, Araki A, Ishizuka M, Todaka T, Kajiwara J, Hori T, Kishi R. Gender-specific association of exposure to non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls during pregnancy with methylation levels of H19 and long interspersed nuclear element-1 in cord blood in the Hokkaido study. Toxicology 2017; 390:135-145. [PMID: 28865728 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and reduced birth-size, and between DNA methylation of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), H19 locus, and long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) and reduced birth-size are well established. To date, however, studies on the associations between prenatal exposure to PCBs and alterations in methylation of IGF-2, H19, and LINE-1 are lacking. Thus, in this study, we examined these associations with infant-gender stratification. METHODS We performed a prospective birth cohort study using the Sapporo cohort from the previously described Hokkaido Birth Cohort Study on Environment and Children's Health conducted between 2002 and 2005 in Japan. In the final 169 study participants included in this study, we measured the concentrations of various non-dioxin-like PCBs in maternal blood during pregnancy using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. IGF-2, H19 and LINE-1 methylation levels in cord blood were measured using the bisulfite pyrosequencing methods Finally, we assessed the associations between prenatal exposure to various PCBs and the gene methylation levels using multiple regression models stratified by infant gender. RESULTS We observed a 0.017 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.003-0.031) increase in the log10-transformed H19 methylation levels (%) in cord blood for each ten-fold increase in the levels of decachlorinated biphenyls (decaCBs) in maternal blood among all infants. Similarly, a 0.005 (95% CI: 0.000-0.010) increase in the log10-transformed LINE-1 methylation levels (%) in cord blood was associated with each ten-fold increase in heptachlorinated biphenyls (heptaCBs) in maternal blood among all infants. In particular, we observed a dose-dependent association of the decaCB levels in maternal blood with the H19 methylation levels among female infants (P value for trend=0.040); likewise a dose-dependent association of heptaCB levels was observed with LINE-1 methylation levels among female infants (P value for trend=0.015). Moreover, these associations were only observed among infants of primiparous women. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the dose-dependent association between prenatal exposure to specific non-dioxin-like PCBs and increases in the H19 and LINE-1 methylation levels in cord blood might be more predominant in females than in males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Fumihiro Sata
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan; Health Center, Chuo University, 42-8, Ichigaya-Hommura-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8473, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Ryu Miura
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Azumi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Houman Goudarzi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North-18, West-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Takashi Todaka
- Kitakyushu Life Science Center, 1-4, Nakabaru-shinmachi, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-0003, Japan.
| | - Jumboku Kajiwara
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Mukaizano 39, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan.
| | - Tsuguhide Hori
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Mukaizano 39, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan.
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kishi R, Araki A, Minatoya M, Hanaoka T, Miyashita C, Itoh S, Kobayashi S, Ait Bamai Y, Yamazaki K, Miura R, Tamura N, Ito K, Goudarzi H. The Hokkaido Birth Cohort Study on Environment and Children's Health: cohort profile-updated 2017. Environ Health Prev Med 2017; 22:46. [PMID: 29165157 PMCID: PMC5664568 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-017-0654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children’s Health is an ongoing study consisting of two birth cohorts of different population sizes: the Sapporo cohort and the Hokkaido cohort. Our primary study goals are (1) to examine the effects of low-level environmental chemical exposures on birth outcomes, including birth defects and growth retardation; (2) to follow the development of allergies, infectious diseases, and neurobehavioral developmental disorders and perform a longitudinal observation of child development; (3) to identify high-risk groups based on genetic susceptibility to environmental chemicals; and (4) to identify the additive effects of various chemicals, including tobacco smoking. The purpose of this report is to update the progress of the Hokkaido Study, to summarize the recent results, and to suggest future directions. In particular, this report provides the basic characteristics of the cohort populations, discusses the population remaining in the cohorts and those who were lost to follow-up at birth, and introduces the newly added follow-up studies and case-cohort study design. In the Sapporo cohort of 514 enrolled pregnant women, various specimens, including maternal and cord blood, maternal hair, and breast milk, were collected for the assessment of exposures to dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances, phthalates, bisphenol A, and methylmercury. As follow-ups, face-to-face neurobehavioral developmental tests were conducted at several different ages. In the Hokkaido cohort of 20,926 enrolled pregnant women, the prevalence of complicated pregnancies and birth outcomes, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, preterm birth, and small for gestational age were examined. The levels of exposure to environmental chemicals were relatively low in these study populations compared to those reported previously. We also studied environmental chemical exposure in association with health outcomes, including birth size, neonatal hormone levels, neurobehavioral development, asthma, allergies, and infectious diseases. In addition, genetic and epigenetic analyses were conducted. The results of this study demonstrate the effects of environmental chemical exposures on genetically susceptible populations and on DNA methylation. Further study and continuous follow-up are necessary to elucidate the combined effects of chemical exposure on health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kishi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Machiko Minatoya
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hanaoka
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itoh
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamazaki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ryu Miura
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Naomi Tamura
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ito
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Houman Goudarzi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shimada T, Kakimoto K, Takenaka S, Koga N, Uehara S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Kim D, Guengerich FP, Komori M. Roles of Human CYP2A6 and Monkey CYP2A24 and 2A26 Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in the Oxidation of 2,5,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1899-1909. [PMID: 27625140 PMCID: PMC6047209 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
2,5,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) induced type I binding spectra with cytochrome P450 (P450) 2A6 and 2A13, with Ks values of 9.4 and 0.51 µM, respectively. However, CYP2A6 oxidized 2,5,2',5'-TCB to form 4-hydroxylated products at a much higher rate (∼1.0 minute-1) than CYP2A13 (∼0.02 minute-1) based on analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Formation of 4-hydroxy-2,5,2',5'-TCB by CYP2A6 was greater than that of 3-hydroxy-2,5,2',5'-TCB and three other hydroxylated products. Several human P450 enzymes, including CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2B6, 2D6, 2E1, 2C9, and 3A4, did not show any detectable activities in oxidizing 2,5,2',5'-TCB. Cynomolgus monkey CYP2A24, which shows 95% amino acid identity to human CYP2A6, catalyzed 4-hydroxylation of 2,5,2',5'-TCB at a higher rate (∼0.3 minute-1) than CYP2A26 (93% identity to CYP2A6, ∼0.13 minute-1) and CYP2A23 (94% identity to CYP2A13, ∼0.008 minute-1). None of these human and monkey CYP2A enzymes were catalytically active in oxidizing other TCB congeners, such as 2,4,3',4'-, 3,4,3',4'-, and 3,5,3',5'-TCB. Molecular docking analysis suggested that there are different orientations of interaction of 2,5,2',5'-TCB with the active sites (over the heme) of human and monkey CYP2A enzymes, and that ligand interaction energies (U values) of bound protein-ligand complexes show structural relationships of interaction of TCBs and other ligands with active sites of CYP2A enzymes. Catalytic differences in human and monkey CYP2A enzymes in the oxidation of 2,5,2',5'-TCB are suggested to be due to amino acid changes at substrate recognition sites, i.e., V110L, I209S, I300F, V365M, S369G, and R372H, based on the comparison of primary sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Kensaku Kakimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Nobuyuki Koga
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Donghak Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kishi R, Kobayashi S, Ikeno T, Araki A, Miyashita C, Itoh S, Sasaki S, Okada E, Kobayashi S, Kashino I, Itoh K, Nakajima S. Ten years of progress in the Hokkaido birth cohort study on environment and children's health: cohort profile--updated 2013. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 18:429-50. [PMID: 23959649 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-013-0357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health is an ongoing cohort study that began in 2002. The study consists of two prospective birth cohorts, the Sapporo cohort (n = 514) and the Hokkaido large-scale cohort (n = 20,940). The primary goals of this study are to first examine the potential negative effects of perinatal environmental chemical exposures on birth outcomes, including congenital malformations and growth retardation; second, to evaluate the development of allergies, infectious diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders and perform longitudinal observations of the children's physical development to clarify the causal relationship between these outcomes and environmental chemicals; third, to identify individuals genetically susceptible to environmental chemicals; finally, to identify the additive effects of various environmental factors in our daily life, such as secondhand smoke exposure or low folate intake during early pregnancy. In this paper, we introduce our recent progress in the Hokkaido study with a cohort profile updated in 2013. For the last ten years, we followed pregnant women and their offspring, measuring various environmental chemicals, i.e., PCB, OH-PCB and dioxins, PFCs (Perfluorinated Compounds), Organochlorine pesticides, Phthalates, bisphenol A and mercury. We discovered that the concentration of toxic equivalents (TEQ) of dioxin and other specific congeners of PCDF or PCDD have effects on birth weight, infants' neurodevelopment and immune function. There were significant gender differences in these effects; our results suggest that male infants have more susceptibility to those chemical exposures than female infants. Interestingly, we found maternal genetic polymorphisms in AHR, CYP1A1 or GSTs that significantly modified the dioxin concentrations in maternal blood, suggesting different dioxin accumulations in the bodies of individuals with these genotypes, which would lead to different dioxin exposure levels. These genetic susceptibility factors influenced the body size of children born from mothers that either smoked or were passively exposed to tobacco smoke. Further studies investigating the correlation between epigenetics, the effects of intrauterine exposure to environmental chemicals and developmental factors related to health and disease are warranted.
Collapse
|
9
|
Okada E, Sasaki S, Saijo Y, Washino N, Miyashita C, Kobayashi S, Konishi K, Ito YM, Ito R, Nakata A, Iwasaki Y, Saito K, Nakazawa H, Kishi R. Prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and relationship with allergies and infectious diseases in infants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 112:118-25. [PMID: 22030285 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown effects of prenatal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) on infants in the general environmental levels. Laboratory animal studies have shown that exposure to PFOS and PFOA is associated with immunotoxic effects. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between maternal PFOS and PFOA levels and infant allergies and infectious diseases during the first 18 months of life. Cord blood immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels were also evaluated. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of pregnant women from 2002 to 2005 in Sapporo, Japan. Maternal PFOS and PFOA levels were measured in relation to cord blood IgE concentrations (n=231) and infant allergies and infectious diseases (n=343). Characteristics of mothers and their infants were obtained from self-administered questionnaires and medical records. Development of infant allergies and infectious diseases was determined from self-administered questionnaires at 18 months of age. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in maternal serum and concentrations of IgE in umbilical cord serum at birth were measured. RESULTS Cord blood IgE levels decreased significantly with high maternal PFOA concentration among female infants. However, there were no significant associations among maternal PFOS and PFOA levels and food allergy, eczema, wheezing, or otitis media in the 18 month-old infants (adjusted for confounders). CONCLUSIONS Although cord blood IgE level decreased significantly with high maternal PFOA levels among female infants, no relationship was found between maternal PFOS and PFOA levels and infant allergies and infectious diseases at age in 18 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Okada
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Suzuki K, Nakai K, Sugawara T, Nakamura T, Ohba T, Shimada M, Hosokawa T, Okamura K, Sakai T, Kurokawa N, Murata K, Satoh C, Satoh H. Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury and PCBs, and seafood intake: neonatal behavioral assessment scale results of Tohoku study of child development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:699-704. [PMID: 20673887 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As factors affecting neonatal neurodevelopment, methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and maternal seafood intake reflecting n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are believed to have adverse or beneficial effects, but there are a few reports addressing such factors simultaneously. We carried out a birth cohort study to clarify the effects of these three factors on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), administered 3 days after birth. In a total of 498 mother-neonate pairs, the total mercury level (median, 1.96microg/g) in maternal hair at parturition and the summation operatorPCB level (45.5ng/g-lipid) in cord blood were analyzed, and maternal seafood intake was estimated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. A negative relationship between the hair mercury level and the motor cluster of NBAS was observed, even after adjusting for PCBs, maternal seafood intake, and possible confounders such as maternal age, birth weight, and parity. The summation operatorPCB level was negatively correlated with the motor cluster, but this association was attenuated after adjusting for mercury and the confounders. There was seen to be a positive association between maternal seafood intake and the motor cluster when considering the effects of mercury and PCBs. In conclusion, our data suggest that prenatal exposure to methylmercury adversely affects neonatal neurobehavioral function; in contrast, maternal seafood intake appears to be beneficial. The neurobehavioral effect of prenatal exposure to PCBs remains unclear in our study. Further research is necessary to elucidate interactive effects of methylmercury, PCBs, and n-3 PUFAs, originating from fish, on child neurodevelopment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Suzuki
- Environmental Health Sciences, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Konishi K, Sasaki S, Kato S, Ban S, Washino N, Kajiwara J, Todaka T, Hirakawa H, Hori T, Yasutake D, Kishi R. Prenatal exposure to PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in relation to birth weight. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:906-13. [PMID: 19683226 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Several human studies have shown that low-level exposure to environmental contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides, negatively influences birth outcomes. However, the effects of low-level exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) on birth outcomes have not been clarified in human studies. A prospective cohort study was established to investigate the possible adverse effects of PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs on fetal growth and neurodevelopment. We recruited 514 pregnant women between July 2002 and October 2005 in Sapporo, Japan. We measured 29 congener levels of PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs in maternal blood. Using multiple liner regression analysis of the association between birth weight and the levels of PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs with full adjustments for potential confounders, a significant adverse effect was observed regarding total PCDDs toxic equivalents (TEQ) levels (adjusted beta=-231.5g, 95% CI: -417.4 to -45.6) and total PCDFs TEQ levels (adjusted beta=-258.8g, 95% CI: -445.7 to -71.8). Among male infants, significant adverse associations with birth weight were found for total PCDDs TEQ level, total PCDDs/PCDFs TEQ level, and total TEQ level. However, among female infants, these significant adverse associations were not found. With regard to individual congeners of PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs, we found significantly negative association with the levels of 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (adjusted beta=-24.5g, 95% CI: -387.4 to -61.5). Our findings suggest that prenatal low-level exposure to PCDDs and PCDFs, especially 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, may accumulate in the placenta and retard important placental functions, which result in lower birth weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Konishi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15-West7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Washino N, Saijo Y, Sasaki S, Kato S, Ban S, Konishi K, Ito R, Nakata A, Iwasaki Y, Saito K, Nakazawa H, Kishi R. Correlations between prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and reduced fetal growth. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:660-7. [PMID: 19440508 PMCID: PMC2679613 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are man-made, ubiquitous, and persistent contaminants in the environment, wildlife, and humans. Although recent studies have shown that these chemicals interfere with fetal growth in humans, the results are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to investigate the correlation between relatively low levels of PFOS and PFOA in maternal serum and birth weight and birth size. METHODS We conducted a hospital-based prospective cohort study between July 2002 and October 2005 in Sapporo, Japan. A total of 428 women and their infants were involved in the study. We obtained characteristics of the mothers and infants from self-administered questionnaire surveys and from medical records. We analyzed maternal serum samples for PFOS and PFOA by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). RESULTS After adjusting for confounding factors, PFOS levels negatively correlated with birth weight [per log10 unit: beta = -148.8 g; 95% confidence interval (CI), -297.0 to -0.5 g]. In addition, analyses stratified by sex revealed that PFOS levels negatively correlated with birth weight only in female infants (per log10 unit: beta = -269.4 g; 95% CI, -465.7 to -73.0 g). However, we observed no correlation between PFOA levels and birth weight. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that in utero exposure to relatively low levels of PFOS was negatively correlated with birth weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Washino
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Saijo
- Department of Health Science, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shizue Kato
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ban
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kanae Konishi
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rie Ito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Saito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakazawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Address correspondence to R. Kishi, Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638 Japan. Telephone: 81-11-706-5068. Fax: 81-11-706-7805. E-mail address:
We thank the medical staff at Sapporo Toho Hospital and the participants, and the staff at Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences
| |
Collapse
|