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Removal of Reactive Red 120 using immobilized TiO2 in the presence of UV light. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02230-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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2
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Anagnostopoulou K, Nannou C, Evgenidou E, Lambropoulou D. Overarching issues on relevant pesticide transformation products in the aquatic environment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152863. [PMID: 34995614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of agricultural production during the last decades has forced the rapid increase in the use of pesticides that finally end up in the aquatic environment. Albeit well-documented, pesticides continue to raise researchers' attention, because of their potential adverse impacts on the environment and, inevitably, humans. Once entering the aquatic bodies, pesticides undergo biotic and abiotic processes, resulting in transformation products (TPs) that sometimes are even more toxic than the parent compounds. A substantial shift of the scientific interest in the TPs of pesticides has been observed since their environmental fate, occurrence and toxicity is still in its formative stage. In an ongoing effort to expand the existing knowledge on the topic, several interesting works have been performed mostly in European countries, such as France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Greece, and Spain that counts the highest number of relevant publications. Pesticide TPs have been also studied to a lesser extent in Asia, North and South America. To this end, the main objective of this review is to delineate the global occurrence, fate, toxicity as well as the analytical challenges related to pesticide TPs in surface, ground, and wastewaters, with the view to contribute to a better understanding of the environmental problems related with TPs formation. The concentration levels of the TPs, ranging from the low ng/L to high μg/L scale and distributed worldwide. Ultimately, an attempt to predict the acute and chronic toxicity of TPs has been carried out with the aid of an in-silico approach based on ECOSAR, revealing increased chronic toxicity for the majority of the identified TPs, despite the change they underwent, while a small portion of them presented serious acute toxicity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Anagnostopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Nannou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Eleni Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece.
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Chen G, Qiao Y, Liu F, Zhang X, Liao H, Zhang R, Dong J. Effects of fertilization on the triafamone photodegradation in aqueous solution: Kinetic, identification of photoproducts and degradation pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110363. [PMID: 32120175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triafamone is a highly effective, low toxicity sulfonamide herbicide widely used for weeding paddy fields. The triafamone photodegradation in water environment must be explored for its ecological risk assessment. In this work, the effects of chemical fertilizer (urea, diammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, and potassium sulfate), urea metabolites (CO32- and HCO3-), and organic fertilizers (unfermented organic fertilizer [UOF] and fermented organic fertilizer [FOF]) on the triafamone photodegradation in aqueous solution under simulated sunlight were evaluated. Results showed that the triafamone photodegradation rate was unaffected by urea. The half-life of triafamone decreased from 106.8 h to 68.4 h with increasing diammonium phosphate concentration. Potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, CO32-, and HCO3- could accelerate the triafamone photodegradation at all concentrations, whereas the degradation rate of triafamone decreased when the concentration of potassium sulfate or CO32- was 2000 mg/L. Triafamone photodegradation was promoted by 20-200 mg/L UOF and FOF but decreased to 236.6 and 142.3 h when the concentration reached 2000 mg/L. Twenty-three transformation products were isolated and identified from triafamone by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry under simulated sunlight irradiation, and the kinetic evolution of these products was explored. Five possible degradation pathways were inferred, including the cleavage of C-N, C-C, and C-O bonds; CO bond hydrogenation; the cleavage of triazine ring; the cleavage of the sulfonamide bridge; hydroxylation; hydroxyl substitution; methylation; demethylation; amination; and rearrangement. In summary, these results are important for elucidating the environmental fate of triafamone in aquatic systems and further assessing environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Chen
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Yuxin Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Hui Liao
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Jiannan Dong
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
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Koltsakidou Α, Katsiloulis C, Εvgenidou Ε, Lambropoulou DA. Photolysis and photocatalysis of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Nimesulide under simulated solar irradiation: Kinetic studies, transformation products and toxicity assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:245-257. [PMID: 31271990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the degradation of Nimesulide (NIM), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, using photolysis, heterogeneous (TiO2 in dispersion) and homogeneous (photo-Fenton reactant) photocatalysis, under simulated solar light (SSL) radiation, was investigated. Various parameters affecting the degradation rate of the target compound during the applied processes were optimized. The efficiency of all treatments used (direct photolysis; TiΟ2/SSL; TiΟ2/Η2Ο2/SSL; TiΟ2/S2Ο82-/SSL; Fe3+/H2O2/SSL; Fe3+/S2O82-/SSL and [Fe(C2O4)3]3-/H2O2/SSL) was evaluated by means of initial reaction rate and mineralization. Moreover, the generated transformation products (TPs) by each basic process (photolysis; TiΟ2/SSL and Fe3+/H2O2/SSL) were identified, using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry, and their formation kinetic profiles were given. The main transformation routes of NIM were hydroxylation and fragmentation, for all three treatments applied. Finally, toxicity measurements were conducted using Microtox bioassay in order to evaluate the potential risk of NIM and its TPs to aqueous organisms. Although, the acute toxicity increased during the first stages of treatment the final outcome lead to very low toxicity levels even within 60 min of TiO2/SSL treatment. Concluding, the obtained results suggest that the photocatalytic degradation of NIM can lead to its complete elimination and simultaneously to the detoxification of the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Α Koltsakidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ch Katsiloulis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ε Εvgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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5
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Photocatalytic Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in Real Hospital Wastewaters for Effluent Quality Amelioration. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the wastewater effluents has confirmed that conventional wastewater treatment technologies are not sufficiently effective in the pharmaceuticals’ removal. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the photocatalytic degradation of PhACs using TiO2-P25, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, CN) and a heterojunction of perovskite strodium titanate and graphitic carbon nitride SrTiO3/g-C3N4 (20% g-C3N4, 20CNSTO) photocatalytic materials, in hospital wastewater effluents, by simulated solar irradiation. The experiments were performed by using real wastewater samples collected from the university hospital wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent of Ioannina city (Northwestern Greece) and inherent pharmaceutical concentration levels. The analysis of the samples was accomplished by solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. In the cases of TiO2 and CN, more than 70% of the initial concentration (e.g., venlafaxine) was degraded after 90 min, while 20CNSTO presented lower photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, some compounds were sporadically detected (e.g., fluoxetine) or their concentrations remained stable during the photocatalytic treatment time period (e.g., trimethoprim). In total 11 transformation products (TPs) were formed along the degradation processes and were identified by using liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry.
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6
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Chen G, Liu F, Qiao Y, Tao B. Photodegradation of tefuryltrione in water under UV irradiation: Identification of transformation products and elucidation of photodegradation pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:133-141. [PMID: 30986595 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation is an important abiotic degradation process in the aquatic environment. In this study, the photodegradation of tefuryltrione in aqueous solution was investigated under UV-Visible irradiation. Effects of carbonate (CO32-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), nitrate (NO3-), hydrogen phosphate (HPO42-), potassium (K+), and ammonium (NH4+) on the photodegradation kinetics of tefuryltrione were evaluated. Results showed that tefuryltrione photodegradation was increased by HCO3-, CO32-, and NO3- in the range of 0.1-10 mmol L-1; decreased by HPO42-; and insignificantly affected by K+ and NH4+. Twelve main transformation products (TPs) were separated and identified on the basis of mass spectrum data assigned by elemental-composition calculations, comparison of structural analogs, and available literature. A tentative photodegradation pathway was further proposed depending on the identified TPs and their kinetic evolutions. Results indicated that TP 1 was generated by the hydroxyl that substituted for chlorine, TP 2 was formed by the cleavage of the ether bond of tefuryltrione, and TPs 3-6 were formed by the breakage of the CC bond of the keto moiety of tefuryltrione. Further, TPs 9-12 were formed by the rearrangement of tefuryltrione-photodegradation products. These findings are highly important for elucidating the environmental fate of tefuryltrione in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Chen
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China; Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Yuxin Qiao
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Tao
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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7
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Qiao Y, Chen G, Ma C, Tao B, Ma H, Zhang X, Liu F. Identification of photoproducts of florasulam in water using UPLC-QTOF-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7132-7142. [PMID: 30649695 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Here, we aimed to investigate florasulam photodegradation in aquatic environments under UV-visible irradiation. LC-MS/MS was used to explore the photolysis kinetics of florasulam degradation with respect to different light source types, florasulam concentrations, water sources, and pH. We also tested whether the addition of the nitrate ions, Fe3+, or I- to the reaction solution influences florasulam photolysis kinetics. NO3- accelerates florasulam degradation at low concentrations (0.01-1 mg L-1), but decreases the process at higher concentrations. At low concentrations (≤ 0.1 mg L-1), Fe3+ enhanced florasulam photodegradation obviously. However, the addition of 0.01-10 mg L-1 I- decreased the degradation rate linearly. The florasulam photolysis rates in alkaline and neutral solutions were higher than that in acidic solutions. The florasulam degradation rate under mercury light irradiation was greater than that under xenon light. The rate of florasulam degradation in distilled water was greater than in tap water, lake water, and rice paddy water. As the concentration of florasulam increased, the photodegradation rate decreased. Six kinds of transformation products (TPs) were isolated and identified using UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Based on these TPs and their evolutionary processes, we inferred the florasulam degradation mechanisms, identifying four possible florasulam degradation pathways. Cleavage of the florasulam sulfonamide bond yielded TPs2. TPs2 was intermolecularly rearranged to form a SO2 extrusion compound, TPs3. Cleavage of the [C-F] bonds led to the formation of TPsl, TPs4, and TPs5, while hydroxylation led to the formation of TPs6. We then predicted the stability of each of the florasulam TPs in water. TPs2 and TPs3 rapidly degraded after reaching maximum concentration due to poor light stability. TPs4 and TPs6 were more photostable than florasulam (the parent compound) and may be important contributors to water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qiao
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Guofeng Chen
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Chengyi Ma
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Bo Tao
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Hong Ma
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
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Ma L, Wang C, Li H, Peng F, Yang Z. Degradation of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in water with UV/chlorine: Influencing factors, reactive species, and possible pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:1166-1175. [PMID: 30223332 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) are two common odor compounds in drinking water. In this paper, the performance of UV/chlorine was compared with that of chlorine and UV to degrade GSM (100 ng L-1) and 2-MIB (100 ng L-1) in water. UV/chlorine was further exploited, and a steady-state kinetic model was used to conduct a detailed study on efficiency, rate, reactive species and pathway. The results showed that UV/chlorine greatly could improve the removal ratio to 90% within 5 min, from approximately 20% with only UV or dark chlorine in 60 min. The removal ratio and rate depended on UV light intensity, free chlorine dosage, reaction time and water quality parameters (e.g. pH, concentrations of HCO3- and Cl-). Among these factors, the first two obviously could accelerate the rate and increase the ratio. The degradation was also significantly improved in an acidic condition, while alkaline conditions and HCO3- had inhibitory effects, and Cl- created no difference. Contributions of OH and Cl to the degradation of 2-MIB and GSM were further revealed, and OH was found to be the most important reactive species. In the UV/chlorine process, 6 degradation byproducts of 2-MIB, including 1 alcohol, 2 ketones, and 3 olefins, were identified, and 14 degradation byproducts of GSM, including 6 ketones, 1 aldehyde, 2 alcohols, 3 naphthenes, and 2 olefins, were found by using solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The possible degradation pathways of GSM and 2-MIB in UV/chlorine thus were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Ma
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Chaoyi Wang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
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Celeiro M, Facorro R, Dagnac T, Vilar VJP, Llompart M. Photodegradation of multiclass fungicides in the aquatic environment and determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19181-19193. [PMID: 28664491 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation behaviour for nine widespread fungicides (benalaxyl, cyprodinil, dimethomorph, fenhexamide, iprovalicarb, kresoxim-methyl, metalaxyl, myclobutanil and tebuconazole) was evaluated in different types of water. Two different systems, direct UV photolysis and UVC/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP), were applied for the photodegradation tests. For the monitoring of the target compound degradation, a method based on direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. Several fungicide photodegradation by-products were tentatively identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) as well. For the photolysis studies, the efficiency of different types of radiation, UVC (λ = 254 nm) and UVA (λ = 365 nm), was compared. UVC photolysis provided the highest removal with a complete degradation for fenhexamide and kresoxim-methyl, and percentages between 48 and 78% for the other compounds, excluding iprovalicarb and myclobutanil with removals <35%, after 30 min of irradiation. Besides, the photodegradation tests were performed with different initial concentrations of fungicides, and the efficiency of two photoreactor systems was compared. In all cases, the kinetics followed pseudo-first order, and the half-life times could also be calculated. The addition of H2O2 under UVC light allowed an improvement of the reaction kinetics, especially for the most recalcitrant fungicides, obtaining in all cases removals higher than 82% in less than 6 min. Finally, in order to evaluate the suitability of the proposed systems, both UVC photolysis and UVC/H2O2 system were tested in different real water matrices (wastewater, tap water, swimming pool water and river water), showing that the UVC/H2O2 system had the highest removal efficiency in less than 6 min, for all water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Celeiro
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rocio Facorro
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Agronomic and Agrarian Research Centre (INGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, Apartado 10, 15080, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Thierry Dagnac
- Agronomic and Agrarian Research Centre (INGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, Apartado 10, 15080, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Vítor J P Vilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LRSE-LCM), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Llompart
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Bamba D, Coulibaly M, Robert D. Nitrogen-containing organic compounds: Origins, toxicity and conditions of their photocatalytic mineralization over TiO 2. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1489-1504. [PMID: 28041693 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable water management remains a global concern to meet the food needs of industrial and agricultural activities. Therefore, pollution abatement techniques, cheap and environmentally, are highly desired and recommended. The present review is devoted to the origin and the toxicity of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in water. The progress made in removing these pollutants, in recent years, is addressed. However, a prominent place is given to the photocatalytic degradation process using the TiO2 as a semiconductor, the conditions for good mineralization and especially the factors influencing it. The parameters that impact the performance of this method are the pH, the temperature, the reactor used, the light, the concentration of the pollutant, the amount of catalyst, etc. Up to now, the importance of one parameter relative to another has not been established because in the context of the photocatalytic degradation, certain parameters are often tightly coupled. Consequently, the mineralization is dependent on the initial degree of oxidation of nitrogen atom contained in the pollutant to be degraded. The hydroxyl nitrogen is primarily converted into nitrate ions (NO3-), while the amides and the primary amines are converted into ammonium ions (NH4+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Drissa Bamba
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Eaux (LCE) - Ecole Normale Supérieure d'Abidjan, 08 BP 10 Abidjan 08, Côte d'Ivoire; ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Antenne de Saint-Avold, Rue Victor Démange, 57500 Saint-Avold, France.
| | - Mariame Coulibaly
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Eaux (LCE) - Ecole Normale Supérieure d'Abidjan, 08 BP 10 Abidjan 08, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Didier Robert
- ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Antenne de Saint-Avold, Rue Victor Démange, 57500 Saint-Avold, France.
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11
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Frontistis Z, Antonopoulou M, Venieri D, Dailianis S, Konstantinou I, Mantzavinos D. Solar photocatalytic decomposition of ethyl paraben in zinc oxide suspensions. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Chen X, Dong B, Lin H, Hu J. Identification of photoproducts of fungicide cyprodinil and elucidation of transformation mechanism in water using LC-IT-TOF-MS/MS technique. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 160:359-365. [PMID: 27265400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating photodegradation of cyprodinil in aquatic solution under the simulated natural light or UV-visible irradiation (290-800 nm) using LC-MS/MS techniques. Effects of pH, nitrate ion, Fe (III), humic acid and TiO2 on photolysis kinetics of cyprodinil were explored. The photodegradation followed first-order reaction kinetics, and linear accelerating effects of Fe (III), nitrate ion and TiO2 with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 mg L(-1) on photodegradation were remarkably observed. HA at low concentration ranges (<3.0 mg L(-1)) enhanced cyprodinil photodegradation while the photocatalytic rate was weakened with more addition of HA. The degradation rate in alkaline solutions was greater than in acidic solutions. Six main transformation products (TPs) were separated and identified based on mass spectra data and density functional theory (DFT) quantum calculations, and their kinetic evolutions were also investigated. Ultimately, a tentative transformation mechanism was proposed based the identified TPs and their kinetic evolutions. The results indicated that one α-H on pyridine ring of cyprodinil was hydroxylated to form TPs 1. TPs 1 underwent a series of photochemical reactions involving ring-opening, addition of one H2O molecule and demethylation on three-member ring to form TPs 2, which was further hydroxylated on benzene ring to form TPs 6. TPs 3-5 were three isomers from Hofmann-Martius rearrangement of cyprodinil. These findings were of utmost importance for elucidating environmental fate of cyprodinil in aquatic ecosystem and further environmental risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Chen
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Bizhang Dong
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Hongfang Lin
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jiye Hu
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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13
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Dong B, Hu J. Photodegradation of the novel fungicide fluopyram in aqueous solution: kinetics, transformation products, and toxicity evolvement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19096-19106. [PMID: 27343079 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aqueous photodegradation of fluopyram was investigated under UV light (λ ≥ 200 nm) and simulated sunlight irradiation (λ ≥ 290 nm). The effect of solution pH, fulvic acids (FA), nitrate (NO3 (-)), Fe (III) ions, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) on direct photolysis of fluopyram was explored. The results showed that fluopyram photodegradation was faster in neutral solution than that in acidic and alkaline solutions. The presence of FA, NO3 (-), Fe (III), and TiO2 slightly affected the photodegradation of fluopyram under UV irradiation, whereas the photodegradation rates of fluopyram with 5 mg L(-1) Fe (III) and 500 mg L(-1) TiO2 were about 7-fold and 13-fold faster than that without Fe (III) and TiO2 under simulated sunlight irradiation, respectively. Three typical products for direct photolysis of fluopyram have been isolated and characterized by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. These products resulted from the intramolecular elimination of HCl, hydroxyl-substitution, and hydrogen extraction. Based on the identified transformation products and evolution profile, a plausible degradation pathway for the direct photolysis of fluopyram in aqueous solution was proposed. In addition, acute toxicity assays using the Vibrio fischeri bacteria test indicated that the transformation products were more toxic than the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhang Dong
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiye Hu
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Wang WL, Wu QY, Wang ZM, Hu HY, Negishi N, Torimura M. Photocatalytic degradation of the antiviral drug Tamiflu by UV-A/TiO2: Kinetics and mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 131:41-47. [PMID: 25765262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic degradation of the antiviral drug Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate, OP) by TiO2 - P25, ST-01 and ATO was investigated in aqueous solution under ultraviolet (UV-A) irradiation. The photocatalysis of OP is well described by pseudo-first-order kinetics with r2>98.0% for all cases. The kinetic constant of P25 with 80% anatase and 20% rutile (0.040 min(-1)) is 4 and 10 times higher than that of ATO and ST-01 with 100% purity of anatase, respectively. We examined the effects of the catalyst loading and initial OP concentration on the photodegradation of OP, and used potassium iodine, isopropanol, and calcium fluorine as radical quenchers to evaluate the contributions of the hydroxyl radical (OH) and photo hole (h+) in the photodegradation. Results confirmed that 80% of the contribution came from the OH species. Although more than 95% of the OP (21 μM) was removed after 80 min of UV-A irradiation with 20 and 100 mg L(-1) P25, the removal efficiencies of total organic carbon (TOC) were only 45.6% and 67.0%, respectively, after 360 min UV-A irradiation. Based on an intermediate analysis by HPLC coupled with a triple quadrupole spectrometer and an ion trap mass spectrometer, typical intermediate species such as hydration derivatives, hydroxyl substitutes and keto-derivatives were identified and possible degradation pathways of OP by P25 were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Wang
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng-Ming Wang
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Nobuaki Negishi
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Masaki Torimura
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
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15
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TiO2 photocatalysis of 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine taste and odor compound in aqueous phase: Kinetics, degradation pathways and toxicity evaluation. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Sharma T, Toor AP, Rajor A. Photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid in soil: application of response surface methodology for the optimization of parameters. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02224j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The photocatalytic mineralization of imidacloprid (IMI) in soil to inorganic ions and the formation of various intermediates using TiO2 as the photocatalyst have been investigated under UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena Sharma
- School of Energy & Environment
- Thapar University
- Patiala 147004
- India
| | - Amrit Pal Toor
- Dr S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engg. & Tech
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Anita Rajor
- School of Energy & Environment
- Thapar University
- Patiala 147004
- India
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17
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Grover IS, Singh S, Pal B. Photodegradation of imidacloprid insecticide by Ag-deposited titanate nanotubes: a study of intermediates and their reaction pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:12497-12503. [PMID: 25458204 DOI: 10.1021/jf5041614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work demonstrates the influence of Ag-loading (0.2-1.0 wt %) onto sodium titanate nanotubes (TNT) for complete photomineralization of the neurotoxic imidacloprid (IMI) insecticide under UV light illumination. It has been observed that degradation of IMI follows pseudo-first-order kinetics, where 0.5 wt % Ag-loaded TNT exhibited highest apparent rate constant (2.2 × 10(-2) min(-1)) and corresponding least half-life (t1/2) of 31 min for IMI relative to bare P25-TiO2 (3.4 × 10(-3) min(-1), t1/2 = 230 min). The mineralization of IMI intermediates to CO2 during its photooxidation has been described by time course GC-MS and GC analysis and has been correlated with the kinetic analysis. The investigation for the role and quantitative estimation of the fate of heteroatoms (N, O, and Cl) present in IMI revealed an increase in the amount of nitrate, nitrite, and chloride ions with time during its photooxidation. On the basis of these results a mechanistic pathway for photomineralization of IMI is proposed.
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Antonopoulou M, Konstantinou I. Photocatalytic treatment of metribuzin herbicide over TiO2 aqueous suspensions: Removal efficiency, identification of transformation products, reaction pathways and ecotoxicity evaluation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Application of liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to the identification of acetamiprid transformation products generated under oxidative processes in different water matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2549-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Luo X, Zhang S, Lin X. New insights on degradation of methylene blue using thermocatalytic reactions catalyzed by low-temperature excitation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:112-21. [PMID: 23747469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although photocatalysis has been actively surveyed on removing organic pollutants in ultraviolet (UV) environment, because of lacking UV in solar exposure, photodegradation is difficult to be considerably degraded in conventional exposure condition. In this work, an innovative approach was proposed to compensate for it, which was developed in model wastewater using thermal sensitizer at room temperature. At the optimal component condition, the removal rate of adsorption and thermocatalytic degradation processes can reach the highest level of 82.07% solely response to temperature in the dark. Moreover, the kinetics of degradation rate was modeled considering that it was found similarly to Langmuir-Hinshelwood behavior, and a tentative mechanism was objectively established, describing reasonably well in line with the experimental results. On the other hand, it was found that high amount of methylene blue (MB) adsorbed onto thermal sensitizer was of unambiguous importance to subsequent thermocatalytic performance. Briefly, all above suggest that the feasibility to the thermodegradation route has been successfully verified under room temperature excitation. Herein the insight into degradation pattern of dye over thermal excitation may further enlarge applications for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Luo
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China.
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21
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Keller BO, Esbata AA, Buncel E, van Loon GW. Rapidly formed quinalphos complexes with transition metal ions characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1319-1328. [PMID: 23681809 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) offers the unique opportunity to characterize complexes of the organophosphorus pesticide (OP) quinalphos (PA-Q) with transition metal ions immediately formed after contact. This study complements research looking at longer term kinetics of quinalphos hydrolysis in the presence of transition metal ions and gives insights into the structural features of the initial complex formation in solution. (Hydrolysis reaction: PA-Q + H2 O → PA-OH + HQ, where PA-OH is the diethyl phosphate product and HQ is hydroxyquinoxaline.) METHODS Low micromolar PA-Q solutions with an approximately 3-fold molar excess of transition metal ions were immediately analyzed after mixing. Fragmentation of the transition metal ion complexes with PA-Q was accomplished in two different ways: first, in-source fragmentation by elevating the declustering potential and second, low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID). RESULTS For Ag(+), the [PA-Q - Ag(+)] and respective Ag(+) -containing degradation product ions are readily observed. For Cu(2+), we observed the [PA-Q + Cu(2+) + NO3(-)] complex ion with weak intensity and strong signals from both the [2PA-Q + Cu(+)] and the [PA-Q + Cu(+)] ions, the latter two attributable to charge-state reduction in the gas phase from Cu(II) to Cu(I), indicating that PA-Q fulfills specific structural requirements of the formed complex for charge-state reduction during transition from solution to the gas phase. For Hg(2+), the [PA-Q + Hg(2+) + (PA-OH - H)(-)] ion was the largest observed species containing one Hg(2+) ion. No 1:1 species ([PA-Q] or other degradation products:Hg(2+)) was observable. CONCLUSIONS ESI-MS/MS of complexes formed from PA-Q and transition metal ions is a formidable technique to probe initial formation of these complexes in solution. Previous work from other groups established structural requirements that enable charge-state reduction from Cu(II) to Cu(I) in ligand complexes during transition into the gas phase, and these rules allow us to propose structural features of PA-Q complexes with copper ions in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd O Keller
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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Tzikalos N, Belessi V, Lambropoulou D. Photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Red 195 using anatase/brookite TiO2 mesoporous nanoparticles: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) and kinetics studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:2305-20. [PMID: 22864757 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Red 195 (RR195) from aqueous samples under UV-A irradiation by using anatase/brookite TiO2 (A/B TiO2) mesoporous nanoparticles has been investigated. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effects of the main parameters affecting the photocatalytic process. The effects and interactions of most influenced parameters, such as substrate concentration and catalyst load, were evaluated and optimized by using a central composite design model and a response surface methodology. The results indicated that the dye degradation efficiency in the experimental domain investigated was mainly affected by the tested variables, as well as their interaction effects. Analysis of variance showed a high coefficient of determination value (R(2) = 0.9947), thus ensuring a satisfactory adjustment of the first-order regression model (2FI model) with the experimental data. The obtained results also indicate that catalyst loading plays an important role in determining the removal efficiency of RR195 attributable to both photodegradation and adsorption process. Under optimal conditions (initial dye concentration (50 mg/L) and catalyst loading (2,000 mg/L), A/B TiO2 showed similar removal efficiency compared to that of commercial titania (Degussa P25). Also, at these conditions, complete degradation of RR195 can be achieved by both catalysts within 15 min under UV-A irradiation. The experiments demonstrated that dye removal on the prepared A/B TiO2 was facilitated by the synergistic effects between adsorption and photocatalysis. Photocatalytic mineralization of RR195 was monitored by total organic carbon. The recycling experiments confirmed the stability of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tzikalos
- Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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23
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Assessment of silicone as support to investigate the transformation routes of organic chemicals under environmental conditions and UV exposure. Application to selected fungicides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4187-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Sarkouhi M, Shamsipur M, Hassan J. ³¹P-NMR evaluation of organophosphorus pesticides degradation through metal ion promoted hydrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:7383-7393. [PMID: 22270592 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of some organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in the presence of metal ions was studied by (31)P-NMR spectroscopy. Both (31)P-NMR and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy results were used in order to determine the nature of metabolites formed after degradation. The degraded organophosphorus pesticide were investigated for chlorpyrifos and phoxim in the presence of several metal ions including Hg(2+), Cu(2+), Cd(2+), Ni(2+), Pb(2+), and Ag(+). (31)P-NMR results indicated Ag(+) and Hg(2+) ion promoted degradation of OPPs and other metal ions formed complex with OPPs and cannot degrade OPPs. We found that the degradation of chlorpyrifos and phoxim with Ag(+) or Hg(2+) led to the formation of O,O-diethyl-O-methyl phosphorothionate, (C(2)H(5)O)(2)(CH(3)O)PS, at metal ion/pesticide mole ratios ≤1.0 and completely decomposed at a higher mole ratio of 10. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the degradation study of a number of technical and formulated pesticides in the presence of Ag(+) ion at a metal ion/pesticide mole ratio of 10.
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Zabar R, Komel T, Fabjan J, Kralj MB, Trebše P. Photocatalytic degradation with immobilised TiO(2) of three selected neonicotinoid insecticides: imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:293-301. [PMID: 22668598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This research focused on photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin employing a tailor-made photoreactor with six polychromatic fluorescent UVA (broad maximum at 355 nm) lamps and immobilised titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) on glass slides. The disappearance was followed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) analyses, wherein the efficiency of mineralization was monitored by measurements of total organic carbon (TOC). Within 2h of photocatalysis, all three neonicotinoids were degraded following first order kinetics with rate constants k=0.035 ± 0.001 min(-1) for imidacloprid, k=0.019 ± 0.001 min(-1) for thiamethoxam and k=0.021 ± 0.000 min(-1) for clothianidin. However, the rate of mineralization was low, i.e. 19.1 ± 0.2% for imidacloprid, 14.4 ± 2.9% for thiamethoxam and 14.1 ± 0.4% for clothianidin. This indicates that several transformation products were formed instead. Some of them were observed within HPLC-DAD analyses and structures were proposed according to the liquid chromatography-electro spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The formation of clothianidin, as thiamethoxam transformation product, was reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Zabar
- Laboratory for Environmental Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, P.O. Box 301, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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Hernández F, Sancho JV, Ibáñez M, Abad E, Portolés T, Mattioli L. Current use of high-resolution mass spectrometry in the environmental sciences. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1251-64. [PMID: 22362279 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, mass spectrometry (MS) has been increasingly used in the environmental sciences with the objective of investigating the presence of organic pollutants. MS has been widely coupled with chromatographic techniques, both gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), because of their complementary nature when facing a broad range of organic pollutants of different polarity and volatility. A clear trend has been observed, from the very popular GC-MS with a single quadrupole mass analyser, to tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) and, more recently, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). For years GC has been coupled to HR magnetic sector instruments, mostly for dioxin analysis, although in the last ten years there has been growing interest in HRMS with time-of-flight (TOF) and Orbitrap mass analyzers, especially in LC-MS analysis. The increasing interest in the use of HRMS in the environmental sciences is because of its suitability for both targeted and untargeted analysis, owing to its sensitivity in full-scan acquisition mode and high mass accuracy. With the same instrument one can perform a variety of tasks: pre- and post-target analysis, retrospective analysis, discovery of metabolite and transformation products, and non-target analysis. All these functions are relevant to the environmental sciences, in which the analyst encounters thousands of different organic contaminants. Thus, wide-scope screening of environmental samples is one of the main applications of HRMS. This paper is a critical review of current use of HRMS in the environmental sciences. Needless to say, it is not the intention of the authors to summarise all contributions of HRMS in this field, as in classic descriptive reviews, but to give an overview of the main characteristics of HRMS, its strong potential in environmental mass spectrometry and the trends observed over the last few years. Most of the literature has been acquired since 2005, coinciding with the growth and popularity of HRMS in this field, with a few exceptions that deserve to be mentioned because of their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
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Zabar R, Dolenc D, Jerman T, Franko M, Trebše P. Photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of 6-chloronicotinic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:861-868. [PMID: 21802113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This work describes for the first time the photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of 6-chloronicotinic acid (6CNA) in double deionised water, which is a degradation product of neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and acetamiprid, and it is known to appear in different environmental matrices. Photolytic experiments were performed with three UVA (ultraviolet A) polychromatic fluorescent lamps with broad maximum at 355 nm, while photocatalytic experiments were performed using immobilised titanium dioxide (TiO₂) on six glass slides in the spinning basket inside a photocatalytic quartz cell under similar irradiation conditions. Photolytic degradation revealed no change in concentration of 6CNA within 120 min of irradiation, while the photocatalytic degradation within 120 min, obeyed first-order kinetics. The observed disappearance rate constant was k=0.011 ± 0.001 min⁻¹ and t½ was 63.1 ± 5.5 min. Mineralisation rate was estimated through total organic carbon (TOC) and measurements revealed no carbon removal in case of photolysis after 120 min of exposure. However in photocatalytic experiments 46 ± 7% mineralisation was achieved within 120 min of irradiation. Nevertheless, the removal of total nitrogen (TN) was not observed across all experiments. Ion chromatographic analyses indicated transformation of chlorine atoms to chloride and increase of nitrate(V) ions only via photocatalytic experiments. Efficiency of selected advanced oxidation process (AOP) was investigated through toxicity assessment with Vibrio fischeri luminescent bacteria and revealed higher adverse effects of treated samples on bacteria following photocatalytic degradation in spite of the fact that higher mineralisation was achieved. New hydroxylated product generated in photocatalytic experiments with TiO₂, was confirmed with liquid chromatography-electro spray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analyses, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Zabar
- Laboratory for Environmental Research, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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