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Peng X, Wu Y, Chen L, Ma X. Responses of Vallisneria natans and Pistia stratiotes to Cu 2+ and Mn 2+ stress: Occurrence of caffeic acid and its degradation kinetics during chlorination. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116209. [PMID: 38492482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Macrophytes are crucial in maintaining the equilibrium of aquatic ecosystems. However, the pattern of macrophyte-derived caffeic acid (CA) release under heavy metal stress is yet to be fully understood. More importantly, due to its functional groups, CA may be a precursor to the formation of disinfection by-products, posing threats to water ecology and even safety of human drinking water. This study analyzed the responses of CA released by Vallisneria natans (V. natans) and Pistia stratiotes (P. Stratiotes) when exposed to Cu2+ and Mn2+ stress. Additionally, the CA levels in two constructed wetland ponds were detected and the degradation kinetics of CA during chlorination were investigated. Results indicated that CA occurred in two constructed wetland ponds with the concentrations of 44.727 μg/L (planted with V. natans) and 61.607 μg/L (planted with P. Stratiotes). Notably, heavy metal stress could significantly affect CA release from V. natans and P. Stratiotes. In general, under Cu2+ stress, V. natans secreted far more CA than under Mn2+ stress, the level could reach up to 435.303 μg/L. However, compared to V. natans, P. Stratiotes was less affected by Cu2+ and Mn2+ stress, releasing a maximum CA content of 55.582 μg/L under 5 mg/L Mn2+ stress. Aquatic macrophytes secreted more CA in response to heavy metal stresses and protected macrophytes from harmful heavy metals. CA degradation followed the pseudo first-order kinetics model, and the chlorination of CA conformed to a second-order reaction. The reaction rate significantly accelerated as NaClO, pH, temperature and Br- concentration increased. A new pathway for CA degradation and a new DBP 2, 2, 3, 3-tetrachloropropanal were observed. These findings pointed at a new direction into the adverse effect of CA, potentially paving the way for new strategies to solve drinking water safety problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Peng
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Guo Y, Yang Q, Xu J, Bai X, Han Q, Nie J, Zhang L, Li H, Gao H, Zhou W, Li J. Formation of organic chloramines during chlorination of 18 compounds. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117570. [PMID: 34464745 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic chloramines have attracted considerable attention because of their potential toxicity and reactivity. However, the lack of suitable and effective analytical methods has limited the study of organic chloramines due to their volatile and unstable properties. In this study, membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) combined with DPD/FAS titration was used to monitor the formation of organic chloramines. N-chlorodimethylamine [(CH3)2NCl] and N-chlorodiethylamine [(C2H5)2NCl] were detected and identified as the dominant volatile DBPs during chlorination of 18 organic compounds with dimethylamine or diethylamine functional groups, with yields ranging from 0.3% to 51.1% at a chlorine to precursor (Cl/P) molar ratio of 8.0. (CH3)2NBr was formed in the presence of bromide, while the formation of (CH3)2NCl was decreased. The reaction of phenol with (CH3)2NCl combined with theoretical calculations confirmed that the reactivity of (CH3)2NCl was similar to that of monochloramine. Moreover, (CH3)2NCl and (C2H5)2NCl were observed at the ppb level during chlorination of actual water samples collected from different areas. The results suggest that (CH3)2NCl and (C2H5)2NCl are important organic chloramines during chlorination, which may lead to the occurrence of further oxidation reactions and promote the formation of other disinfection byproducts simultaneously and should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xueling Bai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qihuan Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jie Nie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zheng Zhou 450052, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zheng Zhou 450052, China
| | - Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - WenFeng Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Hu CY, Zhang JC, Lin YL, Ren SC, Zhu YY, Xiong C, Wang QB. Degradation kinetics of prometryn and formation of disinfection by-products during chlorination. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130089. [PMID: 33743417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prometryn is a herbicide that is widely used and frequently detected in aqueous environment and soil. Prometryn is chemically stable, biologically toxic, and easily to accumulate in living bodies, which can cause accumulate in the environment and acute and chronic toxicity to living creatures. In this study, factors affecting the degradation kinetics of prometryn chlorination were studied, including solution pH, bromide and ammonium concentrations, and temperature. Prometryn reacted quickly with aqueous chlorine following the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The maximum pseudo-first-order rate constant (kapp) appeared at pH 5 with the observed rate constant (kobs) as 190. 08 h-1; the minimum value of kapp reached at pH 9 with kobs as 5.26 h-1. The presence of Br- and increase of temperature both accelerated the degradation rate of prometryn during chlorination. The activation energy was calculated as 31.80 kJ/mol. Meanwhile 6 disinfection by-products (DBPs) were detected, namely: chloroform (CF), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), dichloroacetone, trichloronitromethane (TCNM), and trichloroacetone. Solution pH significantly affected the formation and distribution of DBPs. CF was the most formed carbonated DBP (C-DBP) with the maximum of 217.9 μg/L at pH 8, and its formation was significantly higher in alkaline conditions. For nitrogenated DBPs (N-DBPs), the yields of DCAN and TCAN were significantly higher in acidic conditions, while the maximum of TCNM achieved in neutral conditions. Because the toxicity of N-DBPs is higher than that of C-DBPs, the pH should be controlled in neutral or slight alkaline conditions during prometryn chlorination to effectively control DBP formation and reduce the related toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Ji-Chen Zhang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 824, ROC, Taiwan.
| | - Si-Cheng Ren
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| | - Ye-Ye Zhu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| | - Cun Xiong
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| | - Qiang-Bing Wang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
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de Barros ALC, da Silva Rodrigues DA, da Cunha CCRF, Chagas IASD, Santo DRDE, Silva SDQ, Afonso RJDCF. Aqueous chlorination of herbicide metribuzin: Identification and elucidation of "new" disinfection by-products, degradation pathway and toxicity evaluation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116545. [PMID: 33160237 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A widely used herbicide, metribuzin, was evaluated for degradation, mineralization and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation during aqueous chlorination. In addition, to assess the toxicity effects of chlorination on metribuzin solution the following tests were performed: acute toxicity using Artemia salina nauplii; cell viability using MTT assay; estrogenicity using a re-engineered Bioluminescent Yeast Estrogen Screen (BLYES) and a constitutively bioluminescent strain (BLYR); mutagenicity and developmental toxicity using Q(SAR) methodology. Metribuzin at 10 mg·L-1 was degraded by chlorination, achieving 93% of removal at 30 min of reaction. TOC analysis showed that the herbicide does not suffer complete mineralization, even after 24 h of contact with free chlorine. Seventeen DBPs were detected and their structural formulae were elucidated by high resolution mass spectrometry. Toxicity effects for chlorinated solutions increased when compared to the unreacted metribuzin solution. DBPs were more toxic to Artemia salina nauplii, increasing around 20% on nauplii mortality. It was also observed high estrogenicity to human receptors in BLYES assays and mutagenic and developmental toxicant effects to animals and humans in Q(SAR) methodology, suggesting that DBPs are potentially more toxic than the precursor metribuzin. Metribuzin solutions at 10 mg·L-1 showed equivalent 17-β-estradiol values ranged from 0.061 to 6.71 µg·L-1 after to be chlorinated at different reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Corrêa de Barros
- Postgraduation Program in Environmental Engineering (ProAmb), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel Aparecido da Silva Rodrigues
- Multicenter Postgraduation Program in Chemistry - Minas Gerais, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Silvana de Queiroz Silva
- Postgraduation Program in Environmental Engineering (ProAmb), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Robson José de Cássia Franco Afonso
- Postgraduation Program in Environmental Engineering (ProAmb), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil; Multicenter Postgraduation Program in Chemistry - Minas Gerais, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil; Department of chemistry, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil.
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Wang W, Yang P, Guo Y, Ji H, Liang F. Phenylurea herbicide degradation and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation under various oxidation conditions: Relationships and transformation pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116122. [PMID: 33248834 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Four phenylurea herbicides (PUHs) were assessed for degradation and transformation into N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) under three oxidation conditions (chlorine (Cl2), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and ozone (O3)) from an aqueous solution. Removal ratios correlated with the numbers of halogen elements contained in PUHs (isoproturon (0) > chlorotoluron (1 Cl) > diuron (2 Cl) > fluometuron (3 F)), and the degradation efficiencies of oxidants from fastest to slowest were: O3, ClO2, and Cl2. NDMA can be generated directly from the ozonation of PUHs. Further, compared with chloramination alone, ozonation prominently promoted NDMA formation potential (NDMA-FP) during post-chloramination, and NDMA-FPs increased approximately 23-68 times than those during ozonation only at 2.5 mg/L O3 over 10 min; molar yields of NDMA from highest to lowest were 11.1% (isoproturon), 1.17% (chlorotoluron), 1.0% (diuron), and 0.73% (fluometuron). The PUH degradation kinetics data during ozonation agreed with the pseudo-first-order model. The rate constant kobs were 0.31 × 10-3-19.8 × 10-3 s-1. The kobs and removal ratios of PUHs during ozonation partially scaled with the mass, LogKow, and Henry's constants of PUHs. Comparisons of measured NDMA-FPs with calculated NDMA-FPs from residual PUH after oxidation showed that the intermediates produced during ozonation facilitated NDMA-FPs; this contribution was also observed for chlorotoluron and isoproturon during ClO2 oxidation. Examination of reaction mechanisms revealed that tertiary amine ozonation, N-dealkylation, hydroxylation, the cleavage of N-C bonds, ammonification, and nitrification occurred during the ozonation of PUHs, and the dimethylamine (DMA) functional groups could be decomposed directly and transformed into NDMA via the formation of the intermediate unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine. NDMA is also formed from the reaction between DMA and phenylamino-compounds. Clarifying primary degradation products of PUHs and transformation pathways of NDMA during oxidation processes is useful to optimize treatment processes for water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Panqing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yanling Guo
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Haoran Ji
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Fang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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7
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Bibliometric review of research trends on disinfection by-products in drinking water during 1975–2018. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wang Y, Dong H, Wu Z, Qiang Z. Organic Amines Enhance the Formation of Iodinated Trihalomethanes during Chlorination of Iodide-Containing Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4651-4657. [PMID: 32122117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of organic amines (OAs) including glycine (Gly), sarcosine (Sar), and triethanolamine (Tea), representing primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively, on iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) formation during chlorination of iodide (I-)-containing waters were investigated. The total concentration of I-THMs formed in the co-presence of an OA and natural organic matter (NOM) was more than 3 times the sum of those formed in the presence of an OA alone and NOM alone, as OAs competed for free chlorine (FC) to form organic chloramines. Taking Gly as an example, the transformation of I- was determined. In the absence of NOM, the yields of iodate (IO3-) were 89%, 60%, and nearly 0 at [Gly]o/[FC]o = 0:1, 3:4, and 1:1, but 0, 2%, and 43% for hypoiodous acid (HOI), respectively. In the presence of NOM, as [Gly]o/[FC]o increased from 0:1 to 1:1, the yield of IO3- decreased from 66% to 0, while that of I-THMs increased from 2.9% to 16.1%. The competition of FC by OAs inhibited the oxidation of HOI to IO3-, and the formed organic chloramines can oxidize I- to HOI, thus promoting I-DBPs formation. Finally, the enhanced I-THMs formation was verified in real waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhengdi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Hu CY, Deng YG, Lin YL, Hou YZ. Chlorination of bromacil: Kinetics and disinfection by-products. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Degradation kinetics and disinfection by-product formation of chlorimuron-ethyl during aqueous chlorination. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhang T, Xu B, Wang A, Cui C. Degradation kinetics of organic chloramines and formation of disinfection by-products during chlorination of creatinine. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:673-682. [PMID: 29289012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic chloramines can interfere with the measurement of effective combined chlorine in chlorinated water and are potential intermediate products of highly toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). In order to know more about the degradation and transformation of organic chloramines, a typical organic chloramine precursor creatinine was selected for investigation and a corresponding individual organic chloramine chlorocreatinine was prepared in this study. The preparation condition of chlorocreatinine by chlorination was established as chlorine/creatinine = 1 M/M, reaction time = 2 h and pH = 7.0. Then the degradation kinetics of chlorocreatinine during further chlorination was studied, and a second-order rate constant of 1.16 (±0.14) M-1 s-1 was obtained at pH 7.0. Solution pH significantly influenced the degradation rate, and the elementary rate constants of chlorocreatinine with HOCl+H+, HOCl, OCl- and chlorocreatinine- with OCl- were calculated as 2.43 (±1.55) × 104 M-2 s-1, 1.05 (±0.09) M-1 s-1, 2.86 (±0.30) M-1 s-1 and 3.09 (±0.24) M-1 s-1, respectively. Besides, it was found that chlorocreatinine could be further converted into several C-DBPs (chloroform and trichloroacetone) and N-DBPs (dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM)) during chlorination. The total yield of DBPs increased obviously with increasing pH, especially for TCNM. In addition, the presence of humic acid in creatinine solution could increase the formation of DCAN obviously during chlorination. Based on the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis, the conversion pathways of chlorocreatinine were proposed. Several kinds of intermediate products were also identified as organic chloramines and some of them could even exist stably during the further chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Anqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Changzheng Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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Wang AQ, Lin YL, Xu B, Hu CY, Zhang MS, Xia SJ, Zhang TY, Chu WH, Gao NY. Degradation of acrylamide during chlorination as a precursor of haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:38-46. [PMID: 28963895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide is a monomer of polyacrylamide, which is widely used in the water treatment process as a flocculant. The degradation kinetics and formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during acrylamide chlorination were investigated in this study. The reaction between chlorine and acrylamide followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics. A kinetic model regarding acrylamide chlorination was established and the rate constants of each predominant elementary reaction (i.e., the base-catalyzed reaction of acrylamide with ClO- as well as the reactions of acrylamide with HOCl and ClO-) were calculated as 7.89×107M-2h-1, 7.72×101M-1h-1, and 1.65×103M-1h-1, respectively. The presence of Br- in water led to the formation of HOBr and accelerated the rate of acrylamide degradation by chlorine. The reaction rate constant of acrylamide with HOBr was calculated as 1.33×103M-1h-1. The degradation pathways of acrylamide chlorination were proposed according to the intermediates identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Five chlorinated DBPs including chloroform (CF), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), and trichloroacetamide (TCAcAm) were identified during acrylamide chlorination. The formation of CF, DCAN, DCAcAm, and TCAcAm kept increasing, while that of TCAN increased and then decreased with increasing reaction time. As the chlorine dosage increased from 0.75 to 4.5mM, DCAN became the dominant DBP. Large amounts of CF, DCAN, and TCAN were formed at basic pHs. The hydrolysis of DCAN and TCAN led to the formation of DCAcAm and TCAcAm, respectively. The results of this study elucidated that acrylamide can be a precursor for the formation of haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetamides (HAcAms) during drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Min-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Sheng-Ji Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Wen-Hai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Richardson SD, Postigo C. Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry of Emerging Disinfection By-products. ADVANCES IN THE USE OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS) - INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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15
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Tian FX, Xu B, Lin YL, Hu CY, Zhang TY, Xia SJ, Chu WH, Gao NY. Chlor(am)ination of iopamidol: Kinetics, pathways and disinfection by-products formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:489-497. [PMID: 28618281 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The degradation kinetics, pathways and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation of iopamidol by chlorine and chloramines were investigated in this paper. The chlorination kinetics can be well described by a second-order model. The apparent second-order rate constants of iopamidol chlorination significantly increased with solution pH. The rate constants of iopamidol with HOCl and OCl- were calculated as (1.66 ± 0.09) × 10-3 M-1 s-1 and (0.45± 0.02) M-1 s-1, respectively. However, the chloramination of iopamidol fitted well with third-order kinetics and the maximum of the apparent rate constant occurred at pH 7. It was inferred that the free chlorine (i.e., HOCl and OCl-) can react with iopamidol while the combined chlorine species (i.e., NH2Cl and NHCl2) were not reactive with iopamidol. The main intermediates during chlorination or chloramination of iopamidol were identified using ultra performance liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS), and the destruction pathways including stepwise deiodination, hydroxylation as well as chlorination were then proposed. The regular and iodinated DBPs formed during chlorination and chloramination of iopamidol were measured. It was found that iodine conversion from iopamidol to toxic iodinated DBPs distinctly increased during chloramination. The results also indicated that although chloramines were much less reactive than chlorine toward iopamidol, they led to the formation of much more toxic iodinated DBPs, especially CHI3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Sheng-Ji Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Wen-Hai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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16
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Shin HS, Lim HH. Identification and determination of disinfection byproducts in chlorine-containing household cleansing products. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:157-164. [PMID: 28161516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seven halogenated volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) and two haloacetic acids were detected and quantified in 15 household products, including sodium hypochlorite, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chloroform was detected in a range of 0.2-30.2 mg kg-1 in all products, and carbon tetrachloride was observed in 13 samples in a range of 0.05-352 mg kg-1. Dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were also detected up to 94 and 146 mg kg-1 in household products. The estimated human exposures of chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were calculated to 0.041, 0.240, 0.913 and 2.39 mg/kg/day by the exposure algorithm from the Japan National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, respectively. According to the calculated result, the total estimated human exposure of chloroform were determined to exceed the tolerable concentration of inhalation exposure presented by the World Health Organization. The DBPs should be controlled to the lowest concentrations in the chlorine-containing household cleansing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, 314-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Lim
- Department of Environmental Science, Kongju National University, Kongju, 314-701, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Zhang TY, Lin YL, Xu B, Cheng T, Xia SJ, Chu WH, Gao NY. Formation of organic chloramines during chlor(am)ination and UV/chlor(am)ination of algae organic matter in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 103:189-196. [PMID: 27455415 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface water are frequently subjected to problems of algal blooms and release of algae organic matter (AOM) from the algae cells, which cause many water quality issues. This study investigated the formation of organic chloramines and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) during chlor(am)ination and UV/chlor(am)ination of AOM in drinking water. AOM caused higher organic chloramine formation than humic acid and fulvic acid during chlor(am)ination. The formation of organic chloramines increased first and then decreased with the increase of free chlorine dosage, but kept increasing with the increase of NH2Cl dosage. During AOM chlorination, the formation of organic chloramines kept decreasing as the reaction time went by, and the maximum organic chloramine proportion (79.1%) in total chlorine occurred at 8 h. However, during AOM chloramination, the formation of organic chloramines increased first, decreased in the following and then increased again as the reaction time went by, and the maximum organic chloramine proportion (22.1%) in total chlorine occurred at 24 h. UV irradiation pretreatment did not effectively influence organic chloramine formation during AOM chlor(am)ination, but accelerated the degradation of organic chloramines during chloramination. Besides, UV pretreatment enhanced the formation of N-DBPs during the subsequent chlor(am)ination of AOM, especially dichloroacetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Tuo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Sheng-Ji Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Wen-Hai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Disinfection By-product Control in Water Treatment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Cao F, Zhang M, Yuan S, Feng J, Wang Q, Wang W, Hu Z. Transformation of acetaminophen during water chlorination treatment: kinetics and transformation products identification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:12303-12311. [PMID: 26983813 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a high-consumption drug in the world, acetaminophen (AAP) has been widely detected in natural waters and wastewaters. Its reactivity and the transformation products formed during chlorination may greatly threaten the safety of drinking water. The reaction kinetics of AAP during chlorination was investigated in this study. The results showed that the reaction kinetics could be well described with a kinetics model of -d[AAP]/dt = k app[AAP]t (0.63)[Cl2]t (1.37). The values of apparent rate constant (k app) were dependent on reaction temperature, ammonium, and pH. With the increase in reaction temperature from 5.0 ± 1.0 to 40.0 ± 1.0 °C, the removal efficiency of AAP increased from 60 to 100 %. When ammonium was present in the solution at 2.0 mg/L, the transformation of AAP was inhibited due to the rapid formation of chloramines. The maximum of k app was 0.58 × 10(2) M(-1) · min(-1) at pH 9.0, and the minimum was 0.27 M(-1) · min(-1) at pH 11.0. A low mineralization of AAP (about 7.2 %) with chlorination was observed through TOC analysis, implying the formation of plenty of transformation products during chlorination. The main transformation products, hydroquinone and two kinds of chlorinated compounds, monochlorinated acetaminophen and dichlorinated acetaminophen, were detected in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cao
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Mengtao Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Shoujun Yuan
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Jingwei Feng
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Qiquan Wang
- Chemistry Department, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zhenhu Hu
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
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Zhang TY, Lin YL, Xu B, Xia SJ, Tian FX, Gao NY. Effect of UV irradiation on the proportion of organic chloramines in total chlorine in subsequent chlorination. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:940-947. [PMID: 26432536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the changes of chlorine species and proportion of organic chloramines during the chlorination process after UV irradiation pretreatment in drinking water. It was found that the UV pretreatment could enhance the percentage of organic chloramines by increasing free chlorine consumption in the chlorination of raw waters. The percentage of organic chloramines in total chlorine increased with UV intensity and irradiation time in raw waters. However, for the humic acid synthesized water, the percentage of organic chloramines increased first and then decreased with the increase of UV irradiation time. The value of SUVA declined in both raw and humic acid synthesized waters over the UV irradiation time, which indicated that the decomposition of aromatic organic matter by UV could be a contributor to the increase of free chlorine consumption and organic chloramine proportion. The percentage of organic chloramines during chlorination of raw waters after 30-min UV irradiation pretreatment varied from 20.2% to 41.8%. Total chlorine decreased obviously with the increase of nitrate concentration, but the percentage of organic chloramines increased and was linearly correlated to nitrate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Sheng-Ji Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Fu-Xiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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20
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Manasfi T, Storck V, Ravier S, Demelas C, Coulomb B, Boudenne JL. Degradation Products of Benzophenone-3 in Chlorinated Seawater Swimming Pools. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9308-9316. [PMID: 26167727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxybenzone (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenone, benzophenone-3) is one of the UV filters commonly found in sunscreens. Its presence in swimming pools and its reactivity with chlorine has already been demonstrated but never in seawater swimming pools. In these pools, chlorine added for disinfection results in the formation of bromine, due to the high levels of bromide in seawater, and leads to the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts, known to be more toxic than chlorinated ones. Therefore, it seems important to determine the transformation products of oxybenzone in chlorinated seawater swimming pools; especially that users of seawater swimming pools may apply sunscreens and other personal-care products containing oxybenzone before going to pools. This leads to the introduction of oxybenzone to pools, where it reacts with bromine. For this purpose, the reactivity of oxybenzone has been examined as a function of chlorine dose and temperature in artificial seawater to assess its potential to produce trihalomethanes and to determine the byproducts generated following chlorination. Increasing doses of chlorine and increasing temperatures enhanced the formation of bromoform. Experiments carried out with excess doses of chlorine resulted in the degradation of oxybenzone and allowed the determination of the degradation mechanisms leading to the formation of bromoform. In total, ten transformation products were identified, based on which the transformation pathway was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Manasfi
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Veronika Storck
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Ravier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Carine Demelas
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Coulomb
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Boudenne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
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21
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Hu CY, Cheng M, Lin YL. Chlorination of bensulfuron-methyl: Kinetics, reaction factors and disinfection by-product formation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Qin L, Lin YL, Xu B, Hu CY, Tian FX, Zhang TY, Zhu WQ, Huang H, Gao NY. Kinetic models and pathways of ronidazole degradation by chlorination, UV irradiation and UV/chlorine processes. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 65:271-81. [PMID: 25141357 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Degradation kinetics and pathways of ronidazole (RNZ) by chlorination (Cl2), UV irradiation and combined UV/chlorine processes were investigated in this paper. The degradation kinetics of RNZ chlorination followed a second-order behavior with the rate constants calculated as (2.13 ± 0.15) × 10(2) M(-2) s(-1), (0.82 ± 0.52) × 10(-2) M(-1) s(-1) and (2.06 ± 0.09) × 10(-1) M(-1) s(-1) for the acid-catalyzed reaction, as well as the reactions of RNZ with HOCl and OCl(-), respectively. Although UV irradiation degraded RNZ more effectively than chlorination did, very low quantum yield of RNZ at 254 nm was obtained as 1.02 × 10(-3) mol E(-1). RNZ could be efficiently degraded and mineralized in the UV/chlorine process due to the generation of hydroxyl radicals. The second-order rate constant between RNZ and hydroxyl radical was determined as (2.92 ± 0.05) × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). The degradation intermediates of RNZ during the three processes were identified with Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography - Electrospray Ionization - mass spectrometry and the degradation pathways were then proposed. Moreover, the variation of chloropicrin (TCNM) and chloroform (CF) formation after the three processes were further evaluated. Enhanced formation of CF and TCNM precursors during UV/chlorine process deserves extensive attention in drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Fu-Xiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Wen-Qian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Tian FX, Xu B, Lin YL, Hu CY, Zhang TY, Gao NY. Photodegradation kinetics of iopamidol by UV irradiation and enhanced formation of iodinated disinfection by-products in sequential oxidation processes. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 58:198-208. [PMID: 24762552 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical degradation of iopamidol with low-pressure UV lamps and the formation of iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) during sequential oxidation processes including chlorine, monochloramine and chlorine dioxide were investigated in this study. Iopamidol can be effectively decomposed by UV irradiation with pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. The evaluated quantum yield was found to be 0.03318 mol einstein(-1). Results showed that iopamidol degradation rate was significantly increased by higher UV intensity and lower initial iopamidol concentration. However, the effect of solution pH was negligible. Degradation of iopamidol by UV photolysis was subjected to deiodination and hydroxylation mechanisms. The main degradation products including -OH substitutes and iodide were identified by UPLC-ESI-MS and UPLC-UV, respectively. Increasing the intensity of UV irradiation promoted the release of iodide. Destruction pathways of iopamidol photolysis were proposed. Enhanced formation of I-DBPs were observed after iopamidol photolysis followed by disinfection processes including chlorine, monochloramine and chlorine dioxide. With the increase of UV fluence, I-DBPs formation were significantly promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Fan Z, Gong S, Xu X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yu X. Characterization, DBPs formation, and mutagenicity of different organic matter fractions in two source waters. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:300-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Zhang TY, Xu B, Hu CY, Li M, Xia SJ, Tian FX, Gao NY. Degradation kinetics and chloropicrin formation during aqueous chlorination of dinoseb. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2662-2668. [PMID: 24034831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of chlorination of dinoseb and the corresponding formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) were studied between pH 4 and 9 at room temperature (25±1°C). The reactivity shows a minimum at pH 9, a maximum at pH 4 and a medium at neutral conditions. pH profile of the apparent second-order rate constant of the reaction of dinoseb with chlorine was modeled considering the elementary reactions of HOCl with dinoseb species and an acid-catalyzed reaction. The predominant reactions at near neutral pH were the reactions of HOCl with the two species of dinoseb. The rate constants of 2.0 (±0.8)×10(4)M(-2)s(-1), 3.3 (±0.6) and 0.5 (±0.1)M(-1)s(-1) were determined for the acid-catalyzed reaction, HOCl reacted with dinoseb and dinoseb(-), respectively. The main degradation by-products of the dinoseb formed during chlorination have been separated and identified by GC-MS with liquid-liquid extraction sample pretreatment. Six volatile and semi-volatile DBPs were identified in the chlorination products, including chloroform (CF), monochloroacetone, chloropicrin (TCNM), 1,1-dichloro-2-methy-butane, 1,2-dichloro-2-methy-butane, 1-chloro-3-methy-pentanone. A proposed degradation pathway of dinoseb during chlorination was then given. TCNM and CF formation potential during chlorination of dinoseb reached as high as 0.077 and 0.097μMμM(-1) dinoseb under the traditional condition (pH=7 and Cl2/C=2). Their yields varied with Cl2/C, pH and time. The maximum yields of TCNM appeared at molar ratio as Cl2/C=1 and pH 3, while the maximum of CF appeared at molar ratio as Cl2/C=4 and pH 7. [TCNM]/[CF] decreased with reaction time and increased solution pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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26
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Xu B, Qin C, Hu CY, Lin YL, Xia SJ, Xu Q, Mwakagenda SA, Bi XY, Gao NY. Degradation kinetics and N-Nitrosodimethylamine formation during monochloramination of chlortoluron. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 417-418:241-247. [PMID: 22273262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of chlortoluron by monochloramination was investigated in the pH range of 4-9. The degradation kinetics can be well described by a second-order kinetic model, first-order in monochloramine (NH(2)Cl) and first-order in chlortoluron. NH(2)Cl was found not to be very reactive with chlortoluron, and the apparent rate constants in the studied conditions were 2.5-66.3M(-1)h(-1). The apparent rate constants were determined to be maximum at pH 6, minimum at pH 4 and medium at alkaline conditions. The main disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed after chlortoluron monochloramination were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-ESI-MS and GC-electron capture detector. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and 5 volatile chlorination DBPs including chloroform (CF), dichloroacetonitrile, 1,1-dichloropropanone, 1,1,1-trichloropropanone and trichloronitromethane were identified. The distributions of DBPs formed at different solution pH were quite distinct. Concentrations of NDMA and CF were high at pH 7-9, where NH(2)Cl was the main disinfectant in the solution. NDMA formation during chlortoluron monochloramination with the presence of nitrogenous salts increased in the order of nitrite<nitrate<ammonium for a given monochloramination and chlortoluron concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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27
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Richardson SD. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal Chem 2011; 84:747-78. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202903d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
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Richardson SD, Postigo C. Drinking Water Disinfection By-products. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2011_125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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