1
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Wei Y, Wu H, Zhang X, Liang Y, Shi D, Wang L, Li H, Yu H, Yang D, Zhou S, Chen T, Yang Z, Li J, Jin M. Comparative analysis of chlorine-resistant bacteria after chlorination and chloramination in drinking water treatment plants. J Hazard Mater 2024; 469:134075. [PMID: 38508114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) jeopardize water quality and pose a potential risk to human health. However, the specific response of CRB to chlorination and chloramination remains uncharacterized. Therefore, we analyzed 16 S rRNA sequencing data from water samples before and after chlorination and chloramination taken between January and December 2020. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes dominated all finished water samples. After chloramination, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Methylobacterium, Ralstonia, and Sphingomonas were the dominant CRB, whereas Ralstonia, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Enterococcus were prevalent after chlorination. Over 75% of the CRB e.g. Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Enterococcus were shared between the chlorination and chloramination, involving potentially pathogens, such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Notably, certain genera such as Faecalibacterium, Geobacter, and Megasphaera were enriched as strong CRB after chloramination, whereas Vogesella, Flavobacterium, Thalassolituus, Pseudoalteromonas, and others were enriched after chlorination according to LEfSe analysis. The shared CRB correlated with temperature, pH, and turbidity, displaying a seasonal pattern with varying sensitivity to chlorination and chloramination in cold and warm seasons. These findings enhance our knowledge of the drinking water microbiome and microbial health risks, thus enabling better infectious disease control through enhanced disinfection strategies in DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Wei
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Water Quality Monitoring Center of Tianjin Water Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300240, China
| | - Yongbing Liang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Danyang Shi
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Water Quality Monitoring Center of Tianjin Water Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300240, China
| | - Haibei Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Hongling Yu
- Water Quality Monitoring Center of Tianjin Water Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300240, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Shuqing Zhou
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Tianjiao Chen
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Junwen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China.
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2
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Sun X, Wei D, Wang F, Yang F, Du Y, Xiao H, Wei X, Xiao A. Formation of nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products during the chloramination treatment of an emerging pollutant. Chemosphere 2024; 353:141536. [PMID: 38423150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Chloramination was commonly used as disinfectant for killing pathogens in water. However, in this process, nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) would accidently form and subsequently rise toxicity. Here, we investigated acute toxicity variation and by-products formation during chloramination treatment on UV filter 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-sulfonic acid benzophenone (BP-4). Under alkaline conditions, the acute toxicity of this system had significant increase. A total of 17 transformation products were tentatively identified, and for them, plausible transformation pathways were proposed. Noticeably, numerous aniline and nitrosobenzene analogs were detected, and the dramatic increase of acute toxicity in this system might be primarily attributed to the formation of benzoquinone and aniline analogs. Besides, bromophenol, iodophenol and iodobenzoquinone analogs exhibiting high toxicity were generated in the presence of bromine and iodide ions. This study indicates that chloramination treatment may significantly increase potential health risk, further management on disinfection system is reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
| | - Dongbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Xinming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Anshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
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3
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Zhang H, He Y, Liao X, Tang X, Li Q, Zou J, Jiang Z, Zhuang M, Yang Z. Feasibility of NDEA formation control from DEDTC in chlorination/ chloramination by pre-ozonation: Mechanisms and influencing factors. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169054. [PMID: 38052386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), which is the most toxic nitrosamine among the 9 detected species, has been widely detected in drinking water. Amines containing diethylamine (DEA) groups in the structure would generate NDEA during the disinfection processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reducing NDEA formation from a commonly used dithiocarbamate pesticide sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) in subsequent chlorination and chloramination by pre-ozonation. The results demonstrated that NDEA could be generated directly during ozonation, its amounts increased from 0 to 14.34 μg/L with increasing ozone dosages (0-4 mg/L), which was higher than that chlorination (2.68 μg/L) and chloramination (4.91 μg/L) when the initial concentration of DEDTC was 20 μM. Pre-ozonation significantly raised NDEA formation from 2.68 to15.32 μg/L in subsequent chlorination; and that from 4.91 to 9.54 μg/L during subsequent chloramination processes. The addition of •OH scavenger tert-butanol (tBA) increased the production of NDEA from 8.14 to 20.80 μg/L during ozonation, and that from 6.76 to17.98 μg/L in O3/HClO process, 8.74 to 17.33 μg/L in O3/NH2Cl process. Except for NO3- and CO32-, most of the co-existing substances promoted NDEA generation from DEDTC under disinfection conditions. Based on the results of Gaussian theory calculations, GC/MS and UPLC-Q-TOFMS analysis, the influencing mechanisms of pre-ozonation on NDEA generation in the subsequent disinfection process were proposed. In addition, not only acute/chronic toxicity calculation but also luminescent bacteria test was performed to assess the possibility of pre-ozonation on the risk control of DEDTC. The research results fill a gap in the control of NDEA pollution and help to develop a safer ozone oxidation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Zhang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Yueyun He
- Xiamen Institute of Environmental Science, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Xueping Tang
- Xiamen Institute of Environmental Science, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Zhibing Jiang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Mazhan Zhuang
- Xiamen Institute of Environmental Science, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhimin Yang
- Institute of analysis center, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
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4
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Han J, Zhai H, Zhang X, Liu J, Sharma VK. Effects of ozone dose on brominated DBPs in subsequent chlor(am)ination: A comprehensive study of aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic DBPs. Water Res 2024; 250:121039. [PMID: 38142503 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Ozone‒chlor(am)ine is a commonly used combination of disinfectants in drinking water treatment. Although there are quite a few studies on the formation of some individual DBPs in the ozone‒chlor(am)ine disinfection, an overall picture of the DBP formation in the combined disinfection is largely unavailable. In this study, the effects of ozone dose on the formation and speciation of organic brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in subsequent chlorination, chloramination, or chlorination‒chloramination of simulated drinking water were investigated. High-molecular-weight, aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic brominated DBPs were selectively detected and studied using a powerful precursor ion scan method with ultra performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-tqMS). Two groups of unregulated yet relatively toxic DBPs, dihalonitromethanes and dihaloacetaldehydes, were detected by the UPLC/ESI-tqMS for the first time. With increasing ozone dose, the levels of high-molecular-weight (m/z 300-500) and alicyclic and aromatic brominated DBPs generally decreased, the levels of brominated aliphatic acids were slightly affected, and the levels of dihalonitromethanes and dihaloacetaldehydes generally increased in the subsequent disinfection processes. Despite different molecular compositions of the detected DBPs, increasing ozone dose generally shifted the formation of DBPs from chlorinated ones to brominated analogues in the subsequent disinfection processes. This study provided a comprehensive analysis of the impact of ozone dose on the DBP formation and speciation in subsequent chlor(am)ine disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
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5
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Coskun B, Bilgin-Saritas N, Aydin E, Pehlivanoglu-Mantas E. Identification of transformation products during Doxylamine chloramination for NDMA mitigation. Environ Technol 2024; 45:1024-1039. [PMID: 36222397 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2135462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a disinfection byproduct that forms at the presence of an organic nitrogen precursor. Doxylamine, an antihistaminic pharmaceutical, is a precursor of NDMA and has been shown to form NDMA in the presence of chloramine. In this study, the effect of Doxylamine as an NDMA precursor has been further studied during chloramination. The end product and byproducts during chloramination were investigated using a high-resolution mass spectrometer by taking samples at different time intervals. Results suggest that NDMA is not the only end product forming during chloramination of Doxylamine and several transformation products that do not end up as NDMA may form. A group of these transformation products have been selected based on their relative amounts during chloramination with time and notated as Focus Tentative Transformation Products (FTTPn). The identification of these byproducts will make it easier to study the conditions during chloramination that may favour these 'known' transformation products with the use of less sophisticated analytical instruments. Then, it might lead to the establishment of chloramination protocols that will minimise the formation of NDMA from its precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Coskun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Turkey
| | - N Bilgin-Saritas
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Turkey
| | - E Aydin
- Department of Aquatic Sciences, Istanbul University, Beyazıt, Turkey
- AGAT Laboratories, Montréal, Canada
| | - E Pehlivanoglu-Mantas
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Turkey
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6
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Li Z, Samonte PRV, Cao H, Miesel JR, Xu W. Assess the formation of disinfection by-products from pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM): impact of wildfire on the water quality of forest watershed. Sci Total Environ 2023; 898:165496. [PMID: 37451447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires can release pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM) into the forest watershed, which may pose challenges for water treatment operations downstream due to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, we systematically assessed the physio-chemical properties of pyDOM (e.g., electron-donating and -accepting capacities; EDC and EAC) and their contributions to DBP formation under different disinfection scenarios using (1) ten lab samples produced from various feedstocks and pyrolysis temperatures, and (2) pre- and post-fire field samples with different burning severities. A comprehensive suite of DBPs-four trihalomethanes (THMs), nine haloacetic acids (HAAs), and seven N-nitrosamines-were included. The formations of THM and HAA showed an up to 5.7- and 8.9-fold decrease as the pyrolysis temperature increased, while the formation of N-nitrosamines exhibited an up to 6.6-fold increase for the laboratory-derived pyDOM. These results were supported by field pyDOM samples, where the post-fire samples consistently showed a higher level of N-nitrosamine formation (i.e., up to 5.3-fold), but lower THMs and HAAs compared to the pre-fire samples. To mimic environmental reducing conditions, two field samples were further reduced electrochemically and compared with Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) to evaluate their DBP formation. We found increased DBP formation in pyDOM samples following electrochemical reduction but not for SRNOM, which showed increased N-nitrosamines but decreased THMs and HAAs post-electrochemical reduction. Furthermore, this study reported for the first time the formation of two previously overlooked N-nitrosamines (i.e., nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA)) in both laboratory and field pyDOM samples, raising concerns for drinking water safety given their higher toxicity as compared to the regulated counterparts. Results from this study provide new insights for DBP mitigation during post-fire recovery, which are particularly relevant to communities that rely on forest watersheds as their drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America
| | - Pamela Rose V Samonte
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America
| | - Han Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America
| | - Jessica R Miesel
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 220 Trowbridge Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America.
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7
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Gao L, Li Y, Yao W, Yu G, Wang H, Wang Y. Formation of dichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetamide from phenicol antibiotic abatement during ozonation and post-chlor(am)ination. Water Res 2023; 245:120600. [PMID: 37713791 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the formation of dichloroacetamide (DCAM) and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) from the abatement of three phenicol antibiotics (PABs, chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and florfenicol) during ozonation and post-chlor(am)ination. Results show that the three PABs have a low ozone reactivity (kO3 = 0.11‒0.12 M-1 s-1), and therefore are mainly abated through the hydrogen abstraction mechanism by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) during ozonation. During PAB degradation, the carboxamide moiety in the parent molecules can be cleaved off by •OH attack and thus gives rise to DCAM. The formed DCAM can then be further oxidized by O3 and/or •OH to DCAA as a more stable transformation product (TP). When the three PABs were adequately abated (abatement efficiency of ∼82 %‒95 %), the molar yields of DCAM and DCAA were determined to be 2.79 %‒4.71 % and 32.9 %‒37.2 %, respectively. Furthermore, post-chloramination of the ozonation effluents increased the yields of DCAM and DCAA slightly to 4.20 %‒6.45 % and 39.0 %‒41.1 %, respectively. In comparison, post-chlorination eliminated DCAM in the solutions, but significantly increased DCAA yields to ∼100 % due to the further conversion of DCAM and other ozonation TPs to DCAA by chlorine oxidation. The results of this study indicate that high yields of DCAM and DCAA can be generated from PAB degradation during ozonation, and post-chlorination and post-chloramination will result in very different fates of DCAM and DCAA in the disinfected effluent. The formation and transformation of DCAM and DCAA during PAB degradation need to be taken into account when selecting multi-barrier treatment processes for the treatment of PAB-containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwei Gao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yin Li
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weikun Yao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environmental and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Huijiao Wang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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8
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Ding S, Deng Y, Wu M, Qu R, Du Z, Chu W. Leaching of organic matter and iodine, formation of iodinated disinfection by-products and toxic risk from Laminaria japonica during simulated household cooking. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132241. [PMID: 37567136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) exhibited potential health risk owing to the high toxicity. Our recent study demonstrated that I-DBPs from Laminaria japonica (Haidai), the commonly edible seaweed, upon simulated household cooking condition were several hundred times more than the concentration of drinking water. Here, the characterization of Haidai and its leachate tandem with the formation, identification and toxicity of I-DBPs from the cooking of Haidai were systemically investigated. The dominant organic matter in Haidai leachate were polysaccharides, while the highest iodine specie was iodide (∼90% of total iodine). Several unknown I-DBPs generated from the cooking of Haidai were tentatively proposed, of which 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was dominant specie. Following a simulated household cooking with real chloraminated tap water, the presence of Haidai sharply increased aggregate iodinated trihalomethanes, iodinated haloacetic acids, and total organic iodine concentrations to 97.4 ± 7.6 μg/L,16.4 ± 2.1 μg/L, and 0.53 ± 0.06 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the acute toxicity of Haidai soup to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 was around 7.3 times higher than that of tap water in terms of EC50. These results demonstrated that the yield of I-DBPs from the cooking of Haidai and other seaweed should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Menglin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruixin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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9
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Abraham DG, Liberatore HK, Aziz MT, Burnett DB, Cizmas LH, Richardson SD. Impacts of hydraulic fracturing wastewater from oil and gas industries on drinking water: Quantification of 69 disinfection by-products and calculated toxicity. Sci Total Environ 2023; 882:163344. [PMID: 37030373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oil and gas production generates large amounts of brine wastewater called "produced water" with various geogenic and synthetic contaminants. These brines are generally used in hydraulic fracturing operations to stimulate production. They are characterized by elevated halide levels, particularly geogenic bromide and iodide. Such salt concentrations in produced water may be as high as thousands of mg/L of bromide and tens of mg/L of iodide. Large volumes of produced water are stored, transported, reused in production operations, and ultimately disposed of by deep well injection into saline aquifers. Improper disposal may potentially contaminate shallow freshwater aquifers and impact drinking water sources. Because conventional produced water treatment typically does not remove halides, produced water contamination of groundwater aquifers may cause the formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) at municipal water treatment plants. These compounds are of interest because of their higher toxicity relative to their chlorinated counterparts. This study reports a comprehensive analysis of 69 regulated and priority unregulated DBPs in simulated drinking waters fortified with 1 % (v/v) oil and gas wastewater. Impacted waters produced 1.3×-5× higher levels of total DBPs compared to river water after chlorination and chloramination. Individual DBP levels ranged from (<0.1-122 μg/L). Overall, chlorinated waters formed highest levels, including trihalomethanes that would exceed the U.S. EPA regulatory limit of 80 μg/L. Chloraminated waters had more I-DBP formation and highest levels of haloacetamides (23 μg/L) in impacted water. Calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were higher for impacted waters treated with chlorine and chloramine than corresponding treated river waters. Chloraminated impacted waters had the highest calculated cytotoxicity, likely due to higher levels of more toxic I-DBPs and haloacetamides. These findings demonstrate that oil and gas wastewater if discharged to surface waters could adversely impact downstream drinking water supplies and potentially affect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas G Abraham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - David B Burnett
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, (Ret.) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Leslie H Cizmas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.
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10
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Cai L, Huang H, Li Q, Deng J, Ma X, Zou J, Li G, Chen G. Formation characteristics and acute toxicity assessment of THMs and HAcAms from DOM and its different fractions in source water during chlorination and chloramination. Chemosphere 2023; 329:138696. [PMID: 37062392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The formation characteristics of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetamides (HAcAms) from dissolved organic matter and its fractions were investigated during chlorine-based disinfection processes. The relationships between water quality parameters, fluorescence parameters, and the formation levels of THMs and HAcAms were analyzed. The fractions contributing most to the acute toxicity were identified. The trichloromethane (TCM) generation level (72 h) generally followed the order of Cl2 > NH2Cl > NHCl2 process. The NHCl2 process was superior to the NH2Cl process in controlling TCM formation. Hydrophobic acidic substance (HOA), hydrophobic neutral substance (HON), and hydrophilic substance (HIS) were identified as primary precursors of 2,2-dichloroacetamide and trichloroacetamide during chlorination and chloramination. The formation of TCM mainly resulted from HOA, HON and HIS fractions relatively uniformly, while HOA and HIS fractions contributed more to the formation of bromodichloromethane and dibromomonochloromethane. UV254 could be used as an alternative indicator for the amount of ΣTHMs formed during chlorination and chloramination processes. Dissolved organic nitrogen was a potential precursor of 2,2-dichloroacetamide during chlorination process. The fractions with the highest potential acute toxicity after the chlorination were water-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Cai
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361005, China; Fujian Metrology Institute, Fujian, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Huahan Huang
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361005, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Water Resources Utilization and Protection, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Qingsong Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361005, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Water Resources Utilization and Protection, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Jing Zou
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Guoxin Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Guoyuan Chen
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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11
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Aziz MT, Granger CO, Ferry JL, Richardson SD. Algae impacted drinking water: Does switching to chloramination produce safer drinking water? Sci Total Environ 2023; 877:162815. [PMID: 36921861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal (cyanobacterial) blooms (HABs) are increasing throughout the world. HABs can be a direct source of toxins in freshwater sources, and associated algal organic matter (AOM) can act as precursors for the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. This study investigated the impacts of algae on DBP formation using treatment with chloramine, which has become a popular disinfectant in the U.S. and in several other countries because it can significantly lower the levels of regulated DBPs formed. Controlled laboratory chloraminations were conducted using live field-collected algal biomass dominated by either Phormidium sp. or Microseira wollei (formerly known as Lyngbya wollei) collected from Lake Wateree and Lake Marion, SC. Sixty-six priority, unregulated or regulated DBPs were quantified using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). The presence of HAB-dominated microbial communities in source waters led to significant increases in more toxic nitrogen-containing DBPs (1.5-5 fold) relative to lake waters collected in HAB-free waters. Compared to chlorinated Phormidium-impacted waters, chloraminated waters yielded lower total DBP levels (up to 123 μg/L vs. 586 μg/L for low Br-/I- waters), but produced a greater number of brominated, iodinated, and mixed halogenated DBPs in high Br-/I- waters. Among the DBPs formed in Phormidium-impacted chloraminated waters, dichloroacetic acid, trichloromethane, chloroacetic acid, chloropropanone, and dichloroacetamide were dominant. For Microseira wollei-impacted chloraminated waters, total DBP concentrations ranged from 33 to 145 μg/L (approximately 3-5 times lower than chlorination), with dichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetamide, and trichloromethane dominant. Overall, chloramination significantly reduced calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in low Br- and I- waters, but produced 1.3 fold higher calculated cytotoxicity (compared to chlorine) with high Br-/I- waters due to increased formation of more toxic iodo- and mixed halogenated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Caroline O Granger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - John L Ferry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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12
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Liu T, Liao X, Lin X, Yu J, Qi H, Jiang Z, Zou J, Li Q. Influencing pathways and toxicity changes of pre-ozonation on carcinogenic NDEA formation from greenhouse gas adsorbent DEAPA in subsequent disinfection processes. Sci Total Environ 2023; 873:162355. [PMID: 36822419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the feasibility of controlling carcinogenic nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) formation from greenhouse gas adsorbent 3-diethylaminopropylamine (DEAPA) by pre-O3 in subsequent chlorination/chloramination processes. The result indicated that the NDEA yields (0.4 %) during chlorination was 1.3 times of that during chloramination (0.3 %); pre-oxidation with 4 mg/L O3 significantly cut down its formation; the reduction rates were up to 67.5 and 48.5 %, respectively. OH scavenger greatly augmented the final NDEA amount from 1.86 to 5.05 μg/L during ozonation, while its roles on subsequent processes differed with disinfection methods as well as O3(g) dosages. Most of co-existed substances inhibited NDEA generation, except NO2-, CO32- and SO42-, which slightly promoted during ozonation. Basing on Gaussian calculation, GC/MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis, the influencing mechanisms of pre-O3 on NDEA formation in subsequent disinfection processes were proposed. In addition, the calculated toxicity analysis as well as the whole toxicity was applied to evaluate the possibility of pre-O3 on risk control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Liu
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Xinna Lin
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Huan Qi
- College of Textiles and Appearl, Quanzhou Normal University, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Zhibin Jiang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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13
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Wang F, Hu Y, Pan J, Zhou J, He C, Hofman JAMH, Chu W, van der Hoek JP. Effects of phosphate addition on the removal of disinfection by-product formation potentials by biological activated carbon filtration. Sci Total Environ 2023; 882:163534. [PMID: 37086988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), the widely used biological activated carbon filters (BACFs), as the last barrier before disinfection, can remove dissolved organic matter (DOM) known as precursors of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Whether phosphate addition can improve water purification and DBP control of BACFs is still controversial. This study investigated short-term and long-term effects of phosphate addition on controlling DBP formation potentials (FPs) by BACFs via column and batch experiments. The BAC columns presented good water purification performance: they removed around 50 % DOM, nearly all fulvic acid-likes and humic acid-likes as well as 5 %-70 % chlor(am)innated THM4, HAA9 and HAN4 FPs (except chloraminated THM4 FPs), which was mainly contributed by aerobic bacteria not anoxic bacteria. Phosphate addition within 7-14 days further improved removals of DOM, aromatic organics, fluorescence fractions in DOM as well as HAA9 and HAN4 FPs (especially TCAA FP and TCAN FP) to different extent. However, this improvement did not last longer, and removals of DOM, aromatic organics, two fluorescence fractions (soluble microbial byproduct-likes and humic acid-likes) and DBP FPs decreased despite long-term phosphate addition. Oxic and anoxic batch experiments showed that the positive response of water purification to short-term phosphate addition was also mainly attributed to aerobic bacteria and not to anoxic bacteria. For example, the former decreased DOM and DBP FPs, while the latter increased protein- and tryptophan-like substances as well as chloraminated THM4 FPs. Phosphate addition resulted in EPS increase in anoxic reactors and decrease in oxic reactors. These results indicated that a high dissolved oxygen in BACFs may be helpful for water purification and DBP control. Overall, short-term phosphate addition into phosphorus-limited water is beneficial for BACFs to control DBPs while long-term addition has no effect. Therefore, an intermittent phosphate addition into BACFs is suggested to control DBPs in DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Yulin Hu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiazheng Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chiquan He
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - J A M H Hofman
- Water Innovation and Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jan Peter van der Hoek
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CN, Netherlands; Research & Innovation Program, Waternet, Amsterdam, 1069 AC, Netherlands
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14
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Li H, Yu H, Liang Y, Zhang X, Yang D, Wang L, Shi D, Chen T, Zhou S, Yin J, Yang Z, Li J, Jin M. Extended chloramination significantly enriched intracellular antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water treatment plants. Water Res 2023; 232:119689. [PMID: 36739658 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloramination and chlorination are both strong barriers that prevent the transmission of potential pathogens to humans through drinking water. However, the comparative effects of chloramination and chlorination on the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) remain unknown. Herein, the antibiotic resistome in water before and after chloramination or chlorination was analyzed through metagenomic sequencing and then verified through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). After the treatment of 90 min, chloramination led to higher enrichment of the total relative abundance of intracellular ARGs (iARGs) in water than chlorination, whereas chlorination facilitated the release of more extracellular ARGs (eARGs) than chloramination. According to redundancy and Pearson's analyses, the total concentration of the observed iARGs in the finished water exhibited a strong positive correlation with ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentration, presenting a linear upward trend with an increase in the NH4+-N concentration. This indicated that NH4+-N is a crucial driving factor for iARG accumulation during chloramination. iARG enrichment ceases if the duration of chloramination is shortened to 40 min, suggesting that shortening the duration would be a better strategy for controlling iARG enrichment in drinking water. These findings emphasized the potential risk of antibiotic resistance after extended chloramination, shedding light on the control of transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria through water by optimizing disinfection procedures in DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibei Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Hongling Yu
- Water Quality Monitoring Center of Tianjin Water Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin, 300240, China
| | - Yongbing Liang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Water Quality Monitoring Center of Tianjin Water Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin, 300240, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Water Quality Monitoring Center of Tianjin Water Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin, 300240, China
| | - Danyang Shi
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Tianjiao Chen
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Shuqing Zhou
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Junwen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China.
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15
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Seid MG, Son A, Cho K, Byun J, Hong SW. Doped and immobilized titanium dioxide photocatalysts as a potential source of nitrosamine formation. Water Res 2023; 230:119573. [PMID: 36621279 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized and visible-light-active titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used for water treatment. However, the accelerated generation of degradation byproducts is a potential risk of TiO2-based photocatalysis. This study aimed to investigate the structural effect of engineered TiO2 samples on the formation of major nitrosamines during photocatalysis. The nitrogen-containing impurities and leached metal ions from doped-TiO2 samples could exacerbate nitrosamine formation potential (FP) in distilled water, secondary effluent, and chloraminated water. Doped-TiO2 with 2-ethylimidazole, trimethylamine, triethylamine, and N-carbon nanotubes could leach in the range of 47-64 ng L-1 nitrosamines (including N-nitrosomethylethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and N-nitrosopyrrolidine) even under dark conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the role of metal dopants on nitrosamine-FP during the chloramination of precursors such as dimethylamine and microcystin-LR. Metal ions such as Cu that leached from the metal-doped catalysts may catalyze the nitrosamine-FP. Therefore, pre-purification (washing) and immobilization of doped-TiO2 samples on substrates are suggested to remove a considerable amount of nitrosamines. However, during the prolonged tryout, the selection of substrates was critical. Polymeric supports, such as polyimide and polyvinylpyrrolidone, can produce up to 85 ng L-1 nitrosamine, whereas TiO2 immobilized onto steel mesh can remove nitrosamine formation during photocatalytic oxidation followed by chloramination. This study systematically screened a diverse range of dopants, supports, and solvents in engineered TiO2 photocatalysts, in 61 samples, and provided novel insights into their effect on nitrosamine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingizem Gashaw Seid
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Aseom Son
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwoo Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea; Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehye Byun
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Won Hong
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Zhai H, Cheng S, Zhang L, Luo W, Zhou Y. Formation characteristics of disinfection byproducts from four different algal organic matter during chlorination and chloramination. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136171. [PMID: 36037959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Algal organic matter (AOM) has become an important precursor of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in multiple drinking water sources. In this study, the formation of DBPs during chlorination and chloramination of AOMs from four algal species (Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Cyclotella sp.) under different conditions (disinfectant doses 4.0-8.0 mg/L as Cl2, pH 6.0-8.0, and bromide 0-1.0 mg/L) were simultaneously investigated. Some common and specific characteristics of DBP formation have also been identified. The yields of total DBPs from the four AOMs were 3.28 × 102-6.00 × 102 and 1.97 × 102-3.70 × 102 nmol/mg C during chlorination and chloramination, respectively. The proportions of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in total DBPs were approximately ≥50%. Increasing disinfectant doses or pH only enhanced the yields of trihalomethanes (THMs) during chlorination but enhanced the yields of THMs, HAAs and dihaloacetonitriles (DHANs) during chloramination. Increasing bromide concentrations enhanced THM yields but decreased HAA yields during chlorination and chloramination, in addition to the shift from chlorinated DBPs to brominated DBPs. The DHAN yields of the four AOMs slightly decreased with bromide levels during chlorination, whereas different AOMs showed different trends with bromide levels during chloramination. During chlorination, C. vulgaris and S. obliquus AOMs generated higher THM and DHAN yields (at 4.0-5.0 mg/L as Cl2) than the other AOMs. During chloramination, M. aeruginosa AOM generated higher THM and HAA yields than the other AOMs (at 0.1 mg/L bromide). Cyclotella sp. AOM had the highest THM-bromine substitution factors during chlorination and the highest DHAN-bromine substitution factors during both chlorination and chloramination (at 0.1 mg/L bromide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Shengzi Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China; Tianjin LVYIN Landscape&Ecology Construction Co., Kaihua Road 20, Hi-Tech, Tianjin, 300110, China.
| | - Liangyu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Wenjing Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yanan Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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17
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Wang F, Pan J, Hu Y, Zhou J, Wang H, Huang X, Chu W, van der Hoek JP. Effects of biological activated carbon filter running time on disinfection by-product precursor removal. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:155936. [PMID: 35580672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration is usually considered to be able to decrease formation potentials (FPs) of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). However, BAC filters with long running time may release microbial metabolites to effluents and therefore increase FPs of nitrogenous DBPs with high toxicity. To verify this hypothesis, this study continuously tracked BAC filters in a DWTP for one year, and assessed effects of old (running time 8-9 years) and new (running time 0-13 months) BAC filters on FPs of 15 regulated and unregulated DBPs. Results revealed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal was slightly higher in the new BAC than the old one. All fluorescent components of dissolved organic matter evidently declined after new BAC filtration, but fulvic acid-like and soluble microbial product-like substances increased after old BAC filtration, which could be caused by microbial leakage. Correspondingly, new BAC filter generally removed more DBP FPs than the old one. 46.5% HAA7 FPs from chlorination and 44.3% THM4 FPs from chloramination were removed by new BAC filter. However, some DBP FPs, especially HAN FPs, were poorly removed or even increased by the old BAC filter. Proteobacteria could be a main contributor for DBP precursor removal in BAC filters. Herminiimonas, most abundant genera in new BAC filter, may explain its better DOC and UV254 removal performance and lower DBP FPs, while Bradyrhizobium, most abundant genera in old BAC filter, might produce more extracellular polymeric substances and therefore increased N-DBP FPs in old BAC effluent. This study provided insight into variations of DBP FPs and microbial communities in the new and old BAC filters, and will be helpful for the optimization of DWTP design and operation for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiazheng Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yulin Hu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haoqian Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Jan Peter van der Hoek
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands; Research & Innovation Program, Waternet, 1096 AC Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Liu D, Rao L, Shi X, Du J, Chen C, Sun W, Fu ML, Yuan B. Comparison of the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from algae organic matter by chlor(am)ination and UV irradiation. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156078. [PMID: 35597338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa, blue-green algae) blooms frequently in drinking water reservoirs and subsequently causes the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) after disinfection, which may pose a potential health risk. In this study, the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was evaluated from algal organic matter (AOM) including extracellular organic matter (EOM) and intracellular organic matter (IOM) during the disinfection process of chlorination, chloramination, or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The effects of a variety of factors, including reaction times, disinfectant dosages and pH, on the NDMA formation by three different disinfection methods were investigated. Additionally, this study evaluated the nitrogen sources involved in NDMA formation during chloramination of EOM and IOM using 15N-labeled monochloramine. The results showed that the NDMA formation by three different disinfection methods were ranked in the order of chlorination > UV irradiation ≈ chloramination and the specific yield from EOM was greater than that from IOM regardless of disinfection method. The yields of NDMA firstly increased and then plateaued as time prolonged during the chlorination and chloramination of AOM. Similarly, the NDMA formation from EOM was firstly increased and then remained constant with the increase of the disinfectant dosage, while it was gradually increased for IOM. The solution pH highly influenced the NDMA formation during chlorination and chloramination, while exhibited a little impact under UV irradiation. Moreover, fluorescence excitation-emission (EEM) analysis confirmed that soluble microbial by-product-like (SMPs) in EOM and IOM were the major precursors in algal-derived organic matter that contributed to the NDMA formation. Chloramination of EOM and IOM using isotope 15N-labeled monochloramine indicated that the nitroso group of the formed NDMA originates mainly from EOM and IOM of algal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - La Rao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Shi
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Jiayu Du
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Atmospheric and Hydrologic Science, St. Cloud State University, 720 4th Avenue South, St. Cloud, MN 56301, USA
| | - Ming-Lai Fu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
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19
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Liu Y, Liu K, Plewa MJ, Karanfil T, Liu C. Formation of regulated and unregulated disinfection byproducts during chlorination and chloramination: Roles of dissolved organic matter type, bromide, and iodide. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:151-160. [PMID: 35725067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Algal blooms and wastewater effluents can introduce algal organic matter (AOM) and effluent organic matter (EfOM) into surface waters, respectively. In this study, the impact of bromide and iodide on the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination and chloramination from various types of dissolved organic matter (DOM, e.g., natural organic matter (NOM), AOM, and EfOM) were investigated based on the data collected from literature. In general, higher formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was observed in NOM than AOM and EfOM, indicating high reactivities of phenolic moieties with both chlorine and monochloramine. The formation of haloacetaldehydes (HALs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetamides (HAMs) was much lower than THMs and HAAs. Increasing initial bromide concentrations increased the formation of THMs, HAAs, HANs, and HAMs, but not HALs. Bromine substitution factor (BSF) values of DBPs formed in chlorination decreased as specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) increased. AOM favored the formation of iodinated THMs (I-THMs) during chloramination using preformed chloramines and chlorination-chloramination processes. Increasing prechlorination time can reduce the I-THM concentrations because of the conversion of iodide to iodate, but this increased the formation of chlorinated and brominated DBPs. In an analogous way, iodine substitution factor (ISF) values of I-THMs formed in chloramination decreased as SUVA values of DOM increased. Compared to chlorination, the formation of noniodinated DBPs is low in chloramination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Keqiang Liu
- Water Conservancy Development Research Center, Taihu Basin Authority, Ministry of Water Resources, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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20
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MacKeown H, von Gunten U, Criquet J. Iodide sources in the aquatic environment and its fate during oxidative water treatment - A critical review. Water Res 2022; 217:118417. [PMID: 35452971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is a naturally-occurring halogen in natural waters generally present in concentrations between 0.5 and 100 µg L-1. During oxidative drinking water treatment, iodine-containing disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) can be formed. The formation of I-DBPs was mostly associated to taste and odor issues in the produced tap water but has become a potential health problem more recently due to the generally more toxic character of I-DBPs compared to their chlorinated and brominated analogues. This paper is a systematic and critical review on the reactivity of iodide and on the most common intermediate reactive iodine species HOI. The first step of oxidation of I- to HOI is rapid for most oxidants (apparent second-order rate constant, kapp > 103 M-1s-1 at pH 7). The reactivity of hypoiodous acid with inorganic and organic compounds appears to be intermediate between chlorine and bromine. The life times of HOI during oxidative treatment determines the extent of the formation of I-DBPs. Based on this assessment, chloramine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate are of the highest concern when treating iodide-containing waters. The conditions for the formation of iodo-organic compounds are also critically reviewed. From an evaluation of I-DBPs in more than 650 drinking waters, it can be concluded that one third show low levels of I-THMs (<1 µg L-1), and 18% exhibit concentrations > 10 µg L-1. The most frequently detected I-THM is CHCl2I followed by CHBrClI. More polar I-DBPs, iodoacetic acid in particular, have been reviewed as well. Finally, the transformation of iodide to iodate, a safe iodine-derived end-product, has been proposed to mitigate the formation of I-DBPs in drinking water processes. For this purpose a pre-oxidation step with either ozone or ferrate(VI) to completely oxidize iodide to iodate is an efficient process. Activated carbon has also been shown to be efficient in reducing I-DBPs during drinking water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Justine Criquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France.
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21
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Cai L, Yu S, Li L. Formation of odorous aldehydes, nitriles and N-chloroaldimines from free and combined leucine during chloramination. Water Res 2022; 210:117990. [PMID: 34974344 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are a major group of odorous disinfection by-product (O-DBP) precursors. O-DBPs formations during free chlorine disinfection has been previously investigated. However, knowledge regarding the O-DBP formation mechanism and kinetics under chloramination of AAs is very limited. In this study, the generation of odorous isovaleraldehyde, isovaleronitrile and N-chloroisovaleraldimine from leucine (Leu), a typical and abundant AA in many drinking water sources, in its free and combined forms during chloramination under several typical addition schemes of disinfectants was investigated. Free Leu and glycylleucine (Gly-Leu) were chosen as model compounds since they have been indicated to be O-DBP precursors during chlorination. Intermediate product analysis and kinetics studies were conducted to study the reaction mechanisms. Impacts of disinfectants dosages and pH were also investigated in experiments and simulations. The results indicated that comparing with chlorination, chloramination of Leu has its uniqueness by participating in reacting with isovaleraldehyde to form N-chloroisovaleraldimine. And all the three O-DBPs formations from free Leu and Gly-Leu during chloramination (with preformed NH2Cl) were less than those during chlorination, indicating that using NH2Cl for disinfection ensures control over the off-flavor problems to some degree. When chloramination was realized by adding chlorine and ammonia separately, a longer pre-chlorination time led to greater yields of the O-DBPs from both precursors, whereas adding ammonia before chlorine promoted more isovaleraldehyde formation from free Leu. Under alkaline conditions, more isovaleronitrile and N-chloroisovaleraldimine were produced, and acidic conditions led to more isovaleraldehyde formation during chloramination. Notably, O-DBPs yields from free Leu were approximately 1000 times greater than those from Gly-Leu during chloramination under all the schemes. In addition, chlor(am)ination experiments with real water from Taihu Lake (the third largest freshwater lake and water source for twenty million people in China) indicated the formation of N-chloroisovaleraldimine and isovaleraldehyde was highly likely to cause odorous problems in drinking water. This study facilitates further understanding of the causes of off-flavor issues in drinking water and can help control the odorous problems by optimizing the operating parameters of drinking water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shuili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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22
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Chen H, Lin T, Yan X, Xu H. Elevated risk of haloacetonitrile formation during post-chlorination when applying sulfite/UV advanced reduction technology to eliminate bromate. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150612. [PMID: 34597579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The formation of haloacetonitriles (HANs) during chlorination after sulfite/ultraviolet (UV) treatment of bromate (BrO3-) in the presence of amino acids (AAs) was investigated. During sulfite/UV treatment, the primary species hydrated electrons (eaq-) and hydrogen atom radicals (H) dominated the reduction of BrO3- to bromide (Br-), whereas the sulfite anion radicals (SO3-) and H degraded AAs to produce the intermediates HN=C(CH3)-COOH, CH3-CH=NH, and CH3-C≡N via α‑hydrogen abstraction and NH2-hydrogen abstraction mechanisms. During post-chlorination, Br- was converted to HBrO/BrO-, and the HN=C(CH3)-COOH, CH3-CH=NH, and CH3-C≡N groups featured higher bromine utilization factor (BUF) and chlorine utilization factor (CUF) values than AAs, enhancing the formation of dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN). The energetic feasibility of the transformation pathway, that is, HN=C(CH3)-COOH, CH3-CH=NH, and CH3-C ≡ N formation via hydrogen abstraction by SO3- and H and their further conversion to HANs, was proved by density functional theory calculations, which showed stepwise negative Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG < 0). The effects of pH and water matrices (e.g., HCO3-, Cl-, Fe3+, and natural organic matter) were comprehensively evaluated. Although 72% of BrO3- was removed by sulfite/UV treatment in the presence of AAs, the cytotoxicity index (CTI) and genotoxicity index (GTI) during post-chlorination increased by 213% and 125%, respectively, due to the formation of 24 CX3R-type disinfection by-products (DBPs), especially brominated DBPs. Accordingly, more attention should be given to the formation of brominated DBPs during post-chlorination when using sulfite/UV processes to remove BrO3- in the presence of AAs. As a solution, using monochloramine instead of chlorine as a disinfectant after the sulfite/UV process could significantly lower the CTI and GTI values by alleviating the formation of brominated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Xiaoshu Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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23
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Wang Y, Li F, Du J, Shi X, Tang A, Fu ML, Sun W, Yuan B. Formation of nitrosamines during chloramination of two algae species in source water-Microcystis aeruginosa and Cyclotella meneghiniana. Sci Total Environ 2021; 798:149210. [PMID: 34315055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of two algae species, Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) and Cyclotella meneghiniana (C. meneghiniana), to the formation of nitrosamines (NAs) during chloramination in drinking water treatment was investigated. A variety of factors including contact time, algae cell concentration, chloramine dosages, and algal cell components (cell debris (CD), intracellular organic matter (IOM), and extracellular organic matter (EOM)) were evaluated for influencing the formation of different NAs, such as N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDMA), N-Nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), N-Nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA), and N-nitrosopyridine (NPyr). In addition, NAs formation from Chlorophyll-a and Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) after chloramination was studied. These results showed that the increase of reaction time and algae cell concentration enhanced the formation potential of five types of NAs from both algae species, except for the NDMA formation from C. meneghiniana, which increased first and then decreased with increased reaction time. The generation of NDMA was detected as the dominated type of NAs. The formation of total NAs from both algae species followed same pattern of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of chloramine dosage. The largest NAs formation potential (NAsFP) of M. aeruginosa and C. meneghiniana showed at 1.5 mM and 1.0 mM monochloramine, respectively. Moreover, the impacts of algae cellular components on the formation potential of NAs followed the order of IOM > EOM ≫ CD and IOM ≫ CD > EOM for M. aeruginosa and C. meneghiniana, respectively, indicating that IOM was the main source of NAs precursors for both algae. Furthermore, EEM analysis before and after chloramination confirmed that the soluble microbial products (SMPs) and protein-like substances were the main cellular components that contributed to NAs formation for both algae. The NAs formation potential of Microcystin-LR was much higher than that of Chlorophyll-a chloramination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Jiayu Du
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Shi
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Aixi Tang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Ming-Lai Fu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Atmospheric and Hydrologic Science, St. Cloud State University, 720 4th Avenue South, St. Cloud, MN 56301, United States of America
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China.
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24
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Keithley AE, Muhlen C, Wahman DG, Lytle DA. Fate of ammonia and implications for distribution system water quality at four ion exchange softening plants with elevated source water ammonia. Water Res 2021; 203:117485. [PMID: 34371232 PMCID: PMC8721601 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hard water and elevated ammonia are problems for many United States groundwater drinking water utilities, and some utilities, particularly those in the Midwest, face both challenges. Ion (cation) exchange (IX) is a common treatment technique for hardness reduction (i.e., softening) and may be used to remove ammonia as well, but these constituents may compete in IX and impact overall treatment performance. Few data have been reported on the impact on ammonia concentrations when using IX for softening in full-scale systems. This study investigated four full-scale groundwater treatment plants in Illinois that practice IX for softening (raw water hardness > 220 mg/L as CaCO3) and have elevated groundwater ammonia concentrations (> 2 mg N/L). Sampling throughout the year revealed consistent finished water hardness levels but variable ammonia concentrations. Ammonia removal varied and depended on how much water had been treated since the last regeneration. High ammonia removal (sometimes > 90%) occurred in the first half of the IX service cycle, while effluent ammonia concentrations increased compared to the influent (sometimes > 200%) towards the end of the IX cycle (total length 50,000-92,000 gallons [190-350 m3]). Ammonia removal efficiency varied among the plants, but the overall trends were similar. Because variable ammonia concentrations may make it difficult to produce a consistent total chlorine residual, they can negatively impact disinfection and water quality in the distribution system. Ammonia concentrations should be considered when designing softening systems to determine regeneration frequency, develop blending strategies, or include an alternative ammonia treatment process before IX softening to produce a more stable and consistent finished water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher E Keithley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, CESER, WID, DWMB,26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Christy Muhlen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, CESER, WID, DWMB,26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - David G Wahman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, CESER, WID, DWMB,26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Darren A Lytle
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, CESER, WID, DWMB,26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
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25
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Duan SY, Chen X, Huang H, Yang X, Lu X. Enhanced formation of dichloroacetamide and dichloroacetonitrile during chloramination of drinking water and model organic matters in the presence of copper corrosion products. Sci Total Environ 2021; 785:147242. [PMID: 33932657 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) occurs in chloraminated water in drinking water distribution systems and may be affected by metal pipe materials and their corrosion products. The effect of copper corrosion products, including Cu2+, CuO, and Cu2O, on the formation of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) was investigated during chloramination of natural organic matter (NOM), model precursors (carboxylic acids and amino acids), and real water samples. Copper corrosion products enhanced DCAN and DCAcAm formation during chloramination of NOM by 33%-72% and 11%-80%, respectively. Addition of 15N-labeled monochloramine showed that the copper corrosion products primarily enhanced the formation of DCAN using organic nitrogen and monochloramine as nitrogen sources, and the formation of DCAcAm using monochloramine as the nitrogen source, but had a limited impact on the formation of DCAcAm using organic nitrogen as the nitrogen source. A distinct N-DBP formation pathway in the presence of Cu2+ and CuO was observed using tyrosine as a model compound, which included the formation of 1,4-benzoquinone as a dominant intermediate. On reaction with monochloramine, the 1,4-benzoquinone greatly contributed to enhancement of DCAN and DCAcAm formation using monochloramine as the nitrogen source. During chloramination of real water samples, Cu2+ and CuO enhanced DCAN formation by 9-40% and DCAcAm formation by 16-33%. This study increases our knowledge of copper catalyzed DCAN and DCAcAm formation in copper pipes, which will be meaningful for water safety in distribution systems using chloramine disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Duan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xue Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Huang Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xin Lu
- Petrochina North China Gas Marketing Company, Beijing 100029, PR China
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26
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Zhai P, Shen Y, Xi P, Wu M, Wu X, Li L, Cao W, Ke Y, Zhang J. Identification of chloramination disinfection by-products from phenylalanine in tap drinking water. Chemosphere 2021; 278:130403. [PMID: 33819895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine (Phe) is widely present in natural water and serves as a precursor of disinfection by-products (DBPs). We reported the identification of chloramination DBPs from Phe in drinking water using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with complementary high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) and triple quadrupole (tQ) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In the chloraminated Phe water solution, sixteen new DBPs in a total of seventeen were identified based on their accurate mass, MS/MS spectra and 35Cl/37Cl isotopic patterns. Three of these DBPs were verified as benzamide, phenylacetamide, and p-hydroxyphenylacetamide with their standards, while the others were chlorinated derivatives of Phe, hydrazone, amidine, amide and peroxide, in which the unique structures of these DBPs were rarely reported. Their stability and formation process were investigated as well. Furthermore, a method consisting of solid phase extraction (SPE) and UHPLC-MS/MS using dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (dMRM) was developed to investigate these DBPs in authentic waters. Phe, benzamide, phenylacetamide, and N-Cl-2-phenylacetimidamide were detected in chlorinated tap water. Compared with the other identified DBPs, these three DBPs were exceptionally stable and could be formed in wide formation conditions. Our work not only provided ideas for the identification of new chloramination DBPs, but also demonstrated that some DBPs usually generated in the chloramination disinfection process could also be found in the chlorinated drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilu Zhai
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yeming Shen
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pengxuan Xi
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Minghuo Wu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Xinping Wu
- Water Quality Monitoring Centre, Zhengzhou Water Investment Holding Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450007, China
| | - Li Li
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wanxue Cao
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yu Ke
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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27
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Liang Q, Gao J, Guo D, Huang J, Zhang J, Li J, Yang B, Chen B, Wu Q, Yang M. Species and formation characteristics of halogenated DBPs in chloramination of tannic acid after biodegradation. Sci Total Environ 2021; 781:146690. [PMID: 33812118 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tannic acid is widely found in source water and wastewater, and it is also a typical degradation precursor of natural organic matter. In this study, focused on chloramination, the formation characteristics of halogenated DBPs from tannic acid biodegradation products were examined. Fifty-nine polar emerging DBPs (including four nitrogenous DBPs) were detected and forty of them were identified for the first time; meanwhile, their formation pathways were tentatively proposed. In general, much more polar emerging DBPs were formed at the early biodegradation stage than those at the later stage, while commonly observed aliphatic DBPs presented an exactly inverse trend, because initially-formed emerging DBPs can be transformed to those aliphatic DBPs by residual chloramine. Interestingly, while the relative formation level of brominated species in overall halogenated polar emerging DBPs maintained at high level at the later biodegradation stage during chlorination, it decreased significantly later during chloramination. The discrepancy may be due to that hydrolysis effects became dominant at this period in chloramination, whereas DBP formation from the reactions between slow reactive sites and hypohalous acids prevailed in chlorination. In addition, the calculated toxicity drivers among the 21 aliphatic DBPs were found to be haloacetonitriles, although they contribute mildly to the total concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Danfen Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jingxiong Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Juying Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qianyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Ersan G, Ersan MS, Kanan A, Karanfil T. Predictive modeling of haloacetonitriles under uniform formation conditions. Water Res 2021; 201:117322. [PMID: 34147741 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop models to predict the formation of HANs under uniform formation conditions (UFC) in chlorinated, choraminated, and perchlorinated/chloraminated waters of different origins. Model equations were developed using multiple linear regression analysis to predict the formation of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), HAN4 (trichloroacetonitrile [TCAN], DCAN, bromochloroacetonitrile [BCAN], and dibromoacetonitrile [DBAN]) and HAN6 (HAN4 plus monochloroacetonitrile, monobromoacetonitrile). The independent variables covered a wide range of values, and included ultraviolet absorbance,(UV254) dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), specific UV absorbance at 254 (SUVA254), bromide (Br-), pH, oxidant dose, contact time, and temperature. The regression coefficients (r2) of HAN4 and HAN6 models for natural organic matter (NOM), algal organic matter (AOM), and effluent organic matter (EfOM) impacted waters were within the range of 60-88%, while the r2 values of HAN4 and DCAN models for both groundwater and distribution systems were lower, in the range of 41-66%. The r2 values for the DCAN model were mostly higher in the individual types as compared to the cumulative analysis of all source water data together. This was attributed to differences in HAN precursor characteristics. For chlorination, among all variables, pH was found to be the most significant descriptor in the model equations describing the formation of DCAN, HAN4, and HAN6, and it was negatively correlated with HAN formation in the distribution system, groundwater, AOM, and NOM samples, while it showed an inverse relationship with HAN6 formation in EfOM impacted waters. During chloramination, pH was the most influential model descriptor for DCAN formation in the NOM. Prechlorination dose was the most predominant parameter for prechlorination/chloramination, and it was positively correlated with HAN4 formation in AOM impacted waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, United States
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, United States
| | - Amer Kanan
- Department of Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Quds University, Palestine
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, United States.
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29
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Li M, Zhang TY, Xu B, Hu CY, Dong ZY, Wang Z, Tang YL, Yu SL, Pan Y, Xian Q. Iodinated trihalomethanes formation in iopamidol-contained water during ferrate/chlor(am)ination treatment. Chemosphere 2021; 272:129568. [PMID: 33476791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iopamidol is a commonly used iodinated X-ray contrast media in medical field, and its residue in water can react with disinfectants to form highly toxic iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs). This study investigated the degradation of iopamidol and formation of DBPs, especially iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs), during ferrate (Fe(VI)) pre-oxidation and subsequent chlor(am)ination under raw water background. It was found that iopamidol degradation efficiency in raw water by Fe(VI) at pH 9 could reach about 80%, which was much higher than that at pH 5 and pH 7 (both about 25%). With Fe(VI) dose increasing, iopamidol removal efficiency increased obviously. During the iopamidol degradation by Fe(VI), IO3- was the dominant product among all the iodine species. After pre-treated by Fe(VI), yields of THM4 and I-THMs can be reduced in subsequent chlor(am)ination. Besides, pH was a crucial factor for Fe(VI) pre-oxidition controlling DBPs. With the pH increasing from 5 to 9, the yield of THM4 kept increasing in subsequent chlorination but showed the highest amount at pH 6 in subsequent chloramination. The yield of I-THMs increased first and then decreased with the increase of pH in both subsequent chlorination and chloramination. I-THM concentrations in chlorinated samples were lower than chloraminated ones under acidic conditions but became higher under neutral and alkaline conditions. The total CTI of THMs during Fe(VI)-chloramination was higher than that during Fe(VI)-chlorination under neutral condition, but sharply decreased under alkaline conditions. In summary, Fe(VI)-chloramination subsequent treatment under alkaline conditions should be an effective method for iopamidol removal and DBP control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005, PR China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China
| | - Zheng-Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Shui-Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
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30
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Liu X, Park M, Beitel SC, Lopez-Prieto IJ, Zhu NZ, Meng XZ, Snyder SA. Exploring the genotoxicity triggers in the MP UV/H 2O 2- chloramination treatment of bisphenol A through bioassay coupled with non-targeted analysis. Sci Total Environ 2021; 769:145218. [PMID: 33736268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known xenoestrogen, and UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP) is one of the most effective technologies to remove BPA from water. Using BPA spiked tap water, a batch-scale photochemical experiment was conducted to investigate whether BPA can pose a genotoxicity concern during the medium pressure (MP) UV/H2O2 treatment and the post-chloramination. Samples at different UV exposure and post-chloramination durations were collected and analyzed by CALUX® gene reporter assays regarding estrogen receptor α (ERα) and p53 transcriptional activity. MP UV/H2O2 process did not cause extra estrogenic effects from the degradation of BPA, whereas genotoxicity occurred when the treated water was exposed with monochloramine. Seven frequently reported nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) were detected, but none of them were responsible for the observed genotoxicity. Employed with gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS), four compounds possibly contributed to the genotoxicity were tentatively identified and two of them with aminooxy- or cyano- group were considered as "new" N-DBPs. This study demonstrated that by-products differ from their parent compounds in toxicity can be formed in the UV oxidation with post-disinfection process, which should become a cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Minkyu Park
- Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
| | - Shawn C Beitel
- Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
| | - Israel J Lopez-Prieto
- Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
| | - Ning-Zheng Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States.
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31
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Ye ZX, Shao KL, Huang H, Yang X. Tetracycline antibiotics as precursors of dichloroacetamide and other disinfection byproducts during chlorination and chloramination. Chemosphere 2021; 270:128628. [PMID: 33097237 PMCID: PMC7556226 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of natural water and even source water with pharmaceuticals is problematic worldwide and raises concern about the possibility of disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation during subsequent water treatment. In this study, the formation of DBPs, especially dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), was investigated during chlorination and chloramination of tetracyclines, which are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics. DBPs including DCAcAm were formed during chlorination and chloramination of tetracycline (TC). Although the concentrations and theoretical cytotoxicity of the DBPs formed from TC were affected by the contact time, disinfectant dose, and pH, DCAcAm was the main contributor determining the yields and cytotoxicity of the measured DBPs. The DCAcAm yields from four tetracycline antibiotics ranged from 0.43% to 54.26% for chlorination. For chloramination, the DCAcAm yields reached 44.57%, and the nitrogen in DCAcAm mainly came from tetracycline antibiotics rather than chloramines. ClO2 pre-oxidation and UV photolysis decreased DCAcAm formation during chlorination and chloramination of TC. The high yields observed in this study suggest that tetracycline antibiotics are possible precursors of DCAcAm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xi Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Kai-Li Shao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Huang Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, PR China
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32
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Hu W, Croué JP, Allard S. Effect of copper oxide on monochloramine decomposition in bromide-containing waters. Sci Total Environ 2021; 765:142519. [PMID: 33077219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide (CuO), a common corrosion product found in copper pipes, has been shown to catalyse the decay of different oxidants in drinking water, including chlorine, bromine, iodine, and chlorine dioxide. However, its impact on monochloramine (NH2Cl), a disinfectant commonly used in long distribution system worldwide is still unknown. In this study, the effect of CuO on NH2Cl decay in the absence or presence of bromide was investigated. Results showed that in the presence of CuO and the absence of bromide, NH2Cl slightly decayed under acidic conditions. When bromide was present in NH2Cl solutions, the total oxidant concentration (sum of the different bromo-chloro-amines) was significantly decreased by CuO. This was primarily due to the degradation of bromochloramine (NHBrCl) by CuO which was evidenced by membrane inlet mass spectrometry. The decomposition rate of the total oxidant was similar for different CuO dosages (0.02-0.2 g/L) but increased with increasing bromide concentration (0-80 μM) and decreasing pH (6.5-8). An apparent second-order rate constant of 0.73 M-1 s-1 was determined with respect to NH2Cl and bromide concentrations for a CuO concentration of 0.05 g/L. Our findings suggest that, during water transportation in copper pipes or in distribution systems where copper oxide is present, special attention should be given to the stability of chloramines when bromide-containing waters are chloraminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
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33
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Tang LZ, Lin YL, Xu B, Xia Y, Zhang TY, Hu CY, Tang YL, Cao TC, Xian QM, Gao NY. Photodegradation pathway of iodate and formation of I-THMs during subsequent chloramination in iodate-iodide-containing water. Water Res 2021; 193:116851. [PMID: 33540343 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanisms of mixed IO3-/I- system under UV irradiation in drinking water and compared the iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) formation of a mixed IO3-/I- system to that of single I- and IO3- systems during subsequent chloramination. The effects of initial I-/IO3- molar ratio, pH, and UV intensity on a mixed IO3-/I- system were studied. The introduction of I- enhanced the conversion rate of IO3- to reactive iodine species (RIS). Besides, IO3- degradation rate increased with the increase of initial I- concentration and UV intensity and the decrease of pH value. In a mixed IO3-/I- system, IO3- could undergo direct photolysis and photoreduction by hydrated electron (eaq-). Moreover, the enhancement of I-THM formation in a mixed IO3-/I- system during subsequent chloramination was observed. The I-THM yields in a mixed IO3-/I- system were higher than the sum of I-THMs produced in a single IO3- and I- systems at all the evaluated initial I- concentrations and pH values. The difference between I-THM formation in a mixed IO3-/I- system and the sum of I-THMs in a single IO3- and I- systems increased with the increase of initial I- concentration. As the initial pH decreased from 9 to 5, the difference of I-THM yields enhanced, while the total I-THM yield of a mixed IO3-/I- system and single I- and IO3- systems decreased slightly. Besides, IO3--I--containing water with DOC concentration of 2.5-4.5 mg-C/L, which mainly contained humic-acid substances, had a higher risk in I-THMs formation than individual I--containing and IO3--containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xia
- Shanghai Chengtou Raw Water Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200125, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Tong-Cheng Cao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Ming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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34
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Chen WH, Wang YH, Hsu TH. The competitive effect of different chlorination disinfection methods and additional inorganic nitrogen on nitrosamine formation from aromatic and heterocyclic amine-containing pharmaceuticals. Chemosphere 2021; 267:128922. [PMID: 33190909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amine-containing pharmaceuticals formed nitrosamines that are nitrogenous disinfection byproducts of public concerns due to their carcinogenicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the co-effect of additional inorganic nitrogen in different forms (ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate) and different disinfection approaches (chlorination, monochloramination, dichloramination, and two-step chlorination) on eight nitrosamine formation from four widely used pharmaceuticals. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was the main species formed. The presence of N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), nitrosomorpholine (NMor), and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPip) was found in certain experiments. For one-step chlorination, the influential factors, in decreasing order of importance, were the molecular structural characteristics of the pharmaceutical, oxidation method, and presence and form of additional nitrogen. In four pharmaceuticals with comparative structures, the availability of amine intermediates during degradation was the key to higher nitrosamine yields. Monochloramine significantly enhanced nitrosamine formation from four pharmaceuticals. NDMA formation by adding hypochlorous acid and ammonium separately were lower than those during monochloramination. During two-step chlorination, NDMA formation was enhanced at certain pre-chlorine doses (e.g., a Cl/N molar ratio of 20 or 4). The pre-chlorine dose changed the Cl/N ratio. As the ratio was increased, the combined chlorine residual was formed and decreased. When the ratio was high, breakpoint chlorination possibly occurred enhancing NDMA formation. While NDMA formation was successfully inhibited by two-step chlorination, ammonium brought the NDMA yields of these pharmaceuticals back to the range observed in chloramination, suggesting the importance of ammonium control for limiting NDMA formation from pharmaceuticals during two-step chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan; Aerosol Science and Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Hong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
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35
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Seid MG, Chung J, Choe J, Cho K, Hong SW. Role of ranitidine in N-nitrosodimethylamine formation during chloramination of competing micropollutants. Sci Total Environ 2021; 756:144156. [PMID: 33302063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ranitidine (RNT) is a widely known precursor of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as evinced by the self-catalytic formation of NDMA during chloramination. In the present study, the NDMA formation potentials (NDMA-FP) of 26 micropollutants were assessed, particularly when mixed with RNT. 11 compounds were identified as individual precursors, including trimebutine and cimetidine, which exhibited substantial NDMA-FP, with up to 10% molar yield. In addition, nitrosamines, other than NDMA, namely N-nitrosodiethylamine and N-nitrosomethylamine, were observed from diethylamine-containing precursors, such as metoclopramide. In a 1:1 mixture of RNT and a competitor, the change in NDMA-FP was mostly comparable (within 20% deviation), while antagonistic interactions were observed for competitors, such as diethylhydroxylamine. The scattered overall NDMA-FP should be considered as a product of competition among the precursors for core substrates and intermediates for NDMA formation. The co-existence of either trimebutine or metoclopramide with RNT led to an exceptionally synergetic NDMA generation. Degradation kinetics and chlorination/nitrosation experiments combined with mass spectroscopy analyses indicated that RNT would accelerate both the initial chlorination and nitrosation of trimebutine and metoclopramide, leading to N-nitroso complexes, which have well-understood NDMA formation pathways, i.e., amination with subsequent aminyl radical generation. This work demonstrates a wide array of precursors with NDMA-FP, suggesting that nitrosamine formation is potentially underestimated in field environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingizem Gashaw Seid
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeshik Chung
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Choe
- Department of Civil Engineering, Gwangju University, Gwangju 61743, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwoo Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Won Hong
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Kanan A, Karanfil T. Estimation of haloacetonitriles formation in water: Uniform formation conditions versus formation potential tests. Sci Total Environ 2020; 744:140987. [PMID: 32693285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, several studies have used formation potential (FP) tests to examine the presence of HAN precursors in water and wastewater. However, given the decomposition of HANs with time at elevated free chlorine levels, FP test results do not provide meaningful results. We conducted side-by-side FP and uniform formation condition (UFC) experiments to demonstrate that, in order to obtain practical, meaningful, and representative information about HANs formation and their precursors during chlorination, it is important to conduct experiments and report results under UFC [or simulated distribution system (SDS)] conditions. The results confirmed higher HAN formation under UFC than FP tests during chlorination of the tested two surface water and three wastewater effluent samples, indicating HAN decomposition at high chlorine conditions of FP tests. In addition, the well reported ratio (~10%) of HAN/THM from previous studies was more consistent with the UFC results but was lower than 10% in the FP results. On the other hand, HAN formation during chloramination of the same samples were lower under the UFC than FP conditions. Furthermore, FP tests under both chlorination and chloramination resulted in lower bromine substitution factor. We concluded that reporting results of HANs FP tests are not representative, and future studies should focus on UFC or distribution system specific (SDS) experiments for chlorination. However, chloramination FP tests may still provide some information about the HAN precursors in waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Kanan
- Department of Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Quds University, Palestine
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, USA.
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37
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Shao KL, Ye ZX, Huang H, Yang X. ClO 2 pre-oxidation impacts the formation and nitrogen origins of dichloroacetonitrile and dichloroacetamide during subsequent chloramination. Water Res 2020; 186:116313. [PMID: 32841932 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) can be used as a pre-oxidant when chloramination is performed in water treatment plants. However, the effects of ClO2 pre-oxidation on the formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products, such as dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), during chloramination are not well understood. In this study, the effects of ClO2 pre-oxidation on the formation of DCAN and DCAcAm during chloramination of 28 model compounds and seven real water samples were investigated. The sources of nitrogen for DCAN and DCAcAm formation were investigated using 15N-labeled monochloramine. ClO2 pre-oxidation affected DCAN and DCAcAm formation during chloramination of model compounds in different ways. ClO2 pre-oxidation increased unlabeled and 15N-labeled DCAN and DCAcAm formation during chloramination of six amino acids and peptides and five indoles and tertiary amines. ClO2 pre-oxidation decreased DCAN formation but increased DCAcAm formation during chloramination of three hydroxybenzamide compounds, but had the opposite effects for four tetracyclines. ClO2 pre-oxidation generally decreased DCAN and DCAcAm formation during chloramination of the phenolic compounds that are precursors not containing nitrogen. 2-Aminoacetophenone, formamid-trans-muconic acid, and unsaturated ketones were found to be transformation products of ClO2 oxidation of 3-methylindole, salicylamide, and resorcinol, respectively. Possible DCAN and DCAcAm formation pathways during chloramination after ClO2 oxidation were identified. For most of the water samples, ClO2 pre-oxidation decreased the amounts of DCAN and DCAcAm formed during chloramination by 36%-70% and 11%-59%, respectively. This may have been caused by ClO2 oxidation destroying phenolic precursors and macromolecular proteins rather than amino acids in the water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Li Shao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Xi Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Huang Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Liu J, Lujan H, Dhungana B, Hockaday WC, Sayes CM, Cobb GP, Sharma VK. Ferrate(VI) pretreatment before disinfection: An effective approach to controlling unsaturated and aromatic halo-disinfection byproducts in chlorinated and chloraminated drinking waters. Environ Int 2020; 138:105641. [PMID: 32203804 PMCID: PMC7724572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an essential process of drinking water treatment to eliminate harmful pathogens, but it generates potentially toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Ferrate (FeO42-, Fe(VI)) was used to pre-oxidize natural organic matter (NOM, the precursor of DBPs) in source water to control DBP formation in subsequent chlorine or chloramine disinfection. Currently, it is unclear how Fe(VI) changes the structure of NOM, and no information details the effect of Fe(VI) pretreatment on the aromatic DBPs or the speciation of overall DBPs generated in subsequent disinfection of drinking water. In the present paper, Fe(VI) was applied to pretreat simulated source water samples at a Fe(VI) to dissolved organic carbon mole ratio of 1:1 at pH 8.0. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was newly employed to characterize NOM in simulated source waters with and without Fe(VI) treatment, and it was demonstrated that Fe(VI) converted unsaturated aromatic C functional groups in NOM to saturated aliphatic ones. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and high performance liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole MS were applied to analyze the DBPs generated in chlorination and chloramination of the source waters with and without Fe(VI) pretreatment. It was confirmed that Fe(VI) pretreatment followed by chlorination (or chloramination), generated DBPs containing less unsaturated, halogenated, and aromatic moieties than chlorination (or chloramination) without pretreatment by Fe(VI). Finally, the cytotoxicity of disinfected drinking water samples were assessed with the human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell line (a model of the intestinal barrier for ingested toxicants), and the results show that Fe(VI) pretreatment detoxified the chlorinated and chloraminated drinking waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Henry Lujan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Birendra Dhungana
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | | | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - George P Cobb
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Wang W, Xie YF, Tang HL. The haloacetic acid leap in effluent of a biologically active carbon filter experiencing a disinfectant switch. Chemosphere 2020; 244:125435. [PMID: 31812063 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water utilities must disinfect their water despite the formation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as haloacetic acids (HAAs) upon chlorination. Although employment of a biologically active carbon (BAC) filtration process is able to reduce the HAA level preventively by removing the HAA precursors and correctively by removing the already-formed HAAs, this research reported an HAA leap in a bench-scale BAC filter effluent upon a disinfectant switch from chlorine to chloramine, posing a pressure of meeting the stringent HAA regulations. The HAA6 (sum of six HAAs) tripled from a 5 μg/L base level to a maximum of 17 μg/L during progressive switches with 3 chloramine doses at 5, 25, and 50 mg/L. Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) accounted for the majority of the leap, which also influenced the bromine substitution factor during the HAA formation. Filtration of distilled water using heat-deactivated media evidenced slight HAA desorption and suggested potential roles of soluble microbial products from biofilms as new HAA precursors for a real BAC filter experiencing a disinfectant switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Yuefeng F Xie
- Environmental Programs, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, 17057, PA, USA
| | - H Larry Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, 15705, PA, USA.
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Zhang C, Chen B, Korshin GV, Kuznetsov AM, Roccaro P, Yan M, Ni J. Comparison of the yields of mono-, Di- and tri-chlorinated HAAs and THMs in chlorination and chloramination based on experimental and quantum-chemical data. Water Res 2020; 169:115100. [PMID: 31669900 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids determined based on the quantum chemical (QC) simulations were compared in this study with the experimental data generated using the differential spectroscopy approach in chlorination and chloramination. The ratios of the slopes of the correlations between -DlnA350 values and individual DBPs concentrations (SNH2Cl/SHOCl) were observed to be linearly correlated with the ratios of the Gibbs free energies (ΔGNH2Cl/ΔGHOCl) of the corresponding reactions of chloramine and chlorine with acetaldehyde which was used as a model DBP precursor in QC simulations. Further QC examination of the kinetics of chlorination and chloramination of the model compound acetoacetic acid showed that the activation energy of reactions between monochloramine that directly participates in substitution reactions to form mono-, di and tri-halogenated intermediates are 2-3 times higher than those of HOCl formed via the hydrolysis monochloramine. This result confirms that the interactions of chloramine with NOM and ensuing DBP formation are primarily mediated by the free chlorine released as a result of the hydrolysis of monochloramine while direct halogenation of NOM by monochloramine is likely to provide a small contribution to DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bingya Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA, 98195-2700, United States
| | - Andrey M Kuznetsov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Street 68, Russian Federation, 420015
| | - Paolo Roccaro
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Jinren Ni
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
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Tang A, Shi X, Bi R, Liao X, Zou J, Sun W, Yuan B. Effects of pre-ozonation on the cell characteristics and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation at three growth phases of Microcystis aeruginosa. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:873-881. [PMID: 31820237 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pre-oxidation in water treatment is considered an effective method to enhance the removal of algal cells and their exuded organic matters. However, pre-oxidation also alters the characteristics of algae and consequently influences disinfection processes. The existing studies mainly focused on the stationary growth phase, but little is known for the exponential and declined phases. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of pre-ozonation on the integrity of algal cells, the release of algal organic matters, and the formation of disinfection by-products like N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) at three growth phases. The results demonstrated that pre-ozonation was efficient to inactivate M. aeruginosa cells. The severity of M. aeruginosa cell damage increased as the ozone dosage increased from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/L. The damage of cell membranes resulted in the release of intracellular organic matters. Excitation-emission matrix spectra (EEMS) analysis indicated that ozone mainly reacted with soluble microbial products (SMP). With the increase of ozone concentration, although the trend of NDMA formation was similar for all three growth phases, more production of NDMA by algal cells was observed at the declined phase. In the post-disinfection process, chloramine showed the potential as a more suitable disinfectant than chlorination after pre-ozonation to minimize the NDMA formation. Therefore, appropriate pre-ozonation is beneficial to reduce the NDMA formation from exponential algae, while has no significant change during both stationary and declined phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixi Tang
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Shi
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Bi
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zou
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, USA.
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang A, Wang F, Chu W, Yang X, Pan Y, Zhu H. Integrated control of CX 3R-type DBP formation by coupling thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation and chloramination. Water Res 2019; 160:304-312. [PMID: 31154128 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The alternative disinfectant chloramine can lower the formation of carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) but promote the formation of nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs), which are more cytotoxic and genotoxic. In this study, the combination of thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation and post-chloramination (TA/PS-NH2Cl) was proposed to control the formation and reduce the toxicity of both C-DBPs and N-DBPs. The formation, speciation and toxicity of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloaldehydes, haloacetonitriles, halonitromethanes and haloacetamides, collectively defined as CX3R-type DBPs, under TA/PS-NH2Cl process were compared with processes of chlorination alone (Cl2), chloramination alone (NH2Cl) and coupled thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation with post-chlorination (TA/PS-Cl2). Results showed that chloramination could reduce formation of C-DBPs and total organic halogen (TOX) while increase N-DBP formation, and the introduction of TA/PS pretreatment process slightly increased the formation of C-DBPs and TOX but sharply reduced the formation of N-DBPs with higher toxicity as well as brominated CX3R-type DBPs that are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. By comprehensive toxicity calculation, an outright decline of both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity risk of CX3R-type DBPs was observed during TA/PS-NH2Cl process compared with Cl2, NH2Cl, and TA/PS-Cl2 processes. In summary, TA/PS-NH2Cl process was a potential effective method for integrally controlling the formation of CX3R-type DBPs and their toxicity and is suggested to be used to treat raw waters containing no bromide or low levels of bromide considering bromate caused by TA/PS pre-oxidation. The study may provide a feasible and economical method for DBP control on the background of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huifeng Zhu
- Shanghai Municipal Water Supply Dispatching and Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200002, China
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Hu S, Gong T, Wang J, Xian Q. Trihalomethane yields from twelve aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts during chlor(am)ination. Chemosphere 2019; 228:668-675. [PMID: 31071557 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As the first identified category of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), trihalomethanes (THMs) have received continuous attention. Previous studies have demonstrated that the transformation of aromatic halogenated DBPs during chlor (am)ination resulted in the formation of THMs, which may occur in both water treatment plants and drinking water distribution systems. In this study, THM yields from aromatic chlorinated/brominated DBPs during chlorination and aromatic iodinated DBPs during chloramination were investigated. The trichloromethane (TCM) yields from 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were in the range of 0-11.4%, 0-8.4%, 0-6.4%, and 0-17.8%, respectively. The THM4 (TCM, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and tribromomethane (TBM)) yields from 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,5-dibromosalicylic acid, 2,6-dibromo-4-nitrophenol, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol were in the range of 0-12.9%, 0-27.0%, 0-8.6%, and 0-29.4%, respectively. The TCM and triiodomethane (TIM) yields from 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid, 2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol, and 2,4,6-triiodophenol were in the range of 0-5.2%, 0-7.0%, 0-2.2%, and 0-10.6%, respectively. After 72 h, TCM yields from aromatic chlorinated DBPs were generally higher than that from their brominated analogues; TBM yields from aromatic brominated DBPs were significantly lower than TCM yields, BDCM yields, and DBCM yields; and among aromatic halogenated DBPs, 2,4,6-trihalophenol had the highest THM yields while 2,6-dihalo-4-nitrophenol had the lowest THM yields. Moreover, the results revealed that alkaline conditions and higher temperatures favored the THM yields from the twelve aromatic halogenated DBPs during chlor (am)ination, and chlorine/monochloramine dose affected the yields and speciation of THMs from the aromatic halogenated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Liu J, Wang J, Zhang J, Mu Y. Iodo-trihalomethanes formation during chlorination and chloramination of iodide-containing waters in the presence of Cu 2. Sci Total Environ 2019; 671:101-107. [PMID: 30928739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of Cu2+ on the formation of iodo-trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during chlorination and chloramination of iodide-containing waters was investigated. Initially, the oxidant consumption and evolution of hypoiodous acid (HOI) were determined during disinfection in the presence of Cu2+ and the interaction between natural organic matter humic acid (HA) and Cu2+ was also analyzed. Subsequently, the formation of the I-THMs at various Cu2+ concentrations was evaluated for chlorination and chloramination. Moreover, in order to explore the possible underlying mechanisms, five model compounds based on the HA structure were used to investigate the I-THMs formation with and without Cu2+ during disinfection. The results indicated that the presence of Cu2+ markedly affected the conformation of the HA rather than the HOI evolution during disinfection. The concentration of the I-THMs decreased from 34.5 ± 0.8 to 20.9 ± 0.8 nM as the Cu2+ concentration increased from 0 to 20 μM during chlorination. In contrast, during chloramination, the total I-THMs concentration decreased from 320.7 ± 7.4 to 267.2 ± 10.7 nM as the Cu2+ concentration increased from 0 to 5 μM and then increased to 315.0 ± 1.7 nM when the Cu2+ concentration reached 20 μM. The disinfection experiments with the model compounds suggested that the impact of Cu2+ on the I-THMs formation largely depended on the organic structures in the HA, thus leading to different results during chlorination and chloramination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Tan S, Jiang S, Lai Y, Yuan Q. Formation potential of nine nitrosamines from polyacrylamide during chloramination. Sci Total Environ 2019; 670:1103-1110. [PMID: 31018426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers, which are commonly used as flocculants and coagulant aids in water and wastewater treatment, have been recently reported to promote the formation of nitrosamines. Most of the findings to date are based on poly (epichlorohydrin dimethylamine) and poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride), while few studies have considered nitrosamines formation of polyacrylamides. In this work, the nitrosamines formation from non-ionic, anionic and cationic polyacrylamides was evaluated. Moreover, the effects of chemical structures of cationic polyacrylamides (including molecular weight, charge density, and monomers) on nitrosamines formation were investigated. The results revealed that the highest amount of nitrosamines formation was formed from cationic polyacrylamide, followed by non-ionic polyacrylamide and anionic polyacrylamide. Molecular weight and various cationic monomers showed no significant effects on nitrosamines formation, but monomers generated significantly higher amount of nitrosamines formation than cationic polyacrylamides. Nitrosamines formation increased with the increasing charge density of cationic polyacrylamides, and FTIR analysis results showed that the quaternary amine groups preferentially reacted with chloramines than with amide groups. This work shed new light on the nitrosamines formation from water and wastewater treatment polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Tan
- School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Yangzhou Lai
- Chongqing Qingze Water Quality Analysis Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qiuhong Yuan
- Chongqing Qingze Water Quality Analysis Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401331, China
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Hinneh KDC, El Hanafi A, He K, Kosaka K, Echigo S, Asada Y, Itoh S. Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine by chloramination of anthropogenic nitrogenous compounds with dimethylamine monitored by Japanese water authorities. J Hazard Mater 2019; 367:620-628. [PMID: 30654279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollutant release and transfer registers (PRTRs) compounds accidentally released to source waters can be important precursors of the carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during drinking water treatment. The NDMA formation potentials (NDMAFPs) of 31 anthropogenic nitrogenous compounds with dimethylamine (DMA) moiety on the Japanese PRTR and the registered precursors listed by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan are investigated as well as influencing factors (i.e., NH2Cl dose and water matrices) on the NDMAFPs of precursors. Tertiary amines with aryl groups β-positioned to the nitrogen atom of the DMA moiety formed high concentrations of NDMA (35-51%) during chloramination. Moreover, dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (DMCCl) was considered a new NDMA precursor with NDMAFP of 1.1%, higher than DMA, a traditional NDMA precursor. Excessive NH2Cl dose enhanced the NDMA formation, and the NDMAFP of DMCCl significantly decreased in river water; the effect of the matrix in river water varied and was compound-specific. Among the selected nitrogenous compounds, NDMAFPs of 15 excessed the current guideline concentration for NDMA in Japan (100 ng/L) assuming an accidental release of 0.144 mg C/L (the concentration in previous Japanese water quality accident in May 2012), and 2-(dimethylaminomethyl) thiophene (DMAMT) showed the highest NDMAFP at 58 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klon D C Hinneh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Anas El Hanafi
- ENGEES (Graduate School of Environmental Engineering and Water Resource Management), Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Kai He
- Research Centre for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
| | - Koji Kosaka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Shinya Echigo
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Asada
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Itoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
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Tian FX, Ma SX, Xu B, Hu XJ, Xing HB, Liu J, Wang J, Li YY, Wang B, Jiang X. Photochemical degradation of iodate by UV/H 2O 2 process: Kinetics, parameters and enhanced formation of iodo-trihalomethanes during chloramination. Chemosphere 2019; 221:292-300. [PMID: 30640012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, it was demonstrated that UV/H2O2 process can not only obviously promote the degradation rate of IO3-, but also greatly enhance iodo-trihalomethanes (I-THMs) formation in sequential chloramination. UV/H2O2 exhibited much faster IO3- decomposition than either UV or H2O2 treatment alone due to the contribution of highly reactive species including O-, OH and eaq-. The degradation rate of IO3- was affected by H2O2 dosages, pH, UV intensity as well as the presence of natural organic matter (NOM). The calculated pseudo-first order rate constant gradually increased with H2O2 dosages and solution pH, but behaved directly proportional to the UV intensity. Although NOM remarkably reduced the degradation rate of IO3- in UV/H2O2 process, their presence greatly enhanced the formation of I-THMs during subsequent chloramination. The overwhelming majority of iodoform at high UV fluences was also observed, which indicated improved iodination degrees of the detected I-THMs. UV/H2O2 was proved to be more capable on the evolution of IO3- to I- as well as I-THMs than UV and thereby enhanced the toxicity of disinfected waters in the following chloramination process. This study was among the first to provide a comprehensive understanding on the transformation of IO3- as the emerging iodine precursor to form I-THMs via diverse advanced oxidation process technologies like UV/H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xiang Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Shi-Xu Ma
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
| | - Hai-Bo Xing
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yi Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Xia Jiang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
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48
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An D, Chen Y, Gu B, Westerhoff P, Hanigan D, Herckes P, Fischer N, Donovan S, Croue JP, Atkinson A. Lower molecular weight fractions of PolyDADMAC coagulants disproportionately contribute to N-nitrosodimethylamine formation during water treatment. Water Res 2019; 150:466-472. [PMID: 30576897 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a chloramine disinfection by-product, and its formation in drinking waters can increase due to the addition of cationic polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC). PolyDADMAC is a cationic polymer added as a coagulant or coagulant aid to enhance turbidity removal during sedimentation and filtration. This paper answers two central questions to understanding the nature of the NDMA precursors in polyDADMAC. First, what is the reactivity of different molecular weight (MW) fractions of polyDADMAC with chloramines? NDMA formation potential (NDMAFP) and kinetic experiments with chloramines were conducted for non-fractionated (raw) and size-excluded fractions (<3K, 3-10K, and >10K Da.) of polyDADMAC. The lower MW fraction (<3K Da.) of polyDADMAC solutions was responsible for forming 64 ± 6% of the NDMA, despite containing only 8.7 and 9.8% of the carbon or nitrogen present in the bulk polymer. The chloramine demand kinetics of the lowest MW fraction were also >2× faster than the higher MW fractions. Therefore, in a water treatment application the lower MW polyDADMAC likely contributes to most of the NDMA attributed to the use of polyDADMAC. The second question was: can 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) be used to characterize the molecular structures in polyDADMAC that react with chloramines? A peak for 1H NMR dimethylamine (DMA), a known low MW NDMA precursor, was found in a commercial polyDADMAC solution and decreased upon chloramination. The estimated DMA alone could not account for the observed NDMAFP, indicating the presence of other low MW precursors. Diffusion order spectroscopy (DOSY) NMR also showed multiple lower MW organics in polyDADMAC that change upon chloramination, including a 1.5× decrease in MW, suggesting chloramines cleave CC or CN bonds. These reactions may produce intermediates responsible for NDMA formation. Polymer manufacturers could use NMR to synthesize polyDADMAC with less DMA and other low MW compounds that produce NDMA upon chloramination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, USA
| | - David Hanigan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0258, USA
| | - Pierre Herckes
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Natalia Fischer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, USA
| | - Samantha Donovan
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Jean Philippe Croue
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ariel Atkinson
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, USA
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49
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Zhang M, Ma H, Wang H, Du T, Liu M, Wang Y, Zhang T, Li Y. Effects of ion species on the disinfection byproduct formation in artificial and real water. Chemosphere 2019; 217:706-714. [PMID: 30448750 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have attracted extensive attention due to their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. This study investigates the effects of different ions on DBP formation during chlorination and chloramination in artificial and real water samples. Compared with chlorination, chloramination can reduce the formation of DBPs. K+ only reduce the formation of DBPs during chloramination. Ca2+ forms less DBPs than Mg2+ does during chlorination and chloramination due to the stronger binding effect. Al3+ and their hydroxide colloids have a significant effect on DBP formation. Anions have no significant effect on DBP formation. Due to the difference between the real and artificial water samples, the large amount of NH4+ in the real water will form chloramine during chlorination. Furthermore, the effects of different ion in the chlorination will have the same tendency during chlorination. In the wastewater with high ionic strength, the effects of salts are mostly ignored. Studying the effects of different ions on DBP formation is important in controlling the content of DBPs in the disinfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, 300074, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Tingting Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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50
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Hu S, Gong T, Xian Q, Wang J, Ma J, Li Z, Yin J, Zhang B, Xu B. Formation of iodinated trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids from aromatic iodinated disinfection byproducts during chloramination. Water Res 2018; 147:254-263. [PMID: 30315993 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are widely present in disinfected drinking waters and wastewater effluents, and they have drawn increasing concern owing to their high toxicity. To date, the reported iodinated DBPs mainly include aliphatic and aromatic ones, and iodinated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the most commonly detected aliphatic iodinated DBPs in disinfected waters. In this study, the formation of iodinated THMs and HAAs from aromatic iodinated DBPs during chloramination was investigated. The decomposition kinetics of the aromatic iodinated DBPs and the formation of iodinated THMs and HAAs were studied, the formation pathways of iodinated THMs and HAAs from the aromatic iodinated DBPs were explored, the factors affecting the formation were examined, and the toxicity change was evaluated. The results revealed that four aromatic iodinated DBPs (2,4,6-triiodophenol, 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid, and 2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol) all underwent transformation to form triiodomethane (TIM), monoiodoacetic acid (MIAA), and diiodoacetic acid (DIAA) during chloramination. The decomposition of the aromatic iodinated DBPs all followed a pseudo-first-order decay during chloramination, and the rank order of the decomposition rate constants was as follows: 2,4,6-triiodophenol > 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde ≥ 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid > 2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol. Several polar iodinated intermediates were detected and identified (e.g., 2,6-diiodo-1,4-benzoquinone and iodobutenedioic acid) during chloramination of 2,4,6-triiodophenol, based on which the formation pathways of TIM, MIAA, and DIAA from 2,4,6-triiodophenol during chloramination were proposed and further validated. The results also revealed that monochloramine dose, pH, temperature, and short free chlorine contact time all affected the formation of TIM, MIAA, and DIAA from 2,4,6-triiodophenol during chloramination. The cytotoxicity order of the eight iodinated DBPs was MIAA > 2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol > 2,4,6-triiodophenol > 2,6-diiodo-1,4-benzoquinone > DIAA ≥ 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid >3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde > TIM. The toxicity of the chloraminated 2,4,6-triiiodophenol sample first decreased and then increased over time due to the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinbao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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