1
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Cassol GS, Shang C, An AK, Khanzada NK, Ciucci F, Manzotti A, Westerhoff P, Song Y, Ling L. Ultra-fast green hydrogen production from municipal wastewater by an integrated forward osmosis-alkaline water electrolysis system. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2617. [PMID: 38521862 PMCID: PMC10960855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in membrane-assisted seawater electrolysis powered by renewable energy offer a sustainable path to green hydrogen production. However, its large-scale implementation faces challenges due to slow power-to-hydrogen (P2H) conversion rates. Here we report a modular forward osmosis-water splitting (FOWS) system that integrates a thin-film composite FO membrane for water extraction with alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), denoted as FOWSAWE. This system generates high-purity hydrogen directly from wastewater at a rate of 448 Nm3 day-1 m-2 of membrane area, over 14 times faster than the state-of-the-art practice, with specific energy consumption as low as 3.96 kWh Nm-3. The rapid hydrogen production rate results from the utilisation of 1 M potassium hydroxide as a draw solution to extract water from wastewater, and as the electrolyte of AWE to split water and produce hydrogen. The current system enables this through the use of a potassium hydroxide-tolerant and hydrophilic FO membrane. The established water-hydrogen balance model can be applied to design modular FO and AWE units to meet demands at various scales, from households to cities, and from different water sources. The FOWSAWE system is a sustainable and an economical approach for producing hydrogen at a record-high rate directly from wastewater, marking a significant leap in P2H practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Scheibel Cassol
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alicia Kyoungjin An
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Noman Khalid Khanzada
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Francesco Ciucci
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Chair of Electrode Design for Electrochemical Energy Systems, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alessandro Manzotti
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yinghao Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Li Ling
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.
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2
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Patel SK, Lee B, Westerhoff P, Elimelech M. The potential of electrodialysis as a cost-effective alternative to reverse osmosis for brackish water desalination. Water Res 2024; 250:121009. [PMID: 38118256 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
While electrodialysis (ED) demonstrates lower energy consumption than reverse osmosis (RO) in the desalination of low salinity waters, RO continues to be the predominant technology for brackish water desalination. In this study, we probe this skewed market share and project the potential for future disruption by ED through systematic assessment of the levelized cost of water (LCOW). Using rigorous process- and economic-models, we minimize the LCOW of RO and ED systems, highlighting important tradeoffs between capital and operating expenditure for each technology. With optimized current state-of-the-art systems, we find that ED is more economical than RO for feed salinities ≤ 3 g L-1, albeit to a minor extent. Considering that RO is a highly mature technology, we focus on predicting the future potential of ED by evaluating plausible avenues for capital and operating cost reduction. Specifically, we find that reduction in the price of ion-exchange membranes (i.e., < 60 USD m-2) can ensure competitiveness with RO for feed salinities up to 5 g L-1. For higher feed salinities (≥ 5 g L-1) we reveal that the LCOW of ED may effectively be reduced by decreasing ion-exchange membrane resistance, while preserving high current efficiency. Through extensive assessment of structure-property-performance relationships, we precisely identify target membrane charge densities and diffusion coefficients which optimize the LCOW of ED, thus providing novel guidance for future membrane material development. Overall, we emphasize that with a unified approach - whereby ion-exchange membrane price is reduced and performance is enhanced - ED can become the economically preferable technology compared to RO across the entire brackish water salinity range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohum K Patel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT)
| | - Boreum Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA; Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT).
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3
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Ersan MS, Wang B, Wong MS, Westerhoff P. Advanced oxidation processes may transform unknown PFAS in groundwater into known products. Chemosphere 2024; 349:140865. [PMID: 38048829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of fluorinated organic contaminants classified as persistent in the aquatic environment. Early studies using targeted analysis approaches to evaluate the degradation of PFAS by advanced oxidation processes (AOP) in real water matrices may have been misinterpreted due to the presence of undetected or unknown PFAS in these matrices. The aims of the present study were to (1) screen selected commercially available AOPs (UV, UV + H2O2, O3/H2O2) and UV photocatalysis in a pilot system using commercially used and novel photocatalysts (TiO2, boron nitride [BN]) for removing PFAS contaminants and (2) evaluate their role on the conversion of non-detected/unknown to known PFAS compounds in real groundwater used as drinking water supplies. Results indicated that, while AOPs have the potential to achieve removal of the EPA method 533 target PFAS compounds (PFDA [100%], PFNA [100%], PFOA [85-94%], PFOS [25-100%], PFHxS [3-100%], PFPeS [100%], PFBS [100%]), AOPs transformed non-detected/unknown longer-chain PFAS compounds to detectable shorter-chain ones under very high-dose AOP operating conditions, leading to an increase in ∑PFAS concentration ranging from 95% to 340%. As emerging PFAS treatment processes transition from lab-scale investigations of target PFAS to pilot testing of real water matrices, studies will need to consider impact of the presence of non-target long-chain PFAS to transform into targeted PFAS compounds. A promising approach to address the potential risks and unforeseen consequences could involve an increased reliance on adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) analysis before and after advanced oxidation process (AOP) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, USA.
| | - Bo Wang
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Michael S Wong
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, USA
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4
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Finnerty CK, Childress AE, Hardy KM, Hoek EMV, Mauter MS, Plumlee MH, Rose JB, Sobsey MD, Westerhoff P, Alvarez PJJ, Elimelech M. The Future of Municipal Wastewater Reuse Concentrate Management: Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunities. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:3-16. [PMID: 38193155 PMCID: PMC10785764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Water reuse is rapidly becoming an integral feature of resilient water systems, where municipal wastewater undergoes advanced treatment, typically involving a sequence of ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), and an advanced oxidation process (AOP). When RO is used, a concentrated waste stream is produced that is elevated in not only total dissolved solids but also metals, nutrients, and micropollutants that have passed through conventional wastewater treatment. Management of this RO concentrate─dubbed municipal wastewater reuse concentrate (MWRC)─will be critical to address, especially as water reuse practices become more widespread. Building on existing brine management practices, this review explores MWRC management options by identifying infrastructural needs and opportunities for multi-beneficial disposal. To safeguard environmental systems from the potential hazards of MWRC, disposal, monitoring, and regulatory techniques are discussed to promote the safety and affordability of implementing MWRC management. Furthermore, opportunities for resource recovery and valorization are differentiated, while economic techniques to revamp cost-benefit analysis for MWRC management are examined. The goal of this critical review is to create a common foundation for researchers, practitioners, and regulators by providing an interdisciplinary set of tools and frameworks to address the impending challenges and emerging opportunities of MWRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey
T. K. Finnerty
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Amy E. Childress
- Astani
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Kevin M. Hardy
- National
Water Research Institute, Fountain
Valley, California 92708, United States
| | - Eric M. V. Hoek
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Meagan S. Mauter
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Megan H. Plumlee
- Orange County
Water District, Fountain Valley, California 92708, United States
| | - Joan B. Rose
- Department
of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mark D. Sobsey
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School
of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Pedro J. J. Alvarez
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005,
United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
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5
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DeNicola M, Lin Z, Quiñones O, Vanderford B, Song M, Westerhoff P, Dickenson E, Hanigan D. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and organofluorine in lakes and waterways of the northwestern Great Basin and Sierra Nevada. Sci Total Environ 2023; 905:166971. [PMID: 37699477 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic chemicals that occur ubiquitously in the environment and have been linked to numerous adverse health effects in humans and aquatic organisms. Although numerous environmental monitoring studies have been conducted, only one has evaluated PFAS in surface waters of the northwestern Great Basin, which features unique topography that results in dozens of endorheic basins and terminal lakes with no natural outlet, where PFAS may accumulate. To close this knowledge gap, we evaluated the occurrence of PFAS in grab samples from 15 lakes (headwater and terminal lakes) and 10 rivers in the Great Basin located in Nevada and California of the United States. PFAS and organofluorine were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) and combustion ion chromatography, respectively. The highest concentrations of PFAS occurred in samples taken near sites with known or suspected prior aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) application (~20 to 4754 ng/L). Samples near wastewater treatment plants and in urban areas also tended to have PFAS concentrations greater than those measured in remote, less anthropogenically influenced areas (~2 to 15 ng/L, <3 ng/L respectively). In limited snapshot sampling events PFAS appeared to accumulate in terminal lakes to some extent; in-lake concentrations were two to five times greater than those of their inflows. Fluorotelomer sulfonates were present downstream of a known AFFF application area likely to have had fluorotelomer-based foams applied to it, and the concentrations decayed in a predictable manner, suggesting they may be used as an indicator of PFAS transport away from an AFFF source. In all but two samples, organofluorine concentrations were greater than the sum of targeted PFAS (on a F basis) (median of 0.6 % of organofluorine identified via LC-MS/MS), although there was considerable variability in organofluorine measured in replicate samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael DeNicola
- Graduate Program of Hydrologic Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0258, United States of America; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0258, United States of America
| | - Zunhui Lin
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States of America
| | - Oscar Quiñones
- Water Quality Research and Development, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9956, United States of America
| | - Brett Vanderford
- Water Quality Research and Development, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9956, United States of America
| | - Mingrui Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0258, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States of America
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States of America
| | - Eric Dickenson
- Water Quality Research and Development, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9956, United States of America
| | - David Hanigan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0258, United States of America.
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6
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Zhang Z, Ersan MS, Westerhoff P, Herckes P. Do Surface Charges on Polymeric Filters and Airborne Particles Control the Removal of Nanoscale Aerosols by Polymeric Facial Masks? Toxics 2023; 12:3. [PMID: 38276716 PMCID: PMC10821015 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of facial masks as a critical health intervention to prevent the spread of airborne disease and protect from occupational nanomaterial exposure highlights the need for fundamental insights into the interaction of nanoparticles (<200 nm) with modern polymeric mask filter materials. While most research focuses on the filtration efficiency of airborne particles by facial masks based on pore sizes, pressure drop, or humidity, only a few studies focus on the importance of aerosol surface charge versus filter surface charge and their role in the net particle filtration efficiency of mask filters. In this study, experiments were conducted to assess mask filter filtration efficiency using positively and negatively charged polystyrene particles (150 nm) as challenge aerosols at varying humidity levels. Commercial masks with surface potential (Ψf) in the range of -10 V to -800 V were measured by an electrostatic voltmeter and used for testing. Results show that the mask filtration efficiency is highly dependent on the mask surface potential as well as the charge on the challenge aerosol, ranging from 60% to 98%. Eliminating the surface charge results in a maximum 43% decrease in filtration efficiency, emphasizing the importance of electrostatic charge interactions during the particle capture process. Moreover, increased humidity can decrease the surface charge on filters, thereby decreasing the mask filtration efficiency. The knowledge gained from this study provides insight into the critical role of electrostatic attraction in nanoparticle capture mechanisms and benefits future occupational and environmental health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobo Zhang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85297-1604, USA;
| | - Mahmut S. Ersan
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA; (M.S.E.); (P.W.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8115, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA; (M.S.E.); (P.W.)
| | - Pierre Herckes
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85297-1604, USA;
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7
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Farsad A, Marcos-Hernandez M, Sinha S, Westerhoff P. Sous Vide-Inspired Impregnation of Amorphous Titanium (Hydr)Oxide into Carbon Block Point-of-Use Filters for Arsenic Removal from Water. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:20410-20420. [PMID: 37948748 PMCID: PMC10810566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon block filters, commonly employed as point-of-use (POU) water treatment components, effectively eliminate pathogens and adsorb undesirable tastes, odors, and organic contaminants, all while producing no water waste. However, they lack the capability to remove arsenic. Enabling the carbon block to remove arsenic could reduce its exposure risks in tap water. Inspired by Sous vide cooking techniques, we developed a low-energy, low-chemical method for impregnating commercially available carbon block with titanium (hydr)oxide (THO) in four integrated steps: (1) vacuum removal of air from the carbon block, (2) impregnation with precursors in a flexible pouch, (3) sealing to prevent oxygen intrusion, and (4) heating in a water bath at 80 °C for 20 h to eliminate exposure and reactions with air. This process achieved a uniform 13 wt % Ti loading in the carbon block. Our modified carbon block POU filter efficiently removed both arsenate and arsenite from tap water matrices containing 10 or 100 μg/L arsenic concentrations in batch experiments or continuous flow operations. Surprisingly, the THO-modified carbon block removed arsenite better than arsenate. This innovative method, using 70% fewer chemicals than traditional autoclave techniques, offers a cost-effective solution to reduce exposure to arsenic and lower its overall risk in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Farsad
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Mariana Marcos-Hernandez
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shahnawaz Sinha
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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8
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Sharma N, Zeng C, Eaton A, Karanfil T, Ghosh A, Westerhoff P. Co-Occurrence of Bromine and Iodine Species in US Drinking Water Sources That Can Impact Disinfection Byproduct Formation. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:18563-18574. [PMID: 36648192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bromine and iodine species are precursors for forming disinfection byproducts in finished drinking waters. Our study incorporates spatial and temporal data to quantify concentrations of inorganic (bromide (Br-), iodide (I-), and iodate (IO3-)), organic, and total bromine (BrT) and iodine (IT) species from 286 drinking water sources and 7 wastewater effluents across the United States. Br- ranged from <5-7800 μg/L (median of 62 μg/L in surface water (SW) and 95 μg/L in groundwater (GW)). I- was detected in 41% of SW (1-72 μg/L, median = <1 μg/L) and 62% of GW (<1-250 μg/L, median = 3 μg/L) samples. The median Br-/I- ratio in SW and GW was 22 μg/μg and 16 μg/μg, respectively, in paired samples with detect Br- and I-. BrT existed primarily as Br-, while IT was present as I-, IO3-, and/or total organic iodine (TOI). Inorganic iodine species (I- and IO3-) were predominant in GW samples, accounting for 60-100% of IT; however, they contributed to only 20-50% of IT in SW samples. The unknown fraction of IT was attributed to TOI. In lakes, seasonal cycling of I-species was observed and was presumably due to algal productivity. Finally, Spearman Rank Correlation tests revealed a strong correlation between Br- and IT in SW (RBr-,IT = 0.83) following the log10 (Br-, μg/L) = 0.65 × log10 (IT, μg/L) - 0.17 relationship. Br- and I- in treated wastewater effluents (median Br- = 234 μg/L, median I- = 5 μg/L) were higher than drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushita Sharma
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Chao Zeng
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Andrew Eaton
- Eaton Environmental Water Quality Consulting, LLC, Pasadena, California 91101, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Amlan Ghosh
- Corona Environmental Consulting, Lewisville, Texas 75067, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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9
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Lei X, Guan J, Lei Y, Yao L, Westerhoff P, Yang X. One-Electron Oxidant-Induced Transformations of Aromatic Alcohol to Ketone Moieties in Dissolved Organic Matter Increase Trichloromethane Formation. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:18597-18606. [PMID: 36563128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Radicals in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) degrade micropollutants during water and wastewater treatment, but the transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) may be equally important. Ketone moieties in DOM are known disinfection byproduct precursors, but ketones themselves are intermediates produced during AOPs. We found that aromatic alcohols in DOM underwent transformation to ketones by one-electron oxidants (using SO4•- as a representative), and the formed ketones significantly increased trichloromethane (CHCl3) formation potential (FP) upon subsequent chlorination. CHCl3-FPs from aromatic ketones (Ar-CO-CH3, average of 22 mol/mol) were 6-24 times of CHCl3-FPs from aromatic alcohols (Ar-CH(OH)-CH3, average of 0.85 mol/mol). At a typical SO4•- exposure of 7.0 × 10-12 M·s, CHCl3-FPs from aromatic alcohol transformation increased by 24.8%-112% with an average increase of 53.4%. Notably, SO4•- oxidation of aliphatic alcohols resulted in minute changes in CHCl3-FPs due to their low reactivities with SO4•- (∼107 M-1 s-1). Other one-electron oxidants (Cl2•-, Br2•-,and CO3•-) are present in AOPs and also lead to aromatic alcohol-ketone transformations similar to SO4•-. This study highlights that subtle changes in DOM physicochemical properties due to one-electron oxidants can greatly affect the reactivity with free chlorine and the formation of chlorinated byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingmeng Guan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lu Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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10
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Wutich A, Thomson P, Jepson W, Stoler J, Cooperman AD, Doss-Gollin J, Jantrania A, Mayer A, Nelson-Nuñez J, Walker WS, Westerhoff P. MAD Water: Integrating Modular, Adaptive, and Decentralized Approaches for Water Security in the Climate Change Era. WIREs Water 2023; 10:e1680. [PMID: 38162537 PMCID: PMC10756426 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Centralized water infrastructure has, over the last century, brought safe and reliable drinking water to much of the world. But climate change, combined with aging and underfunding, is increasingly testing the limits of-and reversing gains made by-these large-scale water systems. To address these growing strains and gaps, we must assess and advance alternatives to centralized water provision and sanitation. The water literature is rife with examples of systems that are neither centralized nor networked, but still meet water needs of local communities in important ways, including: informal and hybrid water systems, decentralized water provision, community-based water management, small drinking water systems, point-of-use treatment, small-scale water vendors, and packaged water. Our work builds on these literatures by proposing a convergence approach that can integrate and explore the benefits and challenges of modular, adaptive, and decentralized ("MAD") water provision and sanitation, often foregrounding important advances in engineering technology. We further provide frameworks to evaluate justice, economic feasibility, governance, human health, and environmental sustainability as key parameters of MAD water system performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Wutich
- School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, Arizona State University
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11
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Zhao Z, Luo YH, Wang TH, Sinha S, Ling L, Rittmann B, Alvarez P, Perreault F, Westerhoff P. Phenotypic and Transcriptional Responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms to UV-C Irradiation via Side-Emitting Optical Fibers: Implications for Biofouling Control. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:15736-15746. [PMID: 37802050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms give rise to a range of issues, spanning from harboring pathogens to accelerating microbial-induced corrosion in pressurized water systems. Introducing germicidal UV-C (200-280 nm) irradiation from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) into flexible side-emitting optical fibers (SEOFs) presents a novel light delivery method to inhibit the accumulation of biofilms on surfaces found in small-diameter tubing or other intricate geometries. This work used surfaces fully submerged in flowing water that contained Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in water system biofilms. A SEOF delivered a UV-C gradient to the surface for biofilm inhibition. Biofilm growth over time was monitored in situ using optical conference tomography. Biofilm formation was effectively inhibited when the 275 nm UV-C irradiance was ≥8 μW/cm2. Biofilm samples were collected from several regions on the surface, representing low and high UV-C irradiance. RNA sequencing of these samples revealed that high UV-C irradiance inhibited the expression of functional genes related to energy metabolism, DNA repair, quorum sensing, polysaccharide production, and mobility. However, insufficient sublethal UV-C exposure led to upregulation genes for SOS response and quorum sensing as survival strategies against the UV-C stress. These results underscore the need to maintain minimum UV-C exposure on surfaces to effectively inhibit biofilm formation in water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhao
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Yi-Hao Luo
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Tzu-Heng Wang
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Shahnawaz Sinha
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Li Ling
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
| | - Pedro Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - François Perreault
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
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12
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Bansal R, Hald N, Martinez R, Chan CK, Westerhoff P, Garcia-Segura S. Self-supported polypyrrole flexible electrodes for electrochemical reduction of nitrite. Chemosphere 2023; 338:139582. [PMID: 37478997 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of an electrochemical oxidation/reduction process strongly depends on the working electrode's surface area to volume ratio. By making electrodes flexible and employing different configurations such as roll-to-roll membrane, the surface area to volume ratio can be enhanced, therefore improving the overall efficiency of electrochemical processes. Conductive polymers emerge as a new framework to enable alternative electrochemical water treatment cell configurations. Self-standing polypyrrole flexible electrodes were synthesized by electropolymerization and evaluated on the treatment of an oxyanion pollutant: nitrite. Mechanical characterization through stress-strain curves and bending tests demonstrated high electrode resilience that sustained over 1000 bending cycles without impacting mechanical integrity or electrocatalytic responses. The electrocatalytic response towards nitrite reduction was assessed under linear scan voltammetry (LSV) and removal performance evaluated under potentiostatic conditions reaching 79% abatement of initial concentrations of nitrite of 15 mg/L [NO2--N]. Self-standing flexible electrodes appear as a novel framework to enable modular compact water treatment unit designs that maximize the electrode area/volume ratio and substitute expensive platinum group metal (PGMs) electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Bansal
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), United States; School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, United States
| | - Nessa Hald
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), United States; School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, United States
| | - Roberto Martinez
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), United States; School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, United States
| | - Candace K Chan
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), United States; School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), United States; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, United States
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), United States; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, United States.
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13
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Wang P, Rosario-Ortiz F, Giammar D, He H, Lowry G, Waite D, Westerhoff P, Zimmerman J. The Intersection between Materials Science and Environmental Applicability: Defining the Scope of ES&T for Materials-Based Research. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:12135-12136. [PMID: 37605609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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14
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Cheng Z, Shang C, Westerhoff P, Ling L. Novel polymer optical fibers with high mass-loading g-C 3N 4 embedded metamaterial porous structures achieve rapid micropollutant degradation in water. Water Res 2023; 242:120234. [PMID: 37354840 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The performance of conventional photocatalytic reactors suffers from low photocatalyst mass-loading densities affixed to surfaces and light scattering losses or light attenuation in slurry reactors. These limitations are overcome by fabrication of high mass-loading g-C3N4 embedded metamaterial porous structures on flexible polymeric optical fibers (g-C3N4-POFs). In this study, the fabricated g-C3N4-POFs contain g-C3N4 with mass-loading 100-1000x higher than previouly reported, enabling efficient light delivery to g-C3N4 and improved pollutant mass transport within metamaterial porous structures. The key fabrication step involved using acetone, based on its high saturated vapor pressure and low dielectric constant, making roll-to-roll mass production of high mass-loading photocatalyst-embedded metamaterial POFs possible at room-temperature within seconds. Using bundles of 150 individual g-C3N4-POFs in the reactors, we achieved 4x higher degradation rates for micropollutants under visible light irradiation at 420 nm compared with equivalent mass-to-volume ratios of photocatalysts in a slurry suspension reactor. The bundled g-C3N4-POF reactor showed no degradation in the structural integrity or loss of pollutant degradation using deionized or model drinking water under accumulated HO• exposures of ∼4.5 × 10-9 M•s after 20 cycles of treatment. It operates continuously at g-C3N4 dosages equivalent to 100-1000 g/L and a water depth over 40 cm, making it a feasible alternative to conventional photocatalytic reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Cheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China.
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15
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Farsad A, Niimi K, Ersan MS, Gonzalez-Rodriguez JR, Hristovski KD, Westerhoff P. Mechanistic Study of Arsenate Adsorption onto Different Amorphous Grades of Titanium (Hydr)Oxides Impregnated into a Point-of-Use Activated Carbon Block. ACS ES T Eng 2023; 3:989-1000. [PMID: 37546364 PMCID: PMC10399556 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.3c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Millions of households still rely on drinking water from private wells or municipal systems with arsenic levels approaching or exceeding regulatory limits. Arsenic is a potent carcinogen, and there is no safe level of it in drinking water. Point-of-use (POU) treatment systems are a promising option to mitigate arsenic exposure. However, the most commonly used POU technology, an activated carbon block filter, is ineffective at removing arsenic. Our study aimed to explore the potential of impregnating carbon blocks with amorphous titanium (hydr)oxide (THO) to improve arsenic removal without introducing titanium (Ti) into the treated water. Four synthesis methods achieved 8-16 wt.% Ti loading within the carbon block with 58-97% amorphous THO content. The THO-modified carbon block could adsorb both oxidation states of arsenic (arsenate and arsenite) in batch or column tests. Modified carbon block with higher Ti and amorphous content always led to better arsenate removal, achieving arsenic loadings up to 31 mg As/mg Ti after 70,000 bed volumes in continuous flow tests. Impregnating carbon block with amorphous THO consistently outperformed impregnation using crystalline TiO2. The best-performing system (TTIP-EtOH carbon block) was an amorphous THO derived using titanium isopropoxide, ethanol, and acetic acid via sol-gel technique, aged at 80° for 18 hours and dried overnight at 60°. Comparable pore size distribution and surface area of the impregnated carbon blocks suggested that chemical properties play a more crucial role than physical and textural properties in removing arsenate via amorphous Ti-impregnated carbon block. Freundlich isotherms indicated energetically favorable adsorption for amorphous chemically synthesized adsorbents. The mass transport coefficients for the amorphous TTIP-EtOH carbon block were fitted using a pore surface diffusion model, resulting in Dsurface = 3.1×10-12 cm2/s and Dpore = 3.2×10-6 cm2/s. Impregnating the carbon block with THO enabled effective arsenic removal from water without adversely affecting the pressure drop across the unit or the carbon block's ability to remove polar organic chemical pollutants efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Farsad
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), USA
| | - Ken Niimi
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), USA
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), USA
| | - Jose Ricardo Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), USA
- Environmental Protection Research Center, School of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnologico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | | | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), USA
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16
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Kong Q, Ye L, Pan Y, Zhou Y, Lei Y, Zeng Z, Chen S, Yao L, Zhang X, Westerhoff P, Yang X. Photochemical Transformation of Free Chlorine Induced by Triplet State Dissolved Organic Matter. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37428984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of free chlorine is an increasingly recognized approach for effectively inactivating microorganisms and eliminating trace organic contaminants. However, the impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is ubiquitous in engineered water systems, on free chlorine photolysis is not yet well understood. In this study, triplet state DOM (3DOM*) was found to cause the decay of free chlorine for the first time. By using laser flash photolysis, the scavenging rate constants of triplet state model photosensitizers by free chlorine at pH 7.0 were determined to be in the range of (0.26-3.33) × 109 M-1 s-1. 3DOM*, acting as a reductant, reacted with free chlorine at an estimated reaction rate constant of 1.22(±0.22) × 109 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.0. This study revealed an overlooked pathway of free chlorine decay during UV irradiation in the presence of DOM. Besides the DOM's light screening ability and scavenging of radicals or free chlorine, 3DOM* played an important role in the decay of free chlorine. This reaction pathway accounted for a significant proportion of the decay of free chlorine, ranging from 23 to 45%, even when DOM concentrations were below 3 mgC L-1 and a free chlorine dose of 70 μM was present during UV irradiation at 254 nm. The generation of HO• and Cl• from the oxidation of 3DOM* by free chlorine was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance and quantified by chemical probes. By inputting the newly observed pathway in the kinetics model, the decay of free chlorine in UV254-irradiated DOM solution can be well predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yangjian Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zihan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liaoliao Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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17
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Das P, Penton CR, Bi Y, Westerhoff P. Unraveling mechanisms behind reduced nitrate leaching with graphite nanomaterials addition with fertilizers in soil column experiments. Chemosphere 2023:139417. [PMID: 37419157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Overuse or mistimed application of nitrogen fertilizer can cause nitrate contamination in groundwater and surrounding surface waters. Previous greenhouse studies have explored the use of graphene nanomaterials, including graphite nano additive (GNA), to reduce nitrate leaching in an agricultural soil while growing lettuce crops. To investigate the mechanism of GNA addition in suppressing nitrate leaching, we conducted soil column experiments using native agricultural soils under saturated or unsaturated flow conditions to simulate varied irrigation. We investigated the effects of temperature (4 °C compared with 20 °C) on microbial activity and dose effect of GNA was also explored (165 mg/kg soil and 1650 mg/kg soil) for biotic soil column experiments whereas a single temperature condition (20 °C) and GNA dose (165 mg/kg soil) was employed for abiotic (autoclaved) soil column experiments. Results showed GNA addition had minimal effects on nitrate leaching in saturated flow soil columns due to short hydraulic residence times (∼3.5 h). In comparison, longer residence times (∼3 d) in unsaturated soil columns reduced nitrate leaching by 25-31% relative to control soil columns without GNA addition. Furthermore, nitrate retention in the soil column was found to be suppressed at 4 °C compared with 20 °C, suggesting a bio-mediated mechanism for GNA addition to reduce nitrate leaching. In addition, the soil dissolved organic matter was found to be associated with nitrate leaching, where less nitrate leaching occurring when higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was measured in leachate water. Following studies of adding soil-derived organic carbon (SOC) resulted in greater nitrogen retention in the unsaturated soil columns only when GNA was present. Overall, the results suggest that GNA-amended soil reduces nitrate loss through increased N immobilization in the microbial biomass or loss of N in gaseous phase through enhanced nitrification and denitrification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partho Das
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - C Ryan Penton
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA; Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yuqiang Bi
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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18
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Levi J, Guo S, Kavadiya S, Luo Y, Lee CS, Jacobs HP, Holman Z, Wong MS, Garcia-Segura S, Zhou C, Rittmann BE, Westerhoff P. Comparing methods to deposit Pd-In catalysts on hydrogen-permeable hollow-fiber membranes for nitrate reduction. Water Res 2023; 235:119877. [PMID: 36989800 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenation of nitrate in water has been studied primarily using nanoparticle slurries with constant hydrogen-gas (H2) bubbling. Such slurry reactors are impractical in full-scale water treatment applications because 1) unattached catalysts are difficult to be recycled/reused and 2) gas bubbling is inefficient for delivering H2. Membrane Catalyst-film Reactors (MCfR) resolve these limitations by depositing nanocatalysts on the exterior of gas-permeable hollow-fiber membranes that deliver H2 directly to the catalyst-film. The goal of this study was to compare the technical feasibility and benefits of various methods for attaching bimetallic palladium/indium (Pd/In) nanocatalysts for nitrate reduction in water, and subsequently select the most effective method. Four Pd/In deposition methods were evaluated for effectiveness in achieving durable nanocatalyst immobilization on the membranes and repeatable nitrate-reduction activity: (1) In-Situ MCfR-H2, (2) In-Situ Flask-Synthesis, (3) Ex-Situ Aerosol Impaction-Driven Assembly, and (4) Ex-Situ Electrostatic. Although all four deposition methods achieved catalyst-films that reduced nitrate in solution (≥ 1.1 min-1gPd-1), three deposition methods resulted in significant palladium loss (>29%) and an accompanying decline in nitrate reactivity over time. In contrast, the In-Situ MCfR-H2 deposition method had negligible Pd loss and remained active for nitrate reduction over multiple operational cycles. Therefore, In-Situ MCfR-H2 emerged as the superior deposition method and can be utilized to optimize catalyst attachment, nitrate-reduction, and N2 selectivity in future studies with more complex water matrices, longer treatment cycles, and larger reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Levi
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States; Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Sujin Guo
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Shalinee Kavadiya
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Yihao Luo
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States; Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Chung-Seop Lee
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Hunter P Jacobs
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zachary Holman
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Michael S Wong
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Chen Zhou
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States; Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States.
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19
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Reid E, Igou T, Zhao Y, Crittenden J, Huang CH, Westerhoff P, Rittmann B, Drewes JE, Chen Y. The Minus Approach Can Redefine the Standard of Practice of Drinking Water Treatment. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:7150-7161. [PMID: 37074125 PMCID: PMC10173460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-based disinfection for drinking water treatment (DWT) was one of the 20th century's great public health achievements, as it substantially reduced the risk of acute microbial waterborne disease. However, today's chlorinated drinking water is not unambiguously safe; trace levels of regulated and unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and other known, unknown, and emerging contaminants (KUECs), present chronic risks that make them essential removal targets. Because conventional chemical-based DWT processes do little to remove DBPs or KUECs, alternative approaches are needed to minimize risks by removing DBP precursors and KUECs that are ubiquitous in water supplies. We present the "Minus Approach" as a toolbox of practices and technologies to mitigate KUECs and DBPs without compromising microbiological safety. The Minus Approach reduces problem-causing chemical addition treatment (i.e., the conventional "Plus Approach") by producing biologically stable water containing pathogens at levels having negligible human health risk and substantially lower concentrations of KUECs and DBPs. Aside from ozonation, the Minus Approach avoids primary chemical-based coagulants, disinfectants, and advanced oxidation processes. The Minus Approach focuses on bank filtration, biofiltration, adsorption, and membranes to biologically and physically remove DBP precursors, KUECs, and pathogens; consequently, water purveyors can use ultraviolet light at key locations in conjunction with smaller dosages of secondary chemical disinfectants to minimize microbial regrowth in distribution systems. We describe how the Minus Approach contrasts with the conventional Plus Approach, integrates with artificial intelligence, and can ultimately improve the sustainability performance of water treatment. Finally, we consider barriers to adoption of the Minus Approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Reid
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Thomas Igou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yangying Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John Crittenden
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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20
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Lee YG, Shin J, Kim SJ, Cho KH, Westerhoff P, Rho H, Chon K. An autopsy study of hollow fiber and multibore ultrafiltration membranes from a pilot-scale ultra high-recovery filtration system for surface water treatment. Sci Total Environ 2023; 866:161311. [PMID: 36603634 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The organic fouling characteristics of hollow fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF) and multibore ultrafiltration (MBUF) membranes from long-term ultrafiltration (UF) membrane systems were systemically investigated in this study. The objective was to obtain insights into the fouling behavior of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a pilot-scale ultra-high-recovery membrane filtration system (p-UHMS) used for surface water treatment. The pilot system consisted of a series of two different UF membranes (1st stage: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) HFUF and 2nd stage: polyethersulfone (PES) MBUF). It was designed to feed the HFUF concentrate to the MBUF membranes to achieve ≥99.5 % total water recovery for surface water treatment, as these advances might enhance the production efficiencies of drinking water. The experimental results confirmed that hydrophobic DOM controlled the formation of HFUF membrane organic fouling, whereas hydrophilic DOM, including polysaccharide-like and protein-like matter, promoted MBUF membrane fouling. These opposing trends were attributed to the hydrophilic characteristics of the MBUF membrane surfaces (contact angle: PVDF = 90-130° and PES ≤ 80°), which reduced the hydrophobic interactions between the UF membrane surfaces and foulants. The performance declines of the MBUF membrane due to fouling layer formation was considerably severer than those of the HFUF membrane, decreasing total permeate water in the p-UHMS. Moreover, the quantity of the desorbed MBUF membrane foulants via 0.1 N NaOH was roughly 7.2 times larger than that of the desorbed HFUF membrane foulants through 0.1 N NaOH, indicating that alkaline-based cleaning agent could much more efficiently recover the performance of the fouled MBUF membranes. Hence, adequate cleaning strategies using alkaline-based agent for the MBUF membrane appeared to be essential for preventing the performance deterioration of the p-UHMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gu Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Art, Culture, and Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegwan Shin
- Department of Integrated Energy and Infrasystem, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil, 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joon Kim
- Technology Research Laboratory, Kolon Global Corporation, 11 Kolon-ro, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 13837, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, USA
| | - Hojung Rho
- Department of Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyang-Daero, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10223, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kangmin Chon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Art, Culture, and Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Energy and Infrasystem, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil, 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Yavuz B, Januszewski B, Chen T, Delgado AG, Westerhoff P, Rittmann B. Using radish (Raphanus lativus L.) germination to establish a benchmark dose for the toxicity of ozonated-petroleum byproducts in soil. Chemosphere 2023; 313:137382. [PMID: 36442677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentration-response relationship between the germination outcome of radish (Raphanus lativus L.) and ozonated petroleum residuals was determined experimentally. The outcomes were used to produce an ecological risk assessment model to predict the extra risk of adverse outcomes based on the concentration of ozonated residuals. A test soil with low organic matter (0.5% w/w) was mixed with raw crude oil, artificially weathered, and treated at three doses of ozone (O3) gas (5 g, 10 g, and 40 g O3 per 600 g of soil). Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and produced dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were measured. TREATMENT categories (control, petroleum, petroleum + 5 g O3, petroleum + 10 g O3, and petroleum + 40 g O3) were then used to create a dilution series using different proportions of the test soil and a commercially available potting mix (∼75% w/w organic matter) to evaluate the effects of background organic matter (b-ORGANIC) in conjunction with TPH and DOC. Multivariable logistic regression was performed on the adverse germination outcome as a function of TPH, DOC, TREATMENT, and b-ORGANIC. The parameters controlling germination were the continuous variable DOC and the categorical variables TREATMENT and b-ORGANIC. Radish germination was strongly harmed by DOC from ozonation, but DOC's ecotoxicity decreased with increasing O3 dose and the presence of b-ORGANIC beyond 10% (w/w). We used the germination outcome of radish to produce a logistic regression model that computes margins of DOC (± std. error) that create 10%, 25%, and 50% extra risk of adverse germination effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Yavuz
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, 727 Tyler Road, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| | - Brielle Januszewski
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Ave (Room 501), New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Tengfei Chen
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, 727 Tyler Road, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; Geosyntec Consultants, Inc., 11811 N Tatum Blvd, Suite P186, Phoenix, AZ, 85028, USA
| | - Anca G Delgado
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, 727 Tyler Road, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Engineering Research Center for Bio-mediated and Bio-inspired Geotechnics, Arizona State University, 650 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, 727 Tyler Road, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
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22
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Reipa V, Song NW, Kwak M, Heo MB, Lee TG, Westerhoff P, Bi Y, Toman B, Hackley VA, Kato H, Tabei Y, Nontapot K, Choi Y, Choi J. Photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles: the development of the standardized measurement for physiological conditions. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:857-866. [PMID: 36732933 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2159558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently a new International Standard for testing nanomaterial photocatalytic activity under physiological conditions was issued by Technical Committee 229 (Nanotechnologies) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 20814:2019 Nanotechnologies-Testing the photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles for NADH oxidation). The document offers a robust, high throughput photocatalytic assay using a bio-compatible indicator nicotinamide amide dinucleotide (NAD) and provides a screening tool to gauge nanomaterial potency for phototoxicity. This paper describes the measurement principles behind this assay, the scope of the standard and its validation through an interlaboratory comparison study using a traceable standard reference material (SRM 1898).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytas Reipa
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Nam Wong Song
- Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Yuseong-gu, Korea
| | - Minjeong Kwak
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Yuseong-gu, Korea
| | - Min Beom Heo
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Yuseong-gu, Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Yuseong-gu, Korea
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yuqiang Bi
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Blaza Toman
- Statistical Engineering Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Vincent A Hackley
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Haruhisa Kato
- Polymers Standards Section Japan, Particle Measurement Research Group, Research Institute for Material and Chemical Measurement, National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Central 5, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tabei
- Polymers Standards Section Japan, Particle Measurement Research Group, Research Institute for Material and Chemical Measurement, National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Central 5, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Yonghyun Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Alum A, Zhao Z, Ersan MS, Mewes T, Barnes M, Westerhoff P, Abbaszadegan M. Implication of cell culture methods and biases on UV inactivation of viruses. J Virol Methods 2022; 309:114610. [PMID: 36064127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of human respiratory viruses in air and on surfaces is important to control their spread. Exposure to germicidal ultraviolet (UV-C) light damages viral nucleic acid rendering them non-infectious. Most of the recent viral inactivation studies have not considered potential artifacts caused by interactions between UV-C light and culture media used to suspend and deposit virus on surfaces. We show that the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) form when commonly used virus culture media is exposed to 265 nm irradiation from light emitting diodes (LEDs) at UV-C doses (4 or 40 mJ/cm2) commonly considered to achieve multiple log-inactivation of virus. Surface viral inactivation values were enhanced from 0.49 to 2.92 log10 of viruses in DMEM, EMEM or EMEM-F as compared to absence of culture media (only suspended in Tris-buffer). The mechanisms responsible for the enhanced surface inactivate is hypothesized to involve photo-activation of vitamins and dyes present in the culture media, deposited with the virus on surfaces to be disinfected, which produce ROS and RNS. Given the rapidly growing research and commercial markets for UV-C disinfecting devices, there is a need to establish surface disinfecting protocols that avoid viral inactivation enhancement artifacts associated with selection and use of common cell culture media in the presence of UV-C light. This study addresses this weak link in the literature and highlights that inadequate selection of virus suspension media may cause a bias (i.e., over-estimation) for the UV-C dosages required for virus inactivation on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Absar Alum
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Zhe Zhao
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, USA
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, USA
| | - Morteza Abbaszadegan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
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24
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Atrashkevich A, Fajardo AS, Westerhoff P, Walker WS, Sánchez-Sánchez CM, Garcia-Segura S. Overcoming barriers for nitrate electrochemical reduction: By-passing water hardness. Water Res 2022; 225:119118. [PMID: 36155008 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water matrix composition impacts water treatment performance. However, matrix composition impacts have rarely been studied for electrochemical water treatment processes, and the correlation between the composition and the treatment efficiency is lacking. This work evaluated the electrochemical reduction of nitrate (ERN) using different complex water matrices: groundwater, brackish water, and reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate/brine. The ERN was conducted using a tin (Sn) cathode because of the high selectivity towards nitrogen evolution reported for Sn electrocatalysts. The co-existence of calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and carbonate (CO32-) ions in water caused a 4-fold decrease in the nitrate conversion into innocuous nitrogen gas due to inorganic scaling formation on the cathode surface. XRF and XRD analysis of fouled catalyst surfaces detected brucite (Mg(OH)2), calcite (CaCO3), and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) mineral scales formed on the cathode surface. Surface scaling created a physical barrier on the electrode that decreased the ERN efficiency. Identifying these main sources of ERN inhibition was key to devising potential fouling mitigation strategies. For this reason, the chemical softening pre-treatment of a real brackish water was conducted and this significantly increased nitrate conversion and faradaic efficiency during subsequent ERN treatment, leading to a lower electric energy consumption per order. Understanding the ionic foulant composition responsible for influencing electrochemically-driven technologies are the first steps that must be taken to move towards niche applications such as decentralized ERN. Thus, we propose either direct ERN implementation in regions facing high nitrate levels in soft waters, or a hybrid softening/nitrate removal system for those regions where high nitrate and high-water hardness appear simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksana Atrashkevich
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Ana S Fajardo
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA; Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques (LISE), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - W Shane Walker
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA; Civil Engineering, Center for Inland Desalination Systems, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Carlos M Sánchez-Sánchez
- Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques (LISE), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris 75005, France
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA.
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25
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Flores K, Rand LN, Valdes C, Castillo A, Cantu JM, Parsons JG, Westerhoff P, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Targeting Metal Impurities for the Detection and Quantification of Carbon Black Particles in Water via spICP-MS. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:13719-13727. [PMID: 36137535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black (CB) is a nanomaterial with numerous industrial applications and high potential for integration into nano-enabled water treatment devices. However, few analytical techniques are capable of measuring CB in water at environmentally relevant concentrations. Therefore, we intended to establish a quantification method for CB with lower detection limits through utilization of trace metal impurities as analytical tracers. Various metal impurities were investigated in six commercial CB materials, and the Monarch 1000 CB was chosen as a model for further testing. The La impurity was chosen as a tracer for spICP-MS analysis based on measured concentration, low detection limits, and lack of polyatomic interferences. CB stability in water and adhesion to the spICP-MS introduction system presented a challenge that was mitigated by the addition of a nonionic surfactant to the matrix. Following optimization, the limit of detection (64 μg/L) and quantification (122 μg/L) for Monarch 1000 CB demonstrated the applicability of this approach to samples expected to contain trace amounts of CB. When compared against gravimetric analysis and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, spICP-MS quantification exhibited similar sensitivity but with the ability to detect concentrations an order of magnitude lower. Method detection and sensitivity was unaffected when dissolved La was spiked into CB samples at environmentally relevant concentrations. Additionally, a more complex synthetic matrix representative of drinking water caused no appreciable impact to CB quantification. In comparison to existing quantification techniques, this method has achieved competitive sensitivity, a wide working range for quantification, and high selectivity for tracing possible release of CB materials with known metal contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Flores
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Logan N Rand
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224, United States
| | - Carolina Valdes
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Alexandria Castillo
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Jesus M Cantu
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Jason G Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W University Blvd, Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Jorge L Gardea-Torresdey
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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26
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Rho H, Yu P, Zhao Z, Lee CS, Chon K, Perreault F, Alvarez PJJ, Amy G, Westerhoff P. Inhibition of biofouling on reverse osmosis membrane surfaces by germicidal ultraviolet light side-emitting optical fibers. Water Res 2022; 224:119094. [PMID: 36115159 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling of membrane surfaces poses significant operational challenges and costs for desalination and wastewater reuse applications. Ultraviolet (UV) light can control biofilms while reducing chemical usage and disinfection by-products, but light deliveries to membrane surfaces in spiral wound geometries has been a daunting challenge. Thin and flexible nano-enabled side-emitting optical fibers (SEOFs) are novel light delivery devices that enable disinfection or photocatalytic oxidation by radiating UV light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). We envision SEOFs as an active membrane spacer to mitigate biofilm formation on reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. A lab-scale RO membrane apparatus equipped with SEOFs allowed comparison of UV-A (photocatalysis-enabled) versus UV-C (direct photolysis disinfection). Compared against systems without any light exposure, systems with UV-C light formed thinner-but denser-biofilms, prevented permeate flux declines due to biofouling, and maintained the highest salt rejection. Results were corroborated by in-situ optical coherence tomography and ex-situ measurements of biofilm growth on the membranes. Transcriptomic analysis showed that UV-C SEOFs down-regulated quorum sensing and surface attachment genes. In contrast, UV-A SEOFs upregulated quorum sensing, surface attachment, and oxidative stress genes, resulting in higher extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) accumulation on membrane surfaces. Overall, SEOFs that deliver a low fluence of UV-C light onto membrane surfaces are a promising non-chemical approach for mitigating biofouling formation on RO membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojung Rho
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA; Department of Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyang-Daero, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 10223, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Chung-Seop Lee
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Kangmin Chon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Art, Culture, and Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - François Perreault
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA
| | - Gary Amy
- College of Engineering and Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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27
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Tschiche HR, Bierkandt FS, Creutzenberg O, Fessard V, Franz R, Greiner R, Gruber-Traub C, Haas KH, Haase A, Hartwig A, Hesse B, Hund-Rinke K, Iden P, Kromer C, Loeschner K, Mutz D, Rakow A, Rasmussen K, Rauscher H, Richter H, Schoon J, Schmid O, Som C, Spindler LM, Tovar GEM, Westerhoff P, Wohlleben W, Luch A, Laux P. Analytical and toxicological aspects of nanomaterials in different product groups: Challenges and opportunities. NanoImpact 2022; 28:100416. [PMID: 35995388 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread integration of engineered nanomaterials into consumer and industrial products creates new challenges and requires innovative approaches in terms of design, testing, reliability, and safety of nanotechnology. The aim of this review article is to give an overview of different product groups in which nanomaterials are present and outline their safety aspects for consumers. Here, release of nanomaterials and related analytical challenges and solutions as well as toxicological considerations, such as dose-metrics, are discussed. Additionally, the utilization of engineered nanomaterials as pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals to deliver and release cargo molecules is covered. Furthermore, critical pathways for human exposure to nanomaterials, namely inhalation and ingestion, are discussed in the context of risk assessment. Analysis of NMs in food, innovative medicine or food contact materials is discussed. Specific focus is on the presence and release of nanomaterials, including whether nanomaterials can migrate from polymer nanocomposites used in food contact materials. With regard to the toxicology and toxicokinetics of nanomaterials, aspects of dose metrics of inhalation toxicity as well as ingestion toxicology and comparison between in vitro and in vivo conclusions are considered. The definition of dose descriptors to be applied in toxicological testing is emphasized. In relation to potential exposure from different products, opportunities arising from the use of advanced analytical techniques in more unique scenarios such as release of nanomaterials from medical devices such as orthopedic implants are addressed. Alongside higher product performance and complexity, further challenges regarding material characterization and safety, as well as acceptance by the general public are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald R Tschiche
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank S Bierkandt
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Valerie Fessard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of contaminants Unit, Fougères, France
| | - Roland Franz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Freising, Germany
| | - Ralf Greiner
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carmen Gruber-Traub
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Haas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schmallenberg, Germany
| | | | - Charlotte Kromer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Loeschner
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Diana Mutz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Research Strategy and Coordination, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasia Rakow
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany; Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Hubert Rauscher
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Hannes Richter
- Fraunhofer IKTS - Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, Hermsdorf, Germany
| | - Janosch Schoon
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Som
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lena M Spindler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany; University of Stuttgart, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter E M Tovar
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany; University of Stuttgart, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | | | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
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Sharma N, Westerhoff P, Zeng C. Lithium occurrence in drinking water sources of the United States. Chemosphere 2022; 305:135458. [PMID: 35752313 PMCID: PMC9724211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is listed in the fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) because insufficient exposure data exists for lithium in drinking water. To help fill this data gap, lithium occurrence in source waters across the United States was assessed in 21 drinking water utilities. From the 369 samples collected from drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), lithium ranged from 0.9 to 161 μg/L (median = 13.9 μg/L) in groundwater, and from <0.5 to 130 μg/L (median = 3.9 μg/L) in surface water. Lithium in 56% of the groundwater and 13% of the surface water samples were above non-regulatory Health-Based Screening Level (HBSL) of 10 μg/L. Sodium and lithium concentrations were strongly correlated: Kendall's τ > 0.6 (p < 0.001). As sodium is regularly monitored, this result shows that sodium can serve as an indicator to identify water sources at higher risk for elevated lithium. Lithium concentrations in the paired samples collected in source water and treated drinking water were almost identical showing lithium was not removed by conventional drinking water treatment processes. Additional sampling in wastewater effluents detected lithium at 0.8-98.2 μg/L (median = 9.9 μg/L), which suggests more research on impacts of lithium in direct and indirect potable reuse may be warranted, as the median was close to the HBSL. For comparison with the study samples collected from DWTPs, lithium concentrations from the national water quality portal (WQP) database were also investigated. Over 35,000 measurements were collected from waters that could potentially be used as drinking water sources (Cl- < 250 mg/L). Data from WQP had comparable median lithium concentrations: 18 and 20 μg/L for surface water and groundwater, respectively. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive occurrence potential for lithium in US drinking water sources and can inform the data collection effort in UCMR 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushita Sharma
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA; Jacobs Engineering Group, Drinking Water and Reuse, Englewood, CO, 80112, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA
| | - Chao Zeng
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA.
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29
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Zimmerman J, Field J, Leusch F, Lowry GV, Wang P, Westerhoff P. Impact Beyond Impact Factor. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:11909. [PMID: 35984216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Zimmerman
- Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, 301 Mason Lab, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jennifer Field
- Oregon State University, Enviro/Molecular Toxicology, 1007 Ag & Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-7301, United States
| | - Frederic Leusch
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Gregory V Lowry
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, 23955
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Arizona State University, Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Box 3005, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
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30
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Yang X, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Lei Y, Pan Y, Lei X, Westerhoff P. Multiple Roles of Dissolved Organic Matter in Advanced Oxidation Processes. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:11111-11131. [PMID: 35797184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can degrade a wide range of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) to improve the quality of potable water or discharged wastewater effluents. Their effectiveness is impacted, however, by the dissolved organic matter (DOM) that is ubiquitous in all water sources. During the application of an AOP, DOM can scavenge radicals and/or block light penetration, therefore impacting their effectiveness toward contaminant transformation. The multiple ways in which different types or sources of DOM can impact oxidative water purification processes are critically reviewed. DOM can inhibit the degradation of TrOCs, but it can also enhance the formation and reactivity of useful radicals for contaminants elimination and alter the transformation pathways of contaminants. An in-depth analysis highlights the inhibitory effect of DOM on the degradation efficiency of TrOCs based on DOM's structure and optical properties and its reactivity toward oxidants as well as the synergistic contribution of DOM to the transformation of TrOCs from the analysis of DOM's redox properties and DOM's transient intermediates. AOPs can alter DOM structure properties as well as and influence types, mechanisms, and extent of oxidation byproducts formation. Research needs are proposed to advance practical understanding of how DOM can be exploited to improve oxidative water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
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31
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Diamond ML, Rosario-Ortiz F, Field J, Leusch F, Lowry G, Mills M, Wang P, Westerhoff P, Zimmerman J. Hearing All Voices to Address Environmental Challenges at a Global Scale. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:9147-9148. [PMID: 35727233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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Apul OG, Arrowsmith S, Hall CA, Miranda EM, Alam F, Dahlen P, Sra K, Kamath R, McMillen SJ, Sihota N, Westerhoff P, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Delgado AG. Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a weathered, unsaturated soil is inhibited by peroxide oxidants. J Hazard Mater 2022; 433:128770. [PMID: 35364529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Field-weathered crude oil-containing soils have a residual concentration of hydrocarbons with complex chemical structure, low solubility, and high viscosity, often poorly amenable to microbial degradation. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-based oxidation can generate oxygenated compounds that are smaller and/or more soluble and thus increase petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradability. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of H2O2-based oxidation under unsaturated soil conditions to promote biodegradation in a field-contaminated and weathered soil containing high concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (25200 mg TPH kg-1) and total organic carbon (80900 mg TOC kg-1). Microcosms amended with three doses of 48 g H2O2 kg-1 soil (unactivated or Fe2+-activated) or 24 g sodium percarbonate kg-1 soil and nutrients did not show substantial TPH changes during the experiment. However, 7.6-41.8% of the TOC concentration was removed. Furthermore, production of DOC was enhanced and highest in the microcosms with oxidants, with approximately 20-40-fold DOC increase by the end of incubation. In the absence of oxidants, biostimulation led to > 50% TPH removal in 42 days. Oxidants limited TPH biodegradation by diminishing the viable concentration of microorganisms, altering the composition of the soil microbial communities, and/or creating inhibitory conditions in soil. Study's findings underscore the importance of soil characteristics and petroleum hydrocarbon properties and inform on potential limitations of combined H2O2 oxidation and biodegradation in weathered soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur G Apul
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah Arrowsmith
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Caitlyn A Hall
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Engineering Research Center for Bio-mediated and Bio-inspired Geotechnics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Evelyn M Miranda
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Fabiha Alam
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Paul Dahlen
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kanwartej Sra
- Chevron Technical Center (a Chevron USA Inc. division), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roopa Kamath
- Chevron Technical Center (a Chevron USA Inc. division), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara J McMillen
- Chevron Technical Center (a Chevron USA Inc. division), San Ramon, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Sihota
- Chevron Technical Center (a Chevron USA Inc. division), San Ramon, CA, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Anca G Delgado
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Engineering Research Center for Bio-mediated and Bio-inspired Geotechnics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Mulchandani A, Edberg J, Herckes P, Westerhoff P. Seasonal atmospheric water harvesting yield and water quality using electric-powered desiccant and compressor dehumidifiers. Sci Total Environ 2022; 825:153966. [PMID: 35183644 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is an emerging technology for decentralized water supply and is proving to be viable for use in emergencies, military deployment, and sustainable industries. The atmosphere is a freshwater reservoir that contains 12,900 km3 of water, 6-fold more than the volume of global rivers. Dehumidification water harvesting technologies can be powered by solar, wind, or electric sources. Compressor/refrigerant-based dehumidifiers operate via dew point condensation and provide a cold surface upon which water vapor can condense. Conversely, desiccant-based technologies saturate water vapor using a sorbent that is then heated, and the supersaturated water vapor condenses on a surface when interacting with cooler ambient process air. This work compares productivity, energy consumption, efficiency, cost and quality of water produced of two water-harvesting mechanisms. Electric-powered compressor and desiccant dehumidifiers were operated outdoors for more than one year in the arid southwestern USA, where temperatures ranged from 3.1 to 43.7 °C and relative humidity (RH) ranged from 6 to 85%. The compressor system harvested >2-fold more water than the desiccant system when average RH during the run cycle was >30%, average temperature was >20 °C, and average dew point temperature was >5 °C. Desiccant systems performed more favorably when average RH during the run cycle was <30%, average temperature was <20 °C, and average dew point temperature was <5 °C. Water collected by compressor-based technologies had conductivity up to 180 μS/cm, turbidity up to 190 NTU, and aluminum, iron and manganese near or above the US EPA secondary drinking water standard. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) averaged <2 mg C/L but ranged up to 12 mg C/L. Water collected by desiccant-based technologies had significantly lower conductivity, metals, and turbidity, and DOC was always <6 mg/L. Aldehydes such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde and carboxylic acids such as formic acid and acetic acid were primary contributors to DOC. The differences in harvested water quality were attributed to differences in the condensation method between compressor and desiccant AWH technologies. Multiple strategies could be employed to prevent these volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contributing to DOC in harvested water, such as pretreating air to remove VOCs or post-treating DOC in harvested liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Mulchandani
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA; NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center on Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment, USA.
| | - Justin Edberg
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center on Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment, USA; School of Energy, Matter and Transport Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Pierre Herckes
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA; NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center on Nanotechnology Enabled Water Treatment, USA
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Wang J, Lin Z, He X, Song M, Westerhoff P, Doudrick K, Hanigan D. Critical Review of Thermal Decomposition of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Mechanisms and Implications for Thermal Treatment Processes. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:5355-5370. [PMID: 35446563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are fluorinated organic chemicals that are concerning due to their environmental persistence and adverse human and ecological effects. Remediation of environmental PFAS contamination and their presence in consumer products have led to the production of solid and liquid waste streams containing high concentrations of PFASs, which require efficient and cost-effective treatment solutions. PFASs are challenging to defluorinate by conventional and advanced destructive treatment processes, and physical separation processes produce waste streams (e.g., membrane concentrate, spent activated carbon) requiring further post-treatment. Incineration and other thermal treatment processes are widely available, but their use in managing PFAS-containing wastes remains poorly understood. Under specific operating conditions, thermal treatment is expected to mineralize PFASs, but the degradation mechanisms and pathways are unknown. In this review, we critically evaluate the thermal decomposition mechanisms, pathways, and byproducts of PFASs that are crucial to the design and operation of thermal treatment processes. We highlight the analytical capabilities and challenges and identify research gaps which limit the current understanding of safely applying thermal treatment to destroy PFASs as a viable end-of-life treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0258, United States
| | - Zunhui Lin
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Xuexiang He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0258, United States
| | - Mingrui Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0258, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Kyle Doudrick
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - David Hanigan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0258, United States
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Lei Y, Lei X, Westerhoff P, Tong X, Ren J, Zhou Y, Cheng S, Ouyang G, Yang X. Bromine Radical (Br • and Br 2•-) Reactivity with Dissolved Organic Matter and Brominated Organic Byproduct Formation. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:5189-5199. [PMID: 35349263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a major scavenger of bromine radicals (e.g., Br• and Br2•-) in sunlit surface waters and during oxidative processes used in water treatment. However, the literature lacks quantitative measurements of reaction rate constants between bromine radicals and DOM and lacks information on the extent to which these reactions form brominated organic byproducts. Based on transient kinetic analysis with different fractions and sources of DOM, we determined reaction rate constants for DOM with Br• ranging from <5.0 × 107 to (4.2 ± 1.3) × 108 MC-1 s-1, which are comparable with those of HO• but higher than those with Br2•- (k = (9.0 ± 2.0) × 104 to (12.4 ± 2.1) × 105 MC-1 s-1). Br• and Br2•- attack the aromatic and antioxidant moieties of DOM via the electron transfer mechanism, resulting in Br- release with minimal substitution of bromine into DOM. For example, the total organic bromine was less than 0.25 μM (as Br) at environmentally relevant bromine radicals' exposures of ∼10-9 M·s. The results give robust evidence that the scavenging of bromine radicals by DOM is a crucial step to prevent inorganic bromine radical chemistry from producing free bromine (HOBr/OBr-) and subsequent brominated byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Xingyu Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianing Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yangjian Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuangshuang Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Lei X, Lei Y, Guan J, Westerhoff P, Yang X. Kinetics and Transformations of Diverse Dissolved Organic Matter Fractions with Sulfate Radicals. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:4457-4466. [PMID: 35302348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) scavenges sulfate radicals (SO4•-), and SO4•--induced DOM transformations influence disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation when chlorination follows advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) used for pollutant destruction during water and wastewater treatment. Competition kinetics experiments and transient kinetics experiments were conducted in the presence of 19 DOM fractions. Second-order reaction rate constants for DOM reactions with SO4•- (kDOM,SO4•-) ranged from (6.38 ± 0.53) × 106 M-1 s-1 to (3.68 ± 0.34) × 107 MC-1 s-1. kDOM,SO4•- correlated with specific absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) (R2 = 0.78) or total antioxidant capacity (R2 = 0.78), suggesting that DOM with more aromatics and antioxidative moieties reacted faster with SO4•-. SO4•- exposure activated DBP precursors and increased carbonaceous DBP (C-DBP) yields (e.g., trichloromethane, chloral hydrate, and 1,1,1-trichloropropanone) in humic acid and fulvic acid DOM fractions despite the great reduction in their organic carbon, chromophores, and fluorophores. Conversely, SO4•--induced reactions reduced nitrogenous DBP yields (e.g., dichloroacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane) in wastewater effluent organic matter and algal organic matter without forming more C-DBP precursors. DBP formation as a function of SO4•- exposure (concentration × time) provides guidance on optimization strategies for SO4•--based AOPs in realistic water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingmeng Guan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Ag Seleci D, Tsiliki G, Werle K, Elam DA, Okpowe O, Seidel K, Bi X, Westerhoff P, Innes E, Boyles M, Miller M, Giusti A, Murphy F, Haase A, Stone V, Wohlleben W. Determining nanoform similarity via assessment of surface reactivity by abiotic and in vitro assays. NanoImpact 2022; 26:100390. [PMID: 35560290 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grouping of substances is a method used to streamline hazard and risk assessment. Assessment of similarity provides the scientific evidence needed for formation of groups. This work reports on justification of grouping of nanoforms (NFs) via similarity of their surface reactivity. Four reactivity assays were used for concentration dependent detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NFs: abiotic assays FRAS, EPR and DCFH2-DA, as well as the in vitro assay of NRF2/ARE responsive luciferase reporter activation in the HEK293 cell line. Representative materials (CuO, Mn2O3, BaSO4, CeO2 and ZnO) and three case studies of each several NFs of iron oxides, Diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPP)-based organic pigments and silicas were assessed. A novel similarity assessment algorithm was applied to quantify similarities between pairs of NFs, in a four-step workflow on concentration-response curves, individual concentration and response ranges, and finally the representative materials. We found this algorithm to be applicable to all abiotic and in vitro assays that were tested. Justification of grouping must include the increased potency of smaller particles via the scaling of effects with specific surface, and hence quantitative similarity analysis was performed on concentration-response in mass-metrics. CuO and BaSO4 were the most and least reactive representative materials respectively, and all assays found BaSO4/CuO not similar, as confirmed by their different NOAECs of in vivo studies. However, similarity outcomes from different reactivity assays were not always in agreement, highlighting the need to generate data by one assay for the representative materials and the candidate group of NFs. Despite low similarity scores in vitro some pairs of case study NFs can be accepted as sufficiently similar because the in vivo NOAECs are similar, highlighting the conservative assessment by the abiotic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Ag Seleci
- Advanced Materials Research, Dept. of Material Physics and Analytics and Dept. of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Kai Werle
- Advanced Materials Research, Dept. of Material Physics and Analytics and Dept. of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Derek A Elam
- Advanced Materials Research, Dept. of Material Physics and Analytics and Dept. of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Omena Okpowe
- Advanced Materials Research, Dept. of Material Physics and Analytics and Dept. of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Karsten Seidel
- Advanced Materials Research, Dept. of Material Physics and Analytics and Dept. of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Xiangyu Bi
- Advanced Materials Research, Dept. of Material Physics and Analytics and Dept. of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Emma Innes
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Boyles
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Giusti
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fiona Murphy
- NanoSafety Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vicki Stone
- NanoSafety Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Advanced Materials Research, Dept. of Material Physics and Analytics and Dept. of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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38
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Hoogesteijn von Reitzenstein N, Sonmez Baghirzade B, Pruitt E, Hristovski K, Westerhoff P, Apul OG. Comparing the morphologies and adsorption behavior of electrospun polystyrene composite fibers with 0D fullerenes, 1D multiwalled carbon nanotubes and 2D graphene oxides. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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39
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Bansal R, Verduzco R, Wong MS, Westerhoff P, Garcia-Segura S. Development of nano boron-doped diamond electrodes for environmental applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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40
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Chen J, Pu H, Hersam MC, Westerhoff P. Molecular Engineering of 2D Nanomaterial Field-Effect Transistor Sensors: Fundamentals and Translation across the Innovation Spectrum. Advanced Materials 2022; 34:e2106975. [PMID: 34921575 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, 2D layered nanomaterials have attracted significant attention across the scientific community due to their rich and exotic properties. Various nanoelectronic devices based on these 2D nanomaterials have been explored and demonstrated, including those for environmental applications. Here, the fundamental attributes of 2D layered nanomaterials for field-effect transistor (FET) sensors and tunneling FET (TFET) sensors, which provide versatile detection of water contaminants such as heavy-metal ions, bacteria, nutrients, and organic pollutants, are discussed. The major challenges and opportunities are also outlined for designing and fabricating 2D nanomaterial FET/TFET sensors with superior performance. Translation of these FET/TFET sensors from fundamental research to applied technology is illustrated through a case study on graphene-based real-time FET water sensors. A second case study centers on large-scale sensor networks for water-quality monitoring to enable intelligent drinking water and river-water systems. Overall, 2D nanomaterial FET sensors have significant potential for enabling a human-centered intelligent water system that can likely be applied to other precarious water supplies around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Haihui Pu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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41
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Khorasani H, Xu J, Nguyen T, Kralles Z, Westerhoff P, Dai N, Zhu Z. Contribution of wastewater- versus non-wastewater-derived sources to haloacetonitriles formation potential in a wastewater-impacted river. Sci Total Environ 2021; 792:148355. [PMID: 34147808 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Population growth and urbanization have led to the increasing presence of treated wastewater effluents in downstream drinking water sources. Drinking water sources influenced by organic matter from upstream wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are thought prone to the formation of haloacetonitriles (HANs), a group of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (DBPs) that can exhibit higher toxicity than currently regulated carbonaceous DBPs. We develop a framework for studying the HAN formation potential (HAN-FP) considering the WWTP and non-WWTP related sources of HAN precursors, and apply this framework to a representative WWTP-impacted river, the Illinois River, USA. A spatiotemporally-resolved river hydrodynamic and water quality model is developed using HEC-RAS to quantify the contribution of WWTP versus non-WWTP sources of HAN-FP precursors. Results show that non-WWTP sources of HAN-FP are considerable, accounting for up to 78% of HAN-FP concentration. Moreover, the contribution of the two sources varies due to streamflow discharge variability. During lower flows, the contribution of WWTPs drives the high concentration of HAN-FP and during higher flows, the contribution of non-WWTP sources becomes dominant. As a result, a high risk of HAN-FP may exist persistently (HAN-FP concentration is always larger than 9.7 μg/L in this study), not only during low flows but also during high flows due to both wastewater- and non-wastewater-derived HAN-FP sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Khorasani
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jiale Xu
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Thuy Nguyen
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Zachary Kralles
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Zhenduo Zhu
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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42
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Westerhoff P, Wutich A, Carlson C. Value Propositions Provide a Roadmap for Convergent Research on Environmental Topics. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:13579-13582. [PMID: 34597037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5306, United States
| | - Amber Wutich
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2402, United States
| | - Curt Carlson
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Northeastern University, and Practice of Innovation, LLC, Portola Valley, California 94028, United States
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43
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Field J, Leusch F, Lowry G, Mills M, Westerhoff P, Wang P, Zimmerman JB. ES&T's Best Papers of 2020. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:11489-11490. [PMID: 34488353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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44
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Tow EW, Ersan MS, Kum S, Lee T, Speth TF, Owen C, Bellona C, Nadagouda MN, Mikelonis AM, Westerhoff P, Mysore C, Frenkel VS, deSilva V, Walker WS, Safulko AK, Ladner DA. Managing and treating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in membrane concentrates. AWWA Water Sci 2021; 3:1-23. [PMID: 34938982 PMCID: PMC8687045 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are present in many waters, have detrimental impacts on human health and the environment. Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) have shown excellent PFAS separation performance in water treatment; however, these membrane systems do not destroy PFAS but produce concentrated residual streams that need to be managed. Complete destruction of PFAS in RO and NF concentrate streams is ideal, but long-term sequestration strategies are also employed. Because no single technology is adequate for all situations, a range of processes are reviewed here that hold promise as components of treatment schemes for PFAS-laden membrane system concentrates. Attention is also given to relevant concentration processes because it is beneficial to reduce concentrate volume prior to PFAS destruction or sequestration. Given the costs and challenges of managing PFAS in membrane concentrates, it is critical to evaluate both established and emerging technologies in selecting processes for immediate use and continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Tow
- F. W. Olin College of Engineering, Needham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mahmut Selim Ersan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Soyoon Kum
- David L. Hirschfeld Department of Engineering, Angelo State University, San Angelo, Texas, USA
| | - Tae Lee
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas F Speth
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Christopher Bellona
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anne M Mikelonis
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | | | - W Shane Walker
- Department of Civil Engineering, Center for Inland Desalination Systems (CIDS), Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew K Safulko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - David A Ladner
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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45
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Westerhoff P, Alvarez PJ, Kim J, Li Q, Alabastri A, Halas NJ, Villagran D, Zimmerman J, Wong MS. Utilizing the Broad Electromagnetic Spectrum and Unique Nanoscale Properties for Chemical-Free Water Treatment. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2021; 33:100709. [PMID: 34804780 PMCID: PMC8597955 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clean water is critical for drinking, industrial processes, and aquatic organisms. Existing water treatment and infrastructure are chemically-intensive and based on nearly century-old technologies that fail to meet modern large and decentralized communities. The next-generation of water processes can transition from outdated technologies by utilizing nanomaterials to harness energy from across the electromagnetic spectrum, enabling electrified and solar-based technologies. The last decade was marked by tremendous improvements in nanomaterial design, synthesis, characterization, and assessment of material properties. Realizing the benefits of these advances requires placing greater attention on embedding nanomaterials onto and into surfaces within reactors and applying external energy sources. This will allow nanomaterial-based processes to replace Victorian-aged, chemical intensive water treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Pedro J.J. Alvarez
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Jaehong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Qilin Li
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Naomi J. Halas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Dino Villagran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Julie Zimmerman
- School of the Environment, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Michael S. Wong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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46
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Lee CS, Guo S, Rho H, Levi J, Garcia-Segura S, Wong MS, Gardea-Torresdey J, Westerhoff P. Unified Metallic Catalyst Aging Strategy and Implications for Water Treatment. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:10.1021/acs.est.1c02364. [PMID: 34309365 PMCID: PMC9720895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis holds great promise for oxidizing or reducing a range of pollutants in water. A well-recognized, but understudied, barrier to implement catalytic treatment centers around fouling or aging over time of the catalyst surfaces. To better understand how to study catalyst fouling or aging, we selected a representative bimetallic catalyst (Pd-In supported on Al2O3), which holds promise to reduce nitrate to innocuous nitrogen gas byproducts upon hydrogen addition, and six model solutions (deionized water, sodium hypochlorite, sodium borohydride, acetic acid, sodium sulfide, and tap water). Our novel aging experimental apparatus permitted single passage of each model solution, separately, through a small packed-bed reactor containing replicate bimetallic catalyst "beds" that could be sacrificed weekly for off-line characterization to quantify impacts of fouling or aging. The composition of the model solutions led to the following gradual changes in surface composition, morphology, or catalytic reactivity: (i) formation of passivating species, (ii) decreased catalytic sites due to metal leaching under acid conditions or sulfide poisoning, (iii) dissolution and/or transformation of indium, (iv) formation of new catalytic sites by the introduction of an additional metallic element, and (v) oxidative etching. The model solution water chemistry captured a wide range of conditions likely to be encountered in potable or industrial water treatment. Aging-induced changes altered catalytic activity and provided insights into potential strategies to improve long-term catalyst operations for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Seop Lee
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Sujin Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 S. Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Hojung Rho
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Juliana Levi
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Michael S. Wong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 S. Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jorge Gardea-Torresdey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
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47
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Chen B, Jiang J, Yang X, Zhang X, Westerhoff P. Roles and Knowledge Gaps of Point-of-Use Technologies for Mitigating Health Risks from Disinfection Byproducts in Tap Water: A Critical Review. Water Res 2021; 200:117265. [PMID: 34091221 PMCID: PMC8634687 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to rising concerns about water pollution and affordability, there is a rapidly-growing public acceptance and global market for a variety of point-of-use (POU) devices for domestic uses. However, the efficiencies and mechanisms of POU technologies for removing regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are still not systematically known. To facilitate the development of this field, we summarized performance trends of four common technologies (i.e., boiling, adsorption, membrane filtration, and advanced oxidation) on mitigating preformed DBPs and identified knowledge gaps. The following highest priority knowledge gaps include: 1) data on DBP levels at the tap or cup in domestic applications; 2) certainty regarding the controls of DBPs by heating processes as DBPs may form and transform simultaneously; 3) standards to evaluate the performance of carbon-based materials on varying types of DBPs; 4) long-term information on the membrane performance in removing DBPs; 5) knowledge of DBPs' susceptibility toward advanced redox processes; 6) tools to monitor/predict the toxicity and diversity of DBPs formed in waters with varying precursors and when implementing different treatment technologies; and 7) social acceptance and regulatory frameworks of incorporating POU as a potential supplement to current centralized-treatment focused DBP control strategies. We conclude by identifying research needs necessary to assure POU systems protect the public against regulated and emerging DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China.
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, United States.
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48
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Song Y, Ling L, Westerhoff P, Shang C. Evanescent waves modulate energy efficiency of photocatalysis within TiO 2 coated optical fibers illuminated using LEDs. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4101. [PMID: 34215737 PMCID: PMC8253814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupling photocatalyst-coated optical fibers (P-OFs) with LEDs shows potential in environmental applications. Here we report a strategy to maximize P-OF light usage and quantify interactions between two forms of light energy (refracted light and evanescent waves) and surface-coated photocatalysts. Different TiO2-coated quartz optical fibers (TiO2-QOFs) are synthesized and characterized. An energy balance model is then developed by correlating different nano-size TiO2 coating structures with light propagation modes in TiO2-QOFs. By reducing TiO2 patchiness on optical fibers to 0.034 cm2/cm2 and increasing the average interspace distance between fiber surfaces and TiO2 coating layers to 114.3 nm, refraction is largely reduced when light is launched into TiO2-QOFs, and 91% of light propagated on the fiber surface is evanescent waves. 24% of the generated evanescent waves are not absorbed by nano-TiO2 and returned to optical fibers, thus increasing the quantum yield during degradation of a refractory pollutant (carbamazepine) in water by 32%. Our model also predicts that extending the TiO2-QOF length could fully use the returned light to double the carbamazepine degradation and quantum yield. Therefore, maximizing evanescent waves to activate photocatalysts by controlling photocatalyst coating structures emerges as an effective strategy to improve light usage in photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment and Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China. .,Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJDB, de Garidel-Thoron C, Castranova V, Hardy B, Linkov I, Feitshans I, Nichols G, Petersen EJ, Spurgeon D, Tinkle S, Vogel U, Westerhoff P, Wiesner MR, Hendren CO. Bridging international approaches on nanoEHS. Nat Nanotechnol 2021; 16:608-611. [PMID: 34017101 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Linkov
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Concord, MA, USA
| | - Ilise Feitshans
- European Scientific Institute, Archamps, France
- Work Health and Survival Project, Haddonfield, USA
| | - Gregory Nichols
- Homeland Defense and Security Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- GP Nichols & Company, Knoxville, USA
| | | | | | - Sally Tinkle
- IDA/Science and Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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50
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Rho H, Im SJ, Alrehaili O, Lee S, Jang A, Perreault F, Westerhoff P. Facile Surface Modification of Polyamide Membranes Using UV-Photooxidation Improves Permeability and Reduces Natural Organic Matter Fouling. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:6984-6994. [PMID: 33949853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new optimized ultraviolet (UV) technique induced a photooxidation surface modification on thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide (PA) brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) membranes that improved membrane performance (i.e., permeability and organic fouling propensity). Commercial PA membranes were irradiated with UV-B light (285 nm), and the changes in the membrane performance were assessed through dead-end and cross-flow tests. UV-B irradiation at 12 J·cm-2 enhanced the pure water permeability by 34% in the dead-end tests without decreasing the mono- or divalent ion rejections, as compared with the pristine PA membrane, and led to less fouling by natural organic matter in the cross-flow tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed that UV-B irradiation opened the pore structure and created carboxylic and amine groups on the PA surface, leading to increased membrane surface charge and hydrophilicity. Thus, an optimal UV-B dose appears to modify only a thin layer of the PA membrane surface, which favorably enhances the membrane performance. UV-B did not alter the structure, flux, or salt rejection for cellulose triacetate (CTA)-based membranes. While other membrane surface modifications include oxidants, strong acids, and bases, the UV-B facile treatment is chemical-free, thus reducing chemical wastes, and easy to apply in roll-to-roll fabrication processes of PA membranes. The results also showed that a low UV irradiation dose could be applied to PA or CTA membranes for disinfection or photocatalytic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojung Rho
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283, Goyang-Daero, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 10223, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ju Im
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Omar Alrehaili
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Sungyun Lee
- Department of Civil Environmental Engineering, School of Disaster Prevention and Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Am Jang
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - François Perreault
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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