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Balkan T, Yağcı A, Kara K. Dissipation behaviors of deltamethrin, emamectin benzoate and hexythiazox in grape under field conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:123-129. [PMID: 38287657 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2308487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the dissipation kinetics of deltamethrin, emamectin benzoate, and hexythiazox in grapes. The QuEChERS method was employed and validated for the precise determination of these three pesticides using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Excellent linearity was observed with regression coefficients exceeding 0.998. Notably, the limits of quantification (LOQ) were significantly lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established for grapes by the European Union. The QuEChERS method l recovered 93.23% of the pesticides with an acceptable RSD of 5.35% (n = 180), demonstrating its suitability for quantifying them in grapes. Half-lives of deltamethrin, emamectin benzoate, and hexythiazox in grapes were 2.62-2.68 days, 8.15-7.30 days, and 3.24-4.01 days, respectively, for both single and double doses. Residues of all pesticides fell below the MRLs by the preharvest interval. This suggests that their application can be considered safe for grapes, ensuring both pest control and consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarık Balkan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye
| | - Adem Yağcı
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye
| | - Kenan Kara
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye
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Miao S, Wei Y, Pan Y, Wang Y, Wei X. Detection methods, migration patterns, and health effects of pesticide residues in tea. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2945-2976. [PMID: 37166996 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to its rich health benefits and unique cultural charm, tea drinking is increasingly popular with the public in modern society. The safety of tea is the top priority that affects the development of tea industry and the health of consumers. During the process of tea growth, pesticides are used to prevent the invasion of pests and diseases with maintaining high quality and stable yield. Because hot water brewing is the traditional way of tea consumption, water is the main carrier for pesticide residues in tea into human body accompanied by potential risks. In this review, pesticides used in tea gardens are divided into two categories according to their solubility, among which water-soluble pesticides pose a greater risk. We summarized the methods of the sample pretreatment and detection of pesticide residues and expounded the migration patterns and influencing factors of tea throughout the process of growth, processing, storage, and consumption. Moreover, the toxicity and safety of pesticide residues and diseases caused by human intake were analyzed. The risk assessment and traceability of pesticide residues in tea were carried out, and potential eco-friendly improvement strategies were proposed. The review is expected to provide a valuable reference for reducing risks of pesticide residues in tea and ensuring the safety of tea consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Miao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wei
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Elbaz GA, Zaazaa HE, Monir HH, Abd El Halim LM. Chitosan nanoparticles modified TLC-densitometry for determination of imidacloprid and deltamethrin residues in plants: greenness assessment. BMC Chem 2023; 17:29. [PMID: 37013639 PMCID: PMC10071645 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods have been developed for the determination of pesticides residues of imidacloprid (IMD) and deltamethrin (DLM) in thyme and guava leaves. In the two methods, the used stationary phase was silica gel 60 F254 plates impregnated in chitosan nanoparticles (ChTNPs) 0.5% to improve separation using a green developing system consists of isopropyl alcohol for IMD and n-hexane-toluene-ethylacetate for DLM. The two pesticides were determined quantitatively, after TLC separation, at wavelengths 270.0 nm for IMD and 230.0 nm for DLM. Validation of both approaches was carried out in agreement with the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and found to be selective, reliable and reproducible. Limits of detection of IMD and DLM were 0.002 and 0.00116 μg/spot, respectively. The newly developed TLC methods were used to monitor the pre-harvest interval estimation. Analytical eco-scaling depending on penalty points for IMD was calculated and showed that this method was eco-friendlier than the reported one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer A Elbaz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hala E Zaazaa
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Hany H Monir
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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Balkan T, Kara K. Dissipation kinetics of some pesticides applied singly or in mixtures in/on grape leaf. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1234-1242. [PMID: 36416723 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grape and leaf quality are often severely reduced by fungi such as grey rot Botrytis cinerea Pers., powdery mildew Erysiphe necator Schwein, and downy mildew Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Berl. & De Toni and by insects such as Otiorhynchus spp., European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana Den.-Schiff., vine mealybug Planococcus citri Risso, and grape erineum mite Colomerus vitis Pgst. Various pesticides are often applied to mitigate these pest problems. These chemicals used singly as well as in the form of a mixture can leave residues on or in the crop. It is therefore of great importance to study the dissipation of the pesticides applied alone and in mixtures to this crop to protect consumers. RESULTS The dissipation kinetics of cypermethrin, boscalid, deltamethrin, kresoxim-methyl, lambda-cyhalothrin, metalaxyl-M, metrafenone, and triadimenol residues were studied in vine leaves grown under sunny conditions in Turkey. The dissipation rate for singly applied pesticides followed first-order kinetics, with half-lifes in grape leaves in the range of 1.85-7.22 days. Changes in the degradation process of pesticide residues were determined after application, as both single applications and mixtures. The degradation of boscalid, cymoxanil, deltamethrin and metalaxyl-M accelerated while the degradation of cypermethrin, kresoxim-methyl, and lambda-cyhalothrin slowed down in mixtures of pesticides. CONCLUSION The use of pesticides in mixtures leads to slower degradation and higher residues for some active ingredients and faster degradation and fewer residues for other active ingredients. Therefore, pesticide mixtures should not be applied in the field without having detailed information about their ingredients. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarık Balkan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Kenan Kara
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
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Elbaz GA, Zaazaa HE, Abd El Halim LM, Monir HH. LC-MS/MS Determination and Quantitation of Some Pesticides Residues in Thyme and Guava Leaves Extracts: Application of QuEChERS Protocol. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dissipation and processing factors of emamectin benzoate and tolfenpyrad in tea (Camellia Sinensis). JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
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Yin P, Dai J, Guo G, Wang Z, Liu W, Liu X, Chen H. Residue pattern of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite in tea from cultivation to consumption. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4134-4141. [PMID: 33368359 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a broad-spectrum organophosphorus pesticide widely used to control tea geometrid (Ectropis oblique) and tea green leafhoppers (Empoasca pirisuga Matsumura) in tea trees. The major metabolite of CPF in water, plants, and animals is 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, which is more toxic than CPF. However, the dissipation pattern of CPF in tea is unknown. RESULTS An optimized QuEChERS sample preparation method combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied to determine the residues of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite in tea during tea planting and green tea processing. During tea planting, the sum of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite dissipated rapidly with a half-life of 1.93 days for tea shoots. The residues of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite in made green tea were 96.89 and 35.88 μg kg-1 on the seventh day. The values for processing factors of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite were all less than 1, showing that each green tea manufacturing step was responsible for the reduction. The transfer rates of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite from made green tea to its infusion were 0.68-4.62% and 62.93-71.79%, respectively. CONCLUSION The risk of chlorpyrifos was negligible to human health based on the hazard quotient, which was 7.4%. This study provides information relevant to the reasonable application of chlorpyrifos in tea planting and is potentially helpful for tea exporting and importing countries to establish harmonized maximum residue limits. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, College of Tea Science, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinxia Dai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiyi Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, College of Tea Science, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, College of Tea Science, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, College of Tea Science, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Li H, Zhong Q, Wang X, Luo F, Zhou L, Sun H, Yang M, Lou Z, Chen Z, Zhang X. The degradation and metabolism of chlorfluazuron and flonicamid in tea: A risk assessment from tea garden to cup. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142070. [PMID: 32920390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Degradation and metabolism of chlorfluazuron and flonicamid from tea garden to cup were simultaneously investigated by a modified QuEChERS method coupled with UPLC-MS/MS quantification. The dissipation half-lives of chlorfluazuron, flonicamid, and total flonicamid (the sum of flonicamid and its metabolites TFNG, TFNA, and TFNA-AM) in fresh tea leaves during tea growth were 6.0 d, 4.8 d, and 8.1 d, respectively. TFNG and TFNA were generated during tea growth. After tea processing, the residues of chlorfluazuron, flonicamid, and its metabolites in black tea were higher than those in green tea. The average processing factors of chlorfluazuron, flonicamid, and total flonicamid in black tea were 2.54, 3.02, and 2.87, respectively, while in green tea they were 2.40, 2.93, and 2.79, respectively. TFNG, TFNA, and TFNA-AM were formed rapidly during the drying step. Considering the influence of water content at various processing steps, the average loss rates of chlorfluazuron, flonicamid, and total flonicamid residue from fresh tea leaves to black tea were 16.7%, 33.8%, and 20.7%, respectively, and 29.6%, 14.0% and 18.2%, respectively, in the case of green tea. The highest leaching rates of chlorfluazuron, flonicamid, and total flonicamid during tea brewing were 6.8%, 97.0%, and 97.4%, respectively, in black tea infusion, and 6.0%, 98.9%, and 98.6%, respectively, in green tea infusion. The metabolites, especially TFNG, had a higher leaching rate during tea brewing. The migration of chlorfluazuron from fresh leaves to tea infusion was low, and the migration of flonicamid was high. The RQc and RQa of chlorfluazuron and total flonicamid were less than 1. This result indicates that the potential dietary intake risk of chlorfluazuron from tea is negligible. However, the risk of total flonicamid intake is three times higher than that of chlorfluazuron. There is a potential risk of intake of flonicamid and its metabolites in tea for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qing Zhong
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Fengjian Luo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hezhi Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zhengyun Lou
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zongmao Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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Yang Y, Liu X, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Zhang S, Lu P, Hu D. Dissipation, Processing, Leaching, and Safety Evaluation of Flonicamid and Its Metabolites in Tea. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1441-1450. [PMID: 33247740 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea is a popular traditional non-alcoholic beverage worldwide. Flonicamid is a selective systemic pyridine carboxamide insecticide that is widely used for controlling tea leafhopper in tea. OBJECTIVE The leaching rates, dissipation dynamics, and residue levels of flonicamid and its metabolites in tea leaves during processing and transferring were investigated to validate the safe risk in tea and transfer behavior using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a convenient pretreatment method. METHOD The extracting method and immersion rate experiments were optimized by single factor analysis and orthogonal tests. The acetonitrile extracting solvent with 0.5% formic acid was used and optimal leaching conditions were obtained with a regime of 15 min immersion time, 100°C temperature, three immersions and a tea-to-water ratio of 1:50. RESULTS Average recoveries in processed green tea and infusions were 80.85-98.75% with relative standard deviations <5.87%. LODs and LOQs of flonicamid, 4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid (TFNA), N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycine (TFNG), and 4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide (TFNA-AM) were 0.0013-0.350 and 0.004-1 μg/g, respectively. The processing factor of flonicamid was 0.36-5.52 during green tea manufacture. The leaching rates were 22.9-97.4% from processed tea to infusion. CONCLUSIONS The risk of long-term and short-term dietary intake of flonicamid was safe in tea infusions with the risk quotient (RQ) values <1 for the Chinese consumer. This work may provide guidance for safe and reasonable consumption of flonicamid in tea in China. HIGHLIGHTS The suitable leaching factors of flonicamid and its metabolites in tea infusions were optimized by orthogonal experimentation for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering.,Guizhou University, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiangwu Liu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering.,Guizhou University, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qingtao Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering.,Guizhou University, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ya Chen
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering.,Guizhou University, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- Linyi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linyi, Shandong 276012, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering.,Guizhou University, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering.,Guizhou University, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guiyang 550025, China
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Paramasivam M. Dissipation kinetics, dietary and ecological risk assessment of chlorantraniliprole residue in/on tomato and soil using GC-MS. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 58:604-611. [PMID: 33568854 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An alternate single quadrupole gas chromatography coupled with electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) method was developed and validated for the determination chlorantraniliprole residue in tomato and soil. The target analyte was extracted from selected matrices with acetonitrile followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction clean up with primary secondary amine and graphitized carbon black sorbent to remove co-extractives prior to analysis. Limit of quantification of the method was 0.01 μg/g and the recovery of chlorantraniliprole was in the range of 92-99% with RSD of less than 3%. The dissipation kinetics of chlorantraniliprole in tomato and soil followed first-order kinetics with the half-life of 1.26 and 1.77 days, respectively. A safe waiting period of 1 day suggested for safe consumption of tomato fruits considering the FSSAI maximum residue limit of 0.6 μg/g. The residue concentrations were reduced in the range of 13 to 64% from tomato fruit using simple household approaches. The present study suggested that the use of chlorantraniliprole in tomato does not seem to pose any dietary risk to consumers. The ecological risk quotient (RQ) values indicated that the chlorantraniliprole residues in the soil may pose a medium level of risk to earthworms and arthropods during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paramasivam
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
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Sakthiselvi T, Paramasivam M, Vasanthi D, Bhuvaneswari K. Persistence, dietary and ecological risk assessment of indoxacarb residue in/on tomato and soil using GC-MS. Food Chem 2020; 328:127134. [PMID: 32473493 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An efficient single quadrupole gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of indoxacarb residues in tomato and soil. Residues were extracted from the samples using acetonitrile as extracting solvent and the extracts were purified through primary secondary amine and graphitized carbon black. Recoveries were obtained in the range of 92.12-110.51% with the relative standard deviation of 1.32-4.32%. Indoxacarb dissipated with half-life of 3.12-3.21 and 1.24-1.35d for tomato and soil, respectively following doses of indoxacarb 14.5% SC at 60, 90 and 120 g.a.i./ha. Safe waiting periods were found to be 1-3d. The residues were removed from tomato fruit was in the range of 16.73 to 54.32% using simple decontamination approaches. The present study suggest that the use of indoxacarb in tomato at recommended dose, does not seem to pose any dietary risk to the consumers. The soil RQ values indicated low level of risk to earthworms and arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakthiselvi
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-03, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Paramasivam
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-03, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - D Vasanthi
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-03, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Bhuvaneswari
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-03, Tamil Nadu, India
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Oketch-Rabah HA, Roe AL, Rider CV, Bonkovsky HL, Giancaspro GI, Navarro V, Paine MF, Betz JM, Marles RJ, Casper S, Gurley B, Jordan SA, He K, Kapoor MP, Rao TP, Sherker AH, Fontana RJ, Rossi S, Vuppalanchi R, Seeff LB, Stolz A, Ahmad J, Koh C, Serrano J, Low Dog T, Ko R. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) comprehensive review of the hepatotoxicity of green tea extracts. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:386-402. [PMID: 32140423 PMCID: PMC7044683 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the United States Pharmacopeia's ongoing review of dietary supplement safety data, a new comprehensive systematic review on green tea extracts (GTE) has been completed. GTEs may contain hepatotoxic solvent residues, pesticide residues, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and elemental impurities, but no evidence of their involvement in GTE-induced liver injury was found during this review. GTE catechin profiles vary significantly with manufacturing processes. Animal and human data indicate that repeated oral administration of bolus doses of GTE during fasting significantly increases bioavailability of catechins, specifically EGCG, possibly involving saturation of first-pass elimination mechanisms. Toxicological studies show a hepatocellular pattern of liver injury. Published adverse event case reports associate hepatotoxicity with EGCG intake amounts from 140 mg to ∼1000 mg/day and substantial inter-individual variability in susceptibility, possibly due to genetic factors. Based on these findings, USP included a cautionary labeling requirement in its Powdered Decaffeinated Green Tea Extract monograph that reads as follows: "Do not take on an empty stomach. Take with food. Do not use if you have a liver problem and discontinue use and consult a healthcare practitioner if you develop symptoms of liver trouble, such as abdominal pain, dark urine, or jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes)."
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Key Words
- ADME, Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- AUC, area under the curve
- Bw, body weight
- C, Catechin
- CAM, causality assessment method
- CG, (+)‐catechin‐3‐gallate
- CIH, Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis
- CMC, chemistry, manufacturing, and controls
- COMT, catechol‐O‐methyltransferase
- Camellia sinensis
- ConA, Concanavalin A
- DILI, drug‐induced liver injury
- DILIN, Drug‐Induced Liver Injury Network
- DO, Diversity Outbred
- DS, Dietary Supplement
- DSAE, JS3 USP Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations Joint Standard-Setting Subcommittee
- Dietary supplements
- EC, (–)‐epicatechin
- ECG, (‐)‐epicatechin‐3‐gallate
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- EGC, (–)‐epigallocatechin
- EGCG, (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate
- FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration
- GC, (+)‐gallocatechin
- GCG, (–)‐gallocatechin‐3‐gallate
- GT(E), green tea or green tea extract
- GT, green tea
- GTE, green tea extract
- GTEH, EP Green Tea Extract Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel
- Green tea
- Green tea extract
- HDS, herbal dietary supplement
- HPMC, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- Hepatotoxicity
- LD50, lethal dose, median
- LFT(s), liver function test(s)
- LT(s), Liver test(s)
- Liver injury
- MGTT, Minnesota Green Tea Trial
- MIDS, multi-ingredient dietary supplement
- MRL, maximum residue limit
- NAA, N-acetyl aspartate
- NIDDK, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- NIH, National Institutes of Health
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- NTP, National Toxicology Program
- OSM, online supplementary material
- PAs, Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
- PD-1, Programmed death domain-1
- PDGTE, powdered decaffeinated green tea extract
- PK/PD, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
- RUCAM, Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method
- SIDS, single-ingredient dietary supplement
- TGF-beta, Transforming growth factor beta
- USP, United States Pharmacopeia
- γ-GT, Gamma-glutamyl transferase
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen A. Oketch-Rabah
- U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Amy L. Roe
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
- Vice Chair, (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle)
| | - Cynthia V. Rider
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Herbert L. Bonkovsky
- U.S. FDA Liaison to the USP GTEH EP (2015-2020 cycle)
- Section on Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Gabriel I. Giancaspro
- U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Victor Navarro
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | - Mary F. Paine
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Joseph M. Betz
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robin J. Marles
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Steven Casper
- U.S. FDA Liaison to the USP GTEH EP (2015-2020 cycle)
| | - Bill Gurley
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Scott A. Jordan
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kan He
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mahendra P. Kapoor
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Theertham P. Rao
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Averell H. Sherker
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
- Liver Diseases Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6707 Democracy Blvd., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J. Fontana
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Simona Rossi
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | | | - Leonard B. Seeff
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | - Andrew Stolz
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | - Jawad Ahmad
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | - Christopher Koh
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
- Liver Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Rm 9B-16, Bethesda, MD, 20892,USA
| | - Jose Serrano
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
- Liver Diseases Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6707 Democracy Blvd., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tieraona Low Dog
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Richard Ko
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
- Chair (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle)
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13
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Chen Z, Zhou L, Yang M, Luo F, Lou Z, Zhang X, Sun H, Wang X. Index design and safety evaluation of pesticides application based on a fuzzy AHP model for beverage crops: tea as a case study. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:520-526. [PMID: 31259463 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is shown to be an effective methodology for multiple criteria decision-making from various heterogeneous data. Despite application of AHP to some decision-making problems in agriculture, research on AHP utilization for screening the safe use of pesticides for tea plantations based upon multiple criteria has not been reported. The overall safety chain from tea plantation to tea manufacture to tea cup after pesticides had been sprayed on a tea plantation was considered and the AHP network was constructed at two levels with two categories, tea-related parameters and pesticide toxicity. Seven criteria were selected as safety indexes, half-lives of pesticides on the tea plant (T1/2 ), water solubility (Ws), vapor pressure (Vp), acceptable daily intake (ADI), acute oral lethal dose of pesticides to rat (LD50 ), and ecotoxicity of pesticides including LD50 to bees and LD50 to aquatic organisms. RESULTS According to the AHP, water solubility was the most important factor in the evaluation pesticide safety for use on a tea plantation, followed by the half-lives of the pesticides on the tea plant and the acceptable daily intake. Combined with the scale of seven criteria and relative weight (W), 48 pesticides with an overall score (S) < 25 could be regarded as relatively safe compounds when applied in tea plantations. CONCLUSION An AHP approach was suggested to evaluate the safe use of pesticides on tea plantations. This study provides a new idea for the evaluation of safety in beverage crops. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmao Chen
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengjian Luo
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyun Lou
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hezhi Sun
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Wang X, Zhou L, Zhang X, Luo F, Chen Z. Transfer of pesticide residue during tea brewing: Understanding the effects of pesticide's physico-chemical parameters on its transfer behavior. Food Res Int 2019; 121:776-784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Chen H, Gao G, Yin P, Dai J, Chai Y, Liu X, Lu C. Enantioselectivity and residue analysis of fipronil in tea (Camellia sinensis) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2000-2010. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1497306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanwei Gao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Department of Tea Science, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jinxia Dai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Witczak A, Abdel-Gawad H, Zalesak M, Pohoryło A. Tracking residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in green, herbal, and black tea leaves and infusions of commercially available tea products marketed in Poland. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:479-486. [PMID: 29210611 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1411614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The content of residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was examined in green, herbal, and black tea leaves as well as in their infusions prepared from tea products marketed in the main supermarkets in Poland. It was found that the detected mean levels of organochlorine residues in tea leaves ranged from <LOD to 16.36 ng g-1 dry weight. Among hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, γ-HCH in green tea occurred in the highest concentrations. Among dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolites the highest level of p,p'DDT (1.96 ng g-1 dw) was in green tea samples. The transfer of OCPs from tea leaves to brew was investigated. The present study revealed that during the infusion process, a significant percentage of the residues, particularly pesticides with high water solubility, were transferred to the infusions. The obtained results show that the percentage transfer of each pesticides from tea to the tea infusions ranged from 6.74% (heptachlor) to 86.6% (endrin). The detected residues were below current MRLs for these pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Witczak
- a Department of Toxicology , West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Hassan Abdel-Gawad
- b Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division , National Research Centre Scopus Affiliation ID 60014618 , Dokki , Egypt
| | - Michal Zalesak
- c Department of Environmental Protection Engineering , Tomas Bata University , Zlin , Czech Republic
| | - Anna Pohoryło
- a Department of Toxicology , West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin , Poland
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17
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Paramasivam M, Deepa M, Selvi C, Chandrasekaran S. Dissipation kinetics of beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid in tea and their transfer from processed tea to infusion. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 144:531-536. [PMID: 28683415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dissipation kinetics of mixed formulation consisting beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid in tea crop under an open field ecosystem was investigated. The mixed formulation was applied on tea plant at recommended (27 + 63) and double the recommended (54 + 126g a.i./ha) dose and residues were determined using gas chromatography-electron capture detector and high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector for beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid, respectively. The limit of quantification of analytical method was 0.05µg/g and the average recoveries were ranged from 88.36% to 103.49% with relative standard deviations of less than 6% at three spiked levels. The experimental results showed that in the green tea leaves imidacloprid dissipated faster than beta-cyfluthrin with the half-life ranging between 1.20-1.39 and 2.89-3.15days, respectively. The beta-cyfluthrin residues present in the processed tea not transferred into the tea infusion during the infusion process and imidacloprid transferred in the range 43.12-49.7%. On the basis of the transfer of residues from processed tea to infusion, a waiting period of 17 days for tea plucking after pesticide application at recommended dose may be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paramasivam
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M Deepa
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Selvi
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Chandrasekaran
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
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18
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Xiao JJ, Li Y, Fang QK, Shi YH, Liao M, Wu XW, Hua RM, Cao HQ. Factors Affecting Transfer of Pyrethroid Residues from Herbal Teas to Infusion and Influence of Physicochemical Properties of Pesticides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101157. [PMID: 28973970 PMCID: PMC5664658 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of pesticide residues from herbal teas to their infusion is a subject of particular interest. In this study, a multi-residue analytical method for the determination of pyrethroids (fenpropathrin, beta-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and fenvalerate) in honeysuckle, chrysanthemum, wolfberry, and licorice and their infusion samples was validated. The transfer of pyrethroid residues from tea to infusion was investigated at different water temperatures, tea/water ratios, and infusion intervals/times. The results show that low amounts (0-6.70%) of pyrethroids were transferred under the different tea brewing conditions examined, indicating that the infusion process reduced the pyrethroid content in the extracted liquid by over 90%. Similar results were obtained for the different tea varieties, and pesticides with high water solubility and low octanol-water partition coefficients (log Kow) exhibited high transfer rates. Moreover, the estimated values of the exposure risk to the pyrethroids were in the range of 0.0022-0.33, indicating that the daily intake of the four pyrethroid residues from herbal tea can be regarded as safe. The present results can support the identification of suitable tea brewing conditions for significantly reducing the pesticide residue levels in the infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Qing-Kui Fang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yan-Hong Shi
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Min Liao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Xiang-Wei Wu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Ri-Mao Hua
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Hai-Qun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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19
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Paramasivam M, Deepa M, Selvi C, Chandrasekaran S. Dissipation kinetics and safety evaluation of tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin in tea under tropical field conditions. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:2155-2163. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1375606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariappan Paramasivam
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Manthirachalam Deepa
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Chellamuthu Selvi
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Subramanian Chandrasekaran
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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20
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Gao G, Chen H, Liu P, Hao Z, Ma G, Chai Y, Wang C, Lu C. Residue pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during green tea manufacturing and their transfer rates during tea brewing. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:990-999. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1316873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanwei Gao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pingxiang Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxia Hao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guicen Ma
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Wang Y, Xue J, Jin H, Ma S. Dissipation of Flonicamid in Honeysuckle and Its Transfer during Brewing Process. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:492-497. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Jian Xue
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Hongyu Jin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control
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22
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Liao M, Shi Y, Cao H, Hua R, Tang F, Wu X, Tang J. Dissipation behavior of octachlorodipropyl ether residues during tea planting and brewing process. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 188:551. [PMID: 27604890 PMCID: PMC5014881 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation behavior of octachlorodipropyl ether (OCDPE) residues in fresh tea shoots and in tea prepared under field conditions was investigated, and the transfer of residues from brewed tea to tea infusion was determined. OCDPE levels in tea shoots, prepared tea, tea infusion, and spent tea leaves were determined using a sensitive and simple method. The dissipation of OCDPE is fairly slow in tea shoots and prepared tea, with half-life values of 5.10 and 5.46 days, respectively. The degradation rates of OCDPE residues in tea processing were 23.9-43.1 %. The terminal residues of OCDPE in tea shoots and prepared tea samples after 20 and 30 days of OCDPE application were higher than 0.01 mg/kg. However, OCDPE's transfer rates from brewed tea to tea infusion were only 6.0-14.8 %. Further studies on risk assessment of OCDPE residue in tea on the basis of the relationship of OCDPE in prepared tea and infusion are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Rimao Hua
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Feng Tang
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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23
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Pan R, Chen HP, Zhang ML, Wang QH, Jiang Y, Liu X. Dissipation Pattern, Processing Factors, and Safety Evaluation for Dimethoate and Its Metabolite (Omethoate) in Tea (Camellia Sinensis). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138309. [PMID: 26406463 PMCID: PMC4583447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Residue levels of dimethoate and its oxon metabolite (omethoate) during tea planting, manufacturing, and brewing were investigated using a modified QuEChERS sample preparation and gas chromatography. Dissipation of dimethoate and its metabolite in tea plantation followed the first-order kinetic with a half-life of 1.08-1.27 d. Tea manufacturing has positive effects on dimethoate dissipation. Processing factors of dimethoate are in the range of 2.11-2.41 and 1.41-1.70 during green tea and black tea manufacturing, respectively. Omethoate underwent generation as well as dissipation during tea manufacturing. Sum of dimethoate and omethoate led to a large portion of 80.5-84.9% transferring into tea infusion. Results of safety evaluation indicated that omethoate could bring higher human health risk than dimethoate due to its higher hazard quotient by drinking tea. These results would provide information for the establishment of maximum residue limit and instruction for the application of dimethoate formulation on tea crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Pan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Ping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (HC)
| | - Ming-Lu Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Hua Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (HC)
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24
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Hayward DG, Wong JW, Park HY. Determinations for Pesticides on Black, Green, Oolong, and White Teas by Gas Chromatography Triple-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015. [PMID: 26209005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Black, green, white, and Oolong teas, all derived from leaves of Camellia sinensis, are widely consumed throughout the world and represent a significant part of the beverages consumed by Americans. A gas chromatography-triple quadrupole-based method, previously validated for pesticides on dried botanical dietary supplements, including green tea, was used to measure pesticides fortified into black and green teas at 10, 25, 100, and 500 μg/kg. Teas from 18 vendors of tea products were then surveyed for pesticides. Of 62 black, green, white, and Oolong tea products, 31 (50%) had residues of pesticides for which no United States Environmental Protection Agency tolerances are established for tea. The following pesticides were identified on tea leaves, with concentrations between 1 and 3200 μg/kg: anthraquinone, azoxystrobin, bifenthrin, buprofesin, chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, DDE-p,p', DDT-o,p, DDT-p,p', deltamethrin, endosulfan, fenvalerate, heptachlor, hexachlorocyclohexanes (α,β,γ,δ), phenylphenol, pyridaben, tebuconazole, tebufenpyrad, and triazophos. DDT-p,p' was found at much higher concentrations than DDE-p,p' or DDT-o,p' in 9 of 10 teas with DDTs. A comparison between three commercially available solid-phase extraction (SPE) column brands of the same type revealed that two brands of SPE columns could be interchanged without modification of the tea method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Hayward
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-706, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Jon W Wong
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-706, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Hoon Y Park
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-706, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
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Pan R, Chen H, Wang C, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Liu X. Enantioselective Dissipation of Acephate and Its Metabolite, Methamidophos, during Tea Cultivation, Manufacturing, and Infusion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1300-1308. [PMID: 25582130 DOI: 10.1021/jf504916b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective dissipation of acephate and its metabolite, methamidophos, was investigated during tea cultivation, manufacturing, and infusion, using QuEChERS sample preparation technique and gas chromatography coupled with a BGB-176 chiral column. Results showed that (+)-acephate and (-)-acephate dissipated following first-order kinetics in fresh tea leaves with half-lives of 1.8 and 1.9 days, respectively. Acephate was degraded into a more toxic metabolite, methamidophos. Preferential dissipation and translocation of (+)-acephate may exist in tea shoots, and (-)-methamidophos was degraded more rapidly than (+)-methamidophos. During tea manufacturing, drying and spreading (or withering) played important roles in the dissipation of acephate enantiomers. The enantiometic fractions of acephate changed from 0.495-0.496 to 0.479-0.486 (P ≤ 0.0081), whereas those of methamidophos changed from 0.576-0.630 to 0.568-0.645 (P ≤ 0.0366 except for green tea manufacturing on day 1), from fresh tea leaves to made tea. In addition, high transfer rates (>80%) and significant enantioselectivity (P ≤ 0.0042) of both acephate and its metabolite occurred during tea brewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Pan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
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