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Wang X, Han Y, Hadizadeh MH, Wang W, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Xu F, Sun Y, Wang W. Periodic DFT calculations for the heterogeneous formation of 2-chlorothiophenoxy radical from 2-chlorothiophenol on Cu(111) surface in fly ash. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116186. [PMID: 38471341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Copper plays a crucial role in the heterogenous dissociation of chlorothiophenols (CTPs) to form chlorothiophenoxy radicals (CTPRs), which is the initial and critical step in the formation of polychlorinated thianthrenes/dibenzothiophenes (PCTA/DTs). Here, first-principles calculations were performed to investigate the activity of Cu(111) surface towards the formation of adsorbed 2-CTPR from 2-CTP. The interaction between 2-CTP and Cu(111) surface was explored to find stable adsorption configurations. Besides, the decomposition routes of 2-CTP on the Cu(111) surface were further explored. Moreover, the effects of water on the formation of absorbed 2-CTPR on the Cu(111) surface were examined. Our results demonstrate that the flat adsorption of 2-CTP on the surface with adsorption energy in the range of -33.21 kcal/mol to -28.37 kcal/mol is more stable than the vertical adsorption with adsorption energy ranging from -23.53 kcal/mol to -13.38 kcal/mol. The Cu(111) surface catalyzes the conversion of 2-CTP into the adsorbed 2-CTPR with a modest energy barrier of 9.46 kcal/mol. Furthermore, water molecules exhibit stronger catalytic activity in this process with a decreased energy barrier of 5.87 kcal/mol through "water bridge" and hydrogen bonding. Specifically, the water accepts the hydrogen atom from 2-CTP and donates another hydrogen to the surface via "water bridge". This research provides a molecular-level understanding of the heterogeneous formation of PCTA/DTs by fly ash, suggesting novel approaches for control strategy and legislation of dioxin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanan Han
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yongxia Hu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Yanhui Sun
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Palmer D, Pou JO, Díaz-Ferrero J, Conesa JA, Ortuño N. Kinetics of the formation and destruction of PCDD/Fs in a laboratory tubular furnace. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130175. [PMID: 33714154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A kinetic model has been developed for the formation of selected congeners of PCDD/Fs during the thermal decomposition of different wastes in a horizontal reactor. Previously published data on the decomposition of wastes have been correlated using a kinetic model that only considers process parameters, such as the presence of different amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere of reaction, chlorine and metals in the waste. The effect of both chlorine and metals is modelled through an equation assuming a "saturation effect", i.e., that a certain amount of each substance produces the maximum rate, and that higher amounts do not increase the rate. The presence of oxygen is modelled by a destruction reaction over part of the PCDD/Fs produced. The model, which uses data from more than 64 experiments, correlated the emissions of three selected congeners: 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, OCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDF, which are enough to estimate the total amount and toxicity of an emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Palmer
- Industrial Engineering Department, Spain.
| | - J O Pou
- Chemical Engineering Department, Spain
| | - J Díaz-Ferrero
- Analytical and Applied Chemistry Department. Institut Químic de Sarrià - Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, Barcelona, 08017, Spain
| | - Juan A Conesa
- Chemical Engineering Department - Universitat d'Alacant, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, Alicante, 03690, Spain
| | - N Ortuño
- Chemical Engineering Department - Universitat d'Alacant, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, Alicante, 03690, Spain
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Kirkok SK, Kibet JK, Kinyanjui TK, Okanga FI. A review of persistent organic pollutants: dioxins, furans, and their associated nitrogenated analogues. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03551-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Zhang M, Fujimori T, Shiota K, Buekens A, Mukai K, Niwa Y, Li X, Takaoka M. Thermochemical formation of dioxins promoted by chromium chloride: In situ Cr- and Cl-XAFS analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:122064. [PMID: 31954297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chromium is commonly found in the flue gases and ashes of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration. It has been reported as an active catalyst for the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) during de novo tests, yet its specific mode of action has remained unclear. This study aims to identify the effects of chromium chloride on the formation of PCDD/F and other chloro-aromatics and to elucidate the underlying reaction mechanisms. A series of de novo tests, conducted over a wide range of temperature (from 250 to 550 °C) and for four different oxygen contents (0, 5, 10, 20 %), confirmed the promoting effect of CrCl3 on the PCDD/F formation. In situ X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectroscopy was applied to investigate the behavior of CrCl3 during heating, describing the entire picture of CrCl3-promoted formation pathways of dioxins. The effect of oxygen was studied by measuring XAFS spectra on samples heated at different oxygen concentrations. According to these spectra, chromium compounds play two key roles during dioxins formation: (a) chlorinating carbon, using chlorine derived from conversion of CrCl3 into Cr2O3, and further oxidation to Cr(VI), and (b) facilitating oxidative destruction of the carbon matrix, while reducing Cr(VI) to Cr2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6158510, Japan; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Takashi Fujimori
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6158510, Japan.
| | - Kenji Shiota
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6158510, Japan
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kota Mukai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6158510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Niwa
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 3050801, Japan
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Masaki Takaoka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6158510, Japan
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Lu P, Huang Q, Bourtsalas ACT, Themelis NJ, Chi Y, Yan J. Review on fate of chlorine during thermal processing of solid wastes. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 78:13-28. [PMID: 30665632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl) is extensively present in solid wastes, causing significant problems during the thermal conversion of waste to energy or fuels, by combustion, gasification or pyrolysis. This paper introduces the analytical methods for determining the Cl content in solid materials and presents the concentrations of Cl in various types of wastes, as reported in literature. Then, it provides a comprehensive analysis on the Cl emission behavior and Cl species formed during the thermal processing of the inorganic and organic Cl sources. The challenges resulted from the reactions between the formed Cl species and the ferrous metals, the heavy metals and the organic matters are summarized and discussed, e.g., high temperature corrosion, heavy metal evaporation and dioxin formation. The quality degradation of products (oil, char and syngas) by Cl is analyzed. Finally, the available controlling methods of Cl emission, including pre-treatment (water washing, sorting, microwave irradiation and stepwise pyrolysis) and in-furnace (absorbents, co-treatment and catalysts) methods are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Qunxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | | | | | - Yong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Palmer D, Pou JO, Gonzalez-Sabaté L, Díaz-Ferrero J. Multiple linear regression based congener profile correlation to estimate the toxicity (TEQ) and dioxin concentration in atmospheric emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:510-516. [PMID: 29223077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) is governed by complex chemical reactions with complex kinetic models. The simulation of Municipal Solid Waste incinerators, or other industrial thermal processes, is a powerful tool that can be used to optimize and control them, and reducing the number of components to simulate is mandatory for a proper use. In this study it has been determined that only the formation of 3 of the 17 main PCDD/F congeners can be considered as linearly independent. This fact has been used to establish linear regression models that are able to estimate properly the total amount and toxicity of a sample considering only the amount of 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, OCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDF. All models have been validated using new samples performing a close approach to the real values provided by complete analytical studies. The average relative error is 3.5% and the maximum relative error is below 9% for these new testing samples. The main goal of our investigation is to build a dynamic simulation process of a MSW facility and include the dioxins formation on it using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Palmer
- Industrial Engineering Department, Institut Químic de Sarrià - Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - J O Pou
- Industrial Engineering Department, Institut Químic de Sarrià - Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - L Gonzalez-Sabaté
- Quantitative Methods Department, Institut Químic de Sarrià - Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - J Díaz-Ferrero
- Analytical and Applied Chemistry Department, Institut Químic de Sarrià - Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain.
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Mubeen I, Buekens A, Chen Z, Lu S, Yan J. De novo formation of dioxins from milled model fly ash. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19031-19043. [PMID: 28660505 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash has been classified as hazardous waste and needs treatment in an environmentally safe manner. Mechanochemical (MC) treatment is such a detoxification method, since it destroys dioxins and solidifies heavy metals. Milling, however, also introduces supplemental metals (Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn…), following wear of both steel balls and housing. Milling moreover reduces the particle size of fly ash and disperses catalytic metal, potentially rising the reactivity of fly ash to form and destroy 'dioxins', i.e. polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD + PCDF or PCDD/F). To test this issue, model fly ash (MFA) samples were composed by mixing of silica, sodium chloride, and activated carbon, and doped with CuCl2. Then, these samples were first finely milled without any additives for 0 h (original sample), 1 h and 8 h, and the effect of milling time (and hence particle size) was investigated on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and of polychlorinated phenols (CP), benzenes (CBz), biphenyls (PCB) and dioxins (PCDD + PCDF) during de novo tests at 300 °C for 1 h, thus simulating the conditions prevailing in the post-combustion zone of an incinerator, where dioxins are formed and destroyed. These compounds are all characterized by their rate of generation (ng/g MFA) and their signature, i.e. internal distribution over congeners as a means of gathering mechanistic indications. PAH and CBz total yield did not decrease in MC treated MFA with milling time, while total pentachlorophenol (PeCP), PCB and PCDD/F yield decreased up to 86, 94 and 97%, respectively. International Toxic Equivalents (I-TEQ) concentration decreased more than 90%, while degree of chlorination varied inconsistently for PCB and PCDD/F, and average congener patterns of PCDD/F do not vary considerably with milling time for both gas and solid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Mubeen
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Chemical Engineering Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Mosallanejad S, Dlugogorski BZ, Kennedy EM, Stockenhuber M. Adsorption of 2-Chlorophenol on the Surface of Silica- and Alumina-Supported Iron Oxide: An FTIR and XPS Study. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mosallanejad
- School of Engineering; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski
- School of Engineering and Information Technology; Murdoch University; Murdoch WA 6150 Australia
| | - Eric M. Kennedy
- School of Engineering; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Michael Stockenhuber
- School of Engineering; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
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Zhang M, Yang J, Buekens A, Olie K, Li X. PCDD/F catalysis by metal chlorides and oxides. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 159:536-544. [PMID: 27341157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Model fly ash (MFA) samples were composed of silica, sodium chloride, and activated carbon, and doped with metal (0.1 wt% Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn and Cd) chloride or oxide. Each sample was de novo tested at 350 °C for 1 h, in a flow of gas (N2, N2 + 10% O2, +21% O2 or +10% H2) to investigate the effect of metal catalyst and gas composition on PCDD/F formation. Total PCDD/F yield rises rapidly with oxygen content, while the addition of hydrogen inhibits the formation and chlorination of PCDD/F. The amount of PCDD on average rises linearly with the oxygen concentration, while that of PCDF follows a reaction order of about 1/2; thus the PCDF to PCDD ratio drops when more oxygen becomes available. Some samples do not follow this trend. Chlorides are much more active than oxides, yet there are marked differences between individual metals. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to study the signatures from all samples, showing their unique specificity and diversity. Each catalyst shows a different signature within its individual homologue groups, demonstrating that these signatures are not thermodynamically controlled. Average congener patterns do not vary considerably with oxygen content changing from oxidising (air) to reducing (nitrogen, hydrogen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Zhejiang Fangyuan Building Materials Technology Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Chemical Engineering Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kees Olie
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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