1
|
|
2
|
Leijs MM, Koppe JG, Olie K, de Voogt P, van Aalderen WMC, Ten Tusscher GW. Exposure to Environmental Contaminants and Lung Function in Adolescents-Is There a Link? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15071352. [PMID: 29954136 PMCID: PMC6069052 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF)), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BDEs) are well known toxic environmental contaminants. Their possible role in the incidence of respiratory disease is not yet well understood. Previous studies showed a negative effect on lung function in relation to prenatal and lactational dioxin exposure in pre-pubertal children. Effects of BDE exposure on the lung function have not previously been evaluated. As part of a longitudinal cohort study, the effects of perinatal dioxin (PCDD/F) exposure and serum PCDD/F, dl-PCB, and BDE levels on lung function in adolescents were assessed using spirometry, a body box, and diffusion measurements. Thirty-three children (born between 1986 and 1991) consented to the current follow-up study. Prenatal, lactational, and current dioxin, PCB, and BDE concentrations were determined using GC-MS. No relationship was seen between prenatal and lactational dioxin exposure, nor with current PCB body burden, and lung function. Indications of increasing airway obstruction were seen in relation to increasing current BDE exposure. This is a novel finding and certainly warrants further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marike M Leijs
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Ecobaby Foundation, Hollandstraat 6, 3634 AT Loenersloot, The Netherlands.
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RTWH University Aachen, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Janna G Koppe
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Ecobaby Foundation, Hollandstraat 6, 3634 AT Loenersloot, The Netherlands.
| | - Kees Olie
- IBED/ESPM, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pim de Voogt
- IBED/ESPM, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim M C van Aalderen
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gavin W Ten Tusscher
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Westfriesgasthuis, Maelsonstraat 3, 1624 NP Hoorn, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Affiliation(s)
- J G Koppe
- Department of Neonatology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang M, Yang J, Buekens A, Olie K, Li X. PCDD/F catalysis by metal chlorides and oxides. Chemosphere 2016; 159:536-544. [PMID: 27341157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Model fly ash (MFA) samples were composed of silica, sodium chloride, and activated carbon, and doped with metal (0.1 wt% Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn and Cd) chloride or oxide. Each sample was de novo tested at 350 °C for 1 h, in a flow of gas (N2, N2 + 10% O2, +21% O2 or +10% H2) to investigate the effect of metal catalyst and gas composition on PCDD/F formation. Total PCDD/F yield rises rapidly with oxygen content, while the addition of hydrogen inhibits the formation and chlorination of PCDD/F. The amount of PCDD on average rises linearly with the oxygen concentration, while that of PCDF follows a reaction order of about 1/2; thus the PCDF to PCDD ratio drops when more oxygen becomes available. Some samples do not follow this trend. Chlorides are much more active than oxides, yet there are marked differences between individual metals. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to study the signatures from all samples, showing their unique specificity and diversity. Each catalyst shows a different signature within its individual homologue groups, demonstrating that these signatures are not thermodynamically controlled. Average congener patterns do not vary considerably with oxygen content changing from oxidising (air) to reducing (nitrogen, hydrogen).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Zhejiang Fangyuan Building Materials Technology Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Chemical Engineering Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kees Olie
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liao J, Buekens A, Olie K, Yang J, Chen T, Li X. Iron and copper catalysis of PCDD/F formation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:2415-2425. [PMID: 26416123 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) was explored during de novo tests designed to compare the catalytic activity of copper (II) chloride (CuCl2) with that of iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) and to test some synergistic effect between these two catalytic compounds. Both copper chloride (CuCl2) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) were earlier proposed as catalysts to explain the PCDD/F emissions from, e.g. municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). In addition, haematite (Fe2O3) is the main iron ore and could be responsible for the typical iron ore sintering plant fingerprint. A total of nine model fly ash (MFA) samples were prepared by mixing and grinding of sodium chloride (NaCl), activated carbon and a powder matrix of silica (SiO2) with the selected metal compound(s). The conditions of these de novo tests were 1 h in duration, 350 °C in a flow of synthetic combustion gas (10 vol.% oxygen in nitrogen). The effect of Fe-Cu catalyst concentration on yield and distribution pattern of PCDD/F was systematically explored; three strongly differing ratios of [Fe]:[Cu] were considered (1:1, 10:1 and 100:1) to study the potential interactions of Fe2O3 and CuCl2 suggested earlier. The results show some slight rise of PCDD/F formed with raising iron concentration from 0 to 10.1 wt% (no Cu added; 0.1 wt% Cu), as well as strong surging of both amount and average chlorination level of PCDD/F when rising amounts of copper (0 to 1.1 wt%) are introduced. The resulting fingerprints are compared with those from sintering and from MSWI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- Formerly with Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kees Olie
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang J, Li XD, Meng WJ, Lu SY, Chen T, Yan JH, Buekens A, Olie K. Reducing dioxin formation by adding hydrogen in simulated fly ash. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:13077-13082. [PMID: 25925141 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, simulated fly ash containing CuO/CuCl2 was heated at 350 °C in a flow of N2 and also in a nitrogen flow containing 10 vol% H2, to evaluate the influence of hydrogen adding on dioxin formation. The total polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) output derived from the CuO sample under N2 and 10 % H2 was 7.382 and 0.708 ng/g, respectively. As for CuCl2, it was 589 and 46.1 ng/g, respectively. The results show that the hydrogen adding has a good inhibition effect on PCDD/F formation; the inhibition rate was higher than 90 % for PCDD/Fs. HCl and NH3 were detected by Gasmet in the flue gas; the probable inhibition mechanism of hydrogen reaction was proposed, based on our measurements and others' researches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38#, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang J, Yan M, Li X, Lu S, Chen T, Yan J, Olie K, Buekens A. Formation of dioxins on NiO and NiCl2 at different oxygen concentrations. Chemosphere 2015; 133:97-102. [PMID: 25951618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Model fly ash (MFA) containing activated carbon (AC) as source of carbon, NaCl as source of chlorine and either NiO or NiCl2 as de novo catalyst, was heated for 1h at 350 °C in a carrier gas flow composed of N2 containing 0, 6, 10, and 21 vol.% O2, to study the formation of PCDD/Fs (dioxins) and its dependence on oxygen. The formation of PCDD/Fs with NiCl2 was stronger by about two orders of magnitude than with NiO and the difference augmented with rising oxygen concentration. The thermodynamics of the NiO-NiCl2 system were represented, X-ray absorption near edge structural (XANES) spectroscopy allowed to probe the state of oxidation of the nickel catalyst in the MFA and individual metal species were distinguished using the LCF (Linear combination fitting) technique: thus three supplemental nickel compounds (Ni2O3, Ni(OH)2, and Ni) were found in the fly ash. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicates that both Ni2O3 and NiCl2 probably played an important role in the formation of PCDD/Fs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Mi Yan
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kees Olie
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ten Tusscher GW, Leijs MM, de Boer LCC, Legler J, Olie K, Spekreijse H, van Dijk BW, Vulsma T, Briët J, Ilsen A, Koppe JG. Neurodevelopmental retardation, as assessed clinically and with magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography, associated with perinatal dioxin exposure. Sci Total Environ 2014; 491-492:235-9. [PMID: 24656404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In 1980s Western Europe, human perinatal exposure to background levels of dioxins was rather high. We therefore evaluated the neurodevelopment of our cohort during the prepubertal period and in adolescence. At prepubertal age (7-12 years) 41 children were tested. Both neuromotor functioning and psychological testing were performed (Dutch version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) and the Dutch version of the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 4-18 years (CBCL 4-18) and the Teacher Report Form (TRF)). Neurophysiological tests were performed using magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography. In adolescence (14-18 years) the behavior of 33 children was studied again (CBCL and TRF). And the levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) were measured in serum. RESULTS At prepubertal age no association was found between perinatal dioxin exposure and verbal, performal and total IQ or with the Touwen's test for neuromotor development. There were behavioral problems associated with both prenatal and postnatal dioxin exposure. In adolescence there were problems associated with the current dioxin levels and dioxin-like-PCBs. Neurophysiological tests revealed clear negative dysfunction. An increase in latency time after a motion stimulus (N2b) of 13 ms (= a delay of 10%) is associated with the higher prenatal dioxin exposure. A similar delay was measured in testing cognitive ability by analyzing the odd ball measurements, N200 and P300, together with an amplitude decrease of 12 %. The delay is indicative of a defective myelinisation and the decrease in amplitude of a loss of neurons. CONCLUSION We found effects on behavior in association with the perinatal dioxin exposure and in adolescence in association with the current dioxin levels. Neurophysiological testing is instrumental in the detection of effects of perinatal background levels of chemicals on brain development in normal, healthy children. The clinical, neurological and psychological tests commonly used are not sensitive enough to detect important effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G W Ten Tusscher
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Westfriesgasthuis, Maelsonstraat 3, 1624 NP Hoorn, Netherlands
| | - M M Leijs
- University Hospital Aachen, Department of Dermatology, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - L C C de Boer
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Westfriesgasthuis, Maelsonstraat 3, 1624 NP Hoorn, Netherlands
| | - J Legler
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) VU University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K Olie
- IBED/ESS, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Netherlands
| | - H Spekreijse
- Department of Medical Physics and Visual System Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - B W van Dijk
- Department FMT, VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - T Vulsma
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Briët
- Department of Child Psychiatry, GGZ Maelsonstraat 9, 1624 NP Hoorn, Netherlands
| | - A Ilsen
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J G Koppe
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Ecobaby Foundation, Hollandstraat 6, 3634 AT Loenersloot, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yan M, Li X, Yang J, Chen T, Lu S, Buekens AG, Olie K, Yan J. Sludge as dioxins suppressant in hospital waste incineration. Waste Manag 2012; 32:1453-1458. [PMID: 22475853 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen containing compounds such as ammonia, urea and amines can effectively inhibit the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Sewage sludge accumulates both sulfur and nitrogen during wastewater treatment so it could be used to reduce PCDD/Fs formation. Indeed, it is observed in this study that the gas evolving from the sludge drying process can significantly suppress chlorobenzene (CBz) and PCDD/Fs formation from fly ash collected from a hospital waste incinerator. For instance, the reduction of hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) and PCDD/Fs amount was 92.1% and 78.7%, respectively, when the drying gas evolving from 2g sludge flew through 2g fly ash. These tests were conducted in the frame of projects devoted to hospital waste incineration. The disposal technology for hospital waste (HW), developed in this institute, features rotary kiln pyrolysis combined with post-combustion followed by flue gas cleaning. Hence, some preliminary tests were devoted to investigate dioxins suppression by co-pyrolysis and co-combustion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and sludge in lab scale. More experimental research will be conducted to appropriately assess these effects of sludge on PCDD/Fs emissions during co-pyrolysis/combustion of HW and sludge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leijs MM, ten Tusscher GW, Olie K, van Teunenbroek T, van Aalderen WMC, de Voogt P, Vulsma T, Bartonova A, Krayer von Krauss M, Mosoiu C, Riojas-Rodriguez H, Calamandrei G, Koppe JG. Thyroid hormone metabolism and environmental chemical exposure. Environ Health 2012; 11 Suppl 1:S10. [PMID: 22759492 PMCID: PMC3388438 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-s1-s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polychlorinated dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental toxicants that have been proven to influence thyroid metabolism both in animal studies and in human beings. In recent years polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) also have been found to have a negative influence on thyroid hormone metabolism. The lower brominated flame retardants are now banned in the EU, however higher brominated decabromo-diphenyl ether (DBDE) and the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are not yet banned. They too can negatively influence thyroid hormone metabolism. An additional brominated flame retardant that is still in use is tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), which has also been shown to influence thyroid hormone metabolism.Influences of brominated flame retardants, PCDD/F's and dioxin like-PCBs (dl-PCB's) on thyroid hormone metabolism in adolescence in the Netherlands will be presented in this study and determined if there are reasons for concern to human health for these toxins. In the period 1987-1991, a cohort of mother-baby pairs was formed in order to detect abnormalities in relation to dioxin levels in the perinatal period. The study demonstrated that PCDD/Fs were found around the time of birth, suggesting a modulation of the setpoint of thyroid hormone metabolism with a higher 3,3', 5,5'tetrathyroxine (T4) levels and an increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). While the same serum thyroid hormone tests (- TSH and T4) were again normal by 2 years of age and were still normal at 8-12 years, adolescence is a period with extra stress on thyroid hormone metabolism. Therefore we measured serum levels of TSH, T4, 3,3',5- triiodothyronine (T3), free T4 (FT4), antibodies and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in our adolescent cohort. METHODS Vena puncture was performed to obtain samples for the measurement of thyroid hormone metabolism related parameters and the current serum dioxin (PCDD/Fs), PCB and PBDE levels. RESULTS The current levels of T3 were positively correlated to BDE-99. A positive trend with FT4 and BDE-99 was also seen, while a positive correlation with T3 and dl-PCB was also seen. No correlation with TBG was seen for any of the contaminants. Neither the prenatal nor the current PCDD/F levels showed a relationship with the thyroid parameters in this relatively small group. CONCLUSION Once again the thyroid hormone metabolism (an increase in T3) seems to have been influenced by current background levels of common environmental contaminants: dl-PCBs and BDE-99. T3 is a product of target organs and abnormalities might indicate effects on hormone transporters and could cause pathology. While the influence on T3 levels may have been compensated, because the adolescents functioned normal at the time of the study period, it is questionable if this compensation is enough for all organs depending on thyroid hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marike M Leijs
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children’s Hospital Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- IBED/ESS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University Hospital Aachen RWTH, Department of Dermatology, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gavin W ten Tusscher
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Westfriesgasthuis, Maelsonstraat 3, 1624 NP Hoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Olie
- KWR Watercycle Research, POBox 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Teunenbroek
- Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Wim MC van Aalderen
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children’s Hospital Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- IBED/ESS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- KWR Watercycle Research, POBox 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Vulsma
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children’s Hospital Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alena Bartonova
- NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Claudia Mosoiu
- Institute of Food Bioresources (IBA), Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Janna G Koppe
- Ecobaby Foundation, Hollandstraat 6, 3634 AT Loenersloot, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
|
13
|
|
14
|
Leijs MM, Koppe JG, Olie K, van Aalderen WMC, de Voogt P, ten Tusscher GW. Effects of dioxins, PCBs, and PBDEs on immunology and hematology in adolescents. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:7946-51. [PMID: 19921918 DOI: 10.1021/es901480f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins and PCBs are environmental pollutants, proven to be immunotoxic. In the period 1987-1991 a cohort of mother-baby pairs was initiated to detect abnormalities in relation to dioxin levels in the mother's milk. At birth and at follow-up at 8-12 years, immunological and hematological effects were seen, prompting us to perform a new follow-up during adolescence. In addition, we assessed the immunological and hematological parameters in relation to current levels of PBDEs and PCBs. In the Netherlands, the pre- and postnatal exposure to dioxins have been studied prospectively since 1987. Venapuncture was performed to assess hematological (Hemoglobin, thrombocytes, thrombopoietin) and immunological (leukocytes, leukocyte differentiation) parameters and the current serum levels of dioxin, dioxinlike (dl)-PCBs and PBDEs. A decrease in the number of polymorphic neutrophils was found in adolescents with higher dl-PCBs in their serum (p = 0.021). No relation with total leukocytes, thrombocytes, hemoglobin, or thrombopoietin levels was seen. Similarly, we found no relation between prenatal, nor current dioxin levels and the hematological and the immunological parameters determined. The SigmaPBDEs were negatively associated with the number of lymphocytes (p = 0.01) and positively associated with the hemoglobin concentration (p = 0.003). These effects on the innate immunity by current levels of dl-PCBs and on the adaptive immunity by PBDEs are disconcerting, especially as the dl-PCB (0.04-7.8 WHOTEQ pg/g lipid, mean: 2.2 WHOTEQ pg/g lipid) and SigmaPBDE levels (mean 14.0 ng/g lipid, including one outlier with a sum of 73.6 ng/g lipid) were not high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marike M Leijs
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leijs MM, Koppe JG, Olie K, van Aalderen WMC, Voogt PD, Vulsma T, Westra M, ten Tusscher GW. Delayed initiation of breast development in girls with higher prenatal dioxin exposure; a longitudinal cohort study. Chemosphere 2008; 73:999-1004. [PMID: 18707752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While many studies have assessed the health impacts of PCDD/Fs and PCBs on animals and humans, long-term consequences for especially adolescents, have not (yet) been well documented. This is certainly also true for the effects of PBDE exposure. As part of a longitudinal cohort study, now well into its second decade, effects of perinatal and current PCDD/F exposure, as well as current dl-PCB and PBDE exposures, on puberty, were assessed. STUDY DESIGN Prenatal, lactational and current PCDD/F, dl-PCB and PBDE concentrations were determined using GC-MS. Pubertal development and growth were assessed by means of physical examination and the Tanner scale. 33 Children (born between 1986 and 1991) consented to the current follow-up study. Outcomes were evaluated using linear regression or the non parametric Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS A delay in initiation of breast development was found in girls (n = 18) with higher prenatal (p = 0.023) and lactational PCDD/F exposure (p = 0.048). The males revealed a negative trend with age at first ejaculation. For other endpoints on puberty and growth (pubic hair, axillary hair, genital stage, length, BMI, testicular volume, menarche) no significant relation was found with any of the measured compounds. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION A relation between prenatal PCDD/F exposure and later initiation of breast development was seen. A Belgian study found a delay in breast development with higher current serum concentrations of dioxin-like compounds. The initiation of puberty is a complex process and it is yet not clear how dioxin-like compounds precisely affect this process prenatally. Further follow-up into adulthood is warranted, in order to detect the possibility of developing malignancies and fertility problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marike M Leijs
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; IBED/ESPM, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leijs MM, van Teunenbroek T, Olie K, Koppe JG, ten Tusscher GW, van Aalderen WMC, de Voogt P. Assessment of current serum levels of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs and PBDEs in a Dutch cohort with known perinatal PCDD/F exposure. Chemosphere 2008; 73:176-181. [PMID: 18599107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As part of a longitudinal cohort study, now in its second decade, we determined PCDDs/Fs dl-PCBs and PBDEs in serum of adolescents with known perinatal PCDD/F exposure. Of the original cohort, 33 adolescents aged 14-19 years, who had been studied previously during their neonatal (n=60), toddler and pre-pubertal period (n=41) agreed to participate in the current follow-up. PCDD/F-, dl-PCB- and PBDE congeners were measured using GC/MS. Current serum levels of PCDD/Fs determined in our cohort were relatively low (mean of 2.2 pg/g) compared to the perinatal exposure. No correlation between perinatal exposure and current serum PCDD/F was found. Planar PCB TEQ levels were 2.2 pg/g. Current summation operatorPBDE levels were 8.7 ng/g lipid. There was one outlier with a summation operatorPBDE of 74 ng/g lipid. The presence of this high value indicates that the exposure pathway is different from PCDD/F and PCB, most likely by dust and food contaminated with dust. Concluding we can say that current PCDD/F levels are quite low compared to the perinatal PCDD/F exposure of the cohort. PBDE levels however are relatively high compared to other European countries, more research on possible health effects of these levels, especially for subjects with outlier concentrations, should be performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Leijs
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
ten Tusscher GW, Guchelaar HJ, Koch J, Ilsen A, Vulsma T, Westra M, van der Slikke JW, Olie K, Koppe JG. Perinatal dioxin exposure, cytochrome P-450 activity, liver functions and thyroid hormones at follow-up after 7-12 years. Chemosphere 2008; 70:1865-72. [PMID: 17884136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prenatal and lactational exposure to Dutch "background" dioxin levels may cause health effects spanning many years. In addition, perinatal studies have shown a relationship between dioxin exposure and thyroid disturbance. To assess the later health effects of prenatal and lactational dioxin exposure on liver function we measured plasma ALAT and ASAT levels amongst our longitudinal cohort, as was done perinatally and at 2(1/2) years. The children underwent a caffeine loading test to determine CYP1A2 activity. To assess the later effects on thyroid function we measured plasma TSH and FT4. STUDY DESIGN A longitudinal cohort of 37 healthy children (age 7-12, mean 8.2 years), with documented prenatal and lactational dioxin exposure, ingested 3mg caffeine/kg BW 6h prior to blood withdrawal. Paraxanthine/caffeine molar ratio, ALAT, ASAT, TSH and FT4 were determined in venous blood. RESULTS Linear regression of ASAT and ALAT revealed no relation with prenatal and lactational dioxin exposure. No correlation was found between the paraxanthine/caffeine molar ratio and prenatal and lactational dioxin exposure. Linear regression of TSH and FT4 revealed no relation with prenatal and lactational dioxin exposure. CONCLUSION This follow-up has shown a normalisation of previously abnormal ALAT and ASAT levels, indicating a transient effect. CYP1A2 activity, measured by means of a caffeine-loading test, revealed no correlation with the prenatal and lactational exposures. A normalisation of previously abnormal thyroid hormone homeostasis was seen, also possibly indicating a transient effect. This study provides new data on long-term follow-up after perinatal dioxin exposure to background levels of dioxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W ten Tusscher
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Westfriesgasthuis, Maelsonstraat 3, 1624 NP Hoorn, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Merino R, Abad E, Rivera J, Olie K. Evaluation of Organochlorine Compounds (PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs) in Two Raptor Species Inhabiting a Mediterranean Island in Spain (8 pp). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2007; 14 Suppl 1:61-68. [PMID: 21959542 DOI: 10.1065/espr2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED -: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.015 BACKGROUND Species that are at high levels of the food web have often been used as bioindicators to evaluate the presence of persistent contaminants in ecosystems. Most of these species are long-lived, so pollutant burdens may be integrated in some complex way over time. This makes them particularly sensitive to deleterious effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Birds have been suggested as useful organisms for monitoring pollutant levels. Traditionally such studies have been carried out with raptors such as osprey (Pandion haliaetus), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), bald eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus), etc. In this paper we present the results of a monitoring study conducted on two raptor species, osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and red kite (Milvus milvus), inhabiting a Mediterranean island (Menorca, Spain). These two species have different feeding habits; ospreys prey on fish and red kites feed on terrestrial species. This study constitutes a good opportunity to investigate if differences in feeding habits (aquatic vs. terrestrial) influences the contaminants pattern in two species inhabiting the same area. METHODS The study was conducted in a non-destructive way, using only failed eggs, to avoid the damage of the population stability. Eggs were collected during the period 1994-2000. The contaminants examined were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs, including DDT and its main metabolite, DDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including ortho PCBs (PCBs with at least one Chlorine atom in the ortho position): #28, 52, 95, 101, 123+149, 118, 114, 153, 132+105, 138, 167, 156, 157, 180, 170, 189, 194; and non ortho PCBs (PCBs with no Chlorine atom in the ortho position): #77, 126, 169 and all the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) with Chlorine atoms at the 2,3,7 and 8 position (2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and PCDFs). The analysis of organochlorine compounds was performed using a sample treatment based on a Solid Phase Matrix Dispersion procedure. Ortho PCBs and DDTs were determined by HRGC-µECD; non ortho PCBs and PCDD/Fs were determined by HRGC-HRMS. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The sum of the ortho PCB congeners analysed ranged from 0.94 to 15.03 µg/g wet weight (ww) for ospreys and from 1.0 to 11.2 µg/g ww for red kites. In both species, PCB congeners #153, #138 and #180 accounted about 75% to total ortho PCB concentrations. Regarding non ortho PCBs, for ospreys, concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 1.39 ng/g wet weight (ww) and for red kites from 0.12 to 0.51 ng/g ww, being congener #126 the most abundant. Concerning DDTs, concentration for ospreys ranged from 0.07 to 1.03 µg/g ww; and for red kites ranged from 0.90 to 2.10 µg/g ww, representing DDE more than 95% of the total DDTs, which proves a past use of DDT in the study area. Differences in contaminant levels between species are probably associated to feeding habits. The fish-eating species presents the highest PCB levels, whereas the terrestrial species exhibits the highest DDT levels. PCDD/Fs in ospreys were in the range 2.6-14.2 pg/g ww, while in red kites the range was slightly wider (22.2-43.2 pg/g ww), being PCDDs the major contributors in black kites. Ospreys had PCDDs similar to PCDF concentrations. PCDD/F profiles were mostly influenced by OCDD in both species. Non ortho PCBs were the major contributors to calculated Toxic Equivalent Quantity (TEQs) in both species. CONCLUSION In both species studied, ortho-PCBs could represent a problem of concern since 57% of the eggs exhibited levels higher than 4 µg/g ww, reported as the level that could cause reduced hatchability, embryo mortality, and deformities in birds. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK Results found in this study suggest that a more detailed study to clear up possible deleterious effects of PCBs on the bird populations studied here should be done.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Merino
- Rubén Merino Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry Institute of Organic Chemistry - CSIC Juan de la Cierva 3 28006 Madrid SPAIN, , ,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
ten Tusscher GW, Steerenberg PA, van Loveren H, Vos JG, von dem Borne AEGK, Westra M, van der Slikke JW, Olie K, Pluim HJ, Koppe JG. Persistent hematologic and immunologic disturbances in 8-year-old Dutch children associated with perinatal dioxin exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111:1519-23. [PMID: 12948893 PMCID: PMC1241656 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.5715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to Dutch "background" dioxin levels in 1990 was high, but comparable with that of other industrialized Western European countries. Exposure during the sensitive perinatal period may cause permanent disturbances. Therefore, we assessed the health status and various hematologic and immunologic parameters among our longitudinal cohort. A medical history was taken and venipuncture performed in a longitudinal cohort of 27 healthy 8-year-old children who had documented perinatal dioxin exposure. Linear regression revealed a decrease in allergy in relation to prenatal (p = 0.02) and postnatal (p = 0.03) dioxin exposure. Increases in CD4+ T-helper cells (p = 0.006) and in CD45RA+ cells (p = 0.02) were seen in relation to postnatal exposure. A persistently decreased platelet count (p = 0.04) and increased thrombopoietin concentration (p = 0.03) were seen in relation to postnatal exposure. This follow-up has shown a decrease in allergy, persistently decreased thrombocytes, increased thrombopoietin, and increased CD4+ T-helper and increased CD45RA+ cell counts. This study provides indications of effects at the stem cell level of perinatal dioxin exposure, persisting until minimally 8 years after birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W ten Tusscher
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kooke RMM, Lustenhouwer JWA, Olie K, Hutzinger O. Extraction efficiencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from fly ash. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00226a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
22
|
Büchert A, Cederberg T, Dyke P, Fiedler H, Fürst P, Hanberg A, Hosseinpour J, Hutzinger O, Kuenen JG, Malisch R, Needham LL, Olie K, Päpke O, Rivera Aranda J, Thanner G, Umlauf G, Vartiainen T, van Holst C. Dioxin contamination in food. Bayreuth, Germany, from September 28 to October 1, 2000. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2001; 8:84-8. [PMID: 11400642 DOI: 10.1007/bf02987298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin and PCB monitoring programs for food and feeding stuff in most countries of the world, including many European Countries are currently inadequate. Better control of food production lines and food processing procedures is needed to minimize entry of dioxin to the food chain and will help to avoid dioxin contamination accidents. This would also improve the ability to trace back a possible contamination to its source. European guidelines for monitoring programs should be established to ensure comparable and meaningful results. These guidelines should define the minimum requirements for the design of monitoring programs, analytical methods, and quality assurance. Though data from Northern Europe shows that the general population exposure to dioxin and PCB has decreased during the last ten years these compounds continue to be a risk of accidental contamination of the food chain. The most prominent recent example is the Belgian dioxin contamination of feeding stuff in 1999. The Belgian dioxin contamination was not detected due to dioxin monitoring programs but by their direct biological effects seen in animals. Four other cases of dioxin contamination have been detected in Europe since 1997 due to local monitoring programs. One of them (citrus pulp pellets 1998) was in a much larger scale than the Belgian dioxin contamination. The general population's exposure to dioxins and PCBs is still in the same range (1-4 pg WHO-TEQ/kg body weight and day) as the recently revised WHO tolerable daily intake (TDI). There is concern that short-term high level exposure to dioxins, furans, and PCB may cause biological effects on the human fetal development and further research is required. Further actions to control sources building on considerable advances already made in many countries may need to be supplemented by measures to prevent direct contamination of feeding stuff or food to reduce general population exposure further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Büchert
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Institute of Food Research and Nutrition, Morkhoj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Soborg Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Chloracne is caused by exposure to certain halogenated polycyclic hydrocarbons such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). In chronic exposure it is not known what level of intoxication, represented by the level in blood lipids, is sufficient to cause chloracne. Blood levels of the congeners of PCDD/Fs were determined in four groups of humans. One group had clinically visible chloracne due to exposure in a hexachlorobenzene workshop of a large chemical factory. A second group was exposed in the same workshop, but had no skin changes. There were two control groups: one non-exposed group of maintenance workers from the same chemical factory, and one group of healthy individuals living elsewhere. Blood levels were converted to toxicity equivalents of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In the chloracne group blood levels in toxicity equivalents (TEQs) ranged from 1168 to 22,308 pg/g blood lipid. In the exposed without chloracne this ranged from 424 to 662 pg/g. It is concluded that the level to develop chloracne is between 650 and 1200 pg/g TEQ. The contribution of TCDD was rather small, and the main causative congeners were the hexachlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (HxCDD/Fs); lipid-based blood levels in absolute amounts that may cause chloracne are in the range of 2-3.5 ng/g HxCDD, and 2-5 ng/g HxCDF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Coenraads
- Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, University Hospital Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Olie K, Addink R, Schoonenboom M. Metals as Catalysts during the Formation and Decomposition of Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans in Incineration Processes. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 1998; 48:101-105. [PMID: 28081422 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1998.10463656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are found on fly ash and in flue gas of municipal waste incinerators. Municipal waste incinerators seem to be the most important source for PCDDs and PCDFs emitted into the air during the last decades. PCDD/F formation takes place in the cooler zones (250 °C-450 °C) of a municipal waste incinerator, at the electrostatic precipitator. Copper is an important component of the fly ash that can catalyse the formation of PCDDs and PCDFs. Inhibition of the formation can be done by complexation of the metals (Cu) with EDTA or NTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kees Olie
- a Department of Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry , Amsterdam Research Institute for Substances in Ecosystems, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Addink
- a Department of Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry , Amsterdam Research Institute for Substances in Ecosystems, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Schoonenboom
- a Department of Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry , Amsterdam Research Institute for Substances in Ecosystems, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pluim HJ, van der Goot M, Olie K, van der Slikke JW, Koppe JG. Missing effects of background dioxin exposure on development of breast-fed infants during the first half year of life. Chemosphere 1996; 33:1307-15. [PMID: 8799995 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(96)00268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fetal exposure to higher levels of PCBs can result in low birth weight and neurological disorders of the newborn. In this study the effects of exposure to the highly toxic dioxins and dibenzofurans, structurally related to PCBs, was investigated in a population of 38 healthy infants. The infants were divided into two groups, according to concentrations of dioxins and dibenzofurans in their mothers milk fat. Neonatal body weight, length, Quetelet index and liver size were determined at different time points during the first half year of life. Additionally neurological development was determined. Comparing these items between the high and low exposure groups did not show any statistically significant differences. The results of this study do not reveal any effect of exposure to background levels of dioxins and dibenzofurans, but in utero exposure to these toxic agents may result in symptoms later in life. Therefore follow-up study of this well defined group will be performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Pluim
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Neonatology, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hendriks AJ, Wever H, Olie K, van de Guchte K, Liem AK, van Oosterom RA, van Zorge J. Monitoring and estimating concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and furans in cattle milk and soils of Rhine-Delta floodplains. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1996; 31:263-270. [PMID: 8781079 DOI: 10.1007/bf00212376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the Rhine-Delta, accumulation of microcontaminants in floodplain foodwebs has received little attention in comparison with aquatic communities. Here, soil and cattle milk samples were taken from three floodplains and analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Based on 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin equivalents, total PCDD and PCDF residues in milk did not exceed the quality standard of 0.006 microg/kg fat weight. This was still the case if non- and mono-ortho PCBs were added to the total. Yet, the floodplains investigated were only moderately polluted according to previous studies and one cannot exclude higher levels in milk from other floodplains. Bioconcentration ratios of milk fat vs soil organic matter were about 0.01 to 0.1 for persistent PCBs. These values are in accordance with a few literature data found for other persistent compounds. Yet, ratios are lower than expected from equilibrium partitioning. Ratios for PCDDs and PCDFs were even lower, possibly due to biotransformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Hendriks
- Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment RIZA, P.O. Box 17, 8200 AA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Govers HA, van der Wielen FW, Olie K. Derivation of solubility parameters of chlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo[p]dioxins from gas chromatographic retention parameters via SOFA. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00623-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
28
|
Addink R, Bakker WC, Olie K. Influence of HCl and Cl2 on the Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Dibenzofurans in a Carbon/Fly Ash Mixture. Environ Sci Technol 1995; 29:2055-2058. [PMID: 22191355 DOI: 10.1021/es00008a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
|
29
|
Schoonenboom MH, Olie K. Formation of PCDDs and PCDFs from anthracene and chloroanthracene in a model fly ash system. Environ Sci Technol 1995; 29:2005-2009. [PMID: 22191348 DOI: 10.1021/es00008a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
|
30
|
Addink R, Olie K. Mechanisms of Formation and Destruction of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Heterogeneous Systems. Environ Sci Technol 1995; 29:1425-1435. [PMID: 22276861 DOI: 10.1021/es00006a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
|
31
|
Addink R, Olie K. Role of Oxygen in Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Dibenzofurans from Carbon on Fly Ash. Environ Sci Technol 1995; 29:1586-1590. [PMID: 22276882 DOI: 10.1021/es00006a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
|
32
|
Pluim HJ, Boersma ER, Kramer I, Olie K, van der Slikke JW, Koppe JG. Influence of short-term dietary measures on dioxin concentrations in human milk. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102:968-71. [PMID: 9738212 PMCID: PMC1567454 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Breast-feeding may expose infants to high levels of toxic chlorinated dioxins. To diminish intake of these lipophilic compounds by the baby, two diets were tested for their ability to reduce concentrations of dioxins in human milk. The diets were a low-fat/high- carbohydrate/low-dioxin diet. (about 20% of energy intake derived from fat) and a high fat /low-carbohydrate/low-dioxin diet. These diets were tested in 16 and 18 breast-feeding women, respectively. The test diets were followed for 5 consecutive days in the fourth week after delivery. Milk was sampled before and at the end of the dietary regimen, and dioxin concentrations and fatty acid concentrations were determined. Despite significant influences of these diets on the fatty acid profiles, no significant influence on the dioxin concentrations in breast milk could be found. We conclude that short-term dietary measures will not reduce dioxin concentration in human milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Pluim
- Department of Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Amsterdam, Graduate School for Neurosciences, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Coenraads PJ, Brouwer A, Olie K, Tang N. Chloracne. Some recent issues. Dermatol Clin 1994; 12:569-76. [PMID: 7923954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chloracne is an acneiform skin eruption that is still the most sensitive indicator of systemic poisoning caused by chemicals belonging to the group of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Generally these chemicals are known as dioxins, dibenzofuranes, and PCBs. The cause of chloracne is probably interference of these chemicals with vitamin A metabolism in the skin, resulting in disturbances of the epithelial tissues of the pilosebaceous duct. A study of workers in a factory where chloracne is endemic is described. The product manufactured, pentachlorophenol, a wood preservative, was found to be contaminated with dioxins (congeners of TCDD) and dibenzofuranes. Blood levels of these chemicals in affected workers are given, along with supporting evidence of disturbances in vitamin A (retinoid) metabolism as demonstrated in skin biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Coenraads
- Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Unit, State University and Academic Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Pluim HJ, Koppe JG, Olie K, van der Slikke JW, Slot PC, van Boxtel CJ. Clinical laboratory manifestations of exposure to background levels of dioxins in the perinatal period. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83:583-7. [PMID: 7919753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of exposure to low levels of dioxins in infants (intrauterine and via breast milk) were studied. In a group of 35 babies, specially selected, laboratory tests were performed in cord blood and in blood sampled at 7 days and 11 weeks of age. The outcome of these laboratory tests was related to dioxin concentrations in milk fat and cumulative dioxin intake. At 11 weeks of age, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in plasma were significantly related to cumulative dioxin intake. A significant negative relation was found between platelet count and cumulative dioxin intake. The results of this study suggest that exposure to background levels of dioxins, both intrauterine and via breast milk, may have effects in newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Pluim
- Department of Neonatology, Medical Faculty of the University of Amsterdam, Graduate School for Neurosciences, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Luijk R, Akkerman DM, Slot P, Olie K, Kapteijn F. Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the catalyzed combustion of carbon. Environ Sci Technol 1994; 28:312-321. [PMID: 22176178 DOI: 10.1021/es00051a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
|
38
|
Pluim HJ, de Vijlder JJ, Olie K, Kok JH, Vulsma T, van Tijn DA, van der Slikke JW, Koppe JG. Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to chlorinated dioxins and furans on human neonatal thyroid hormone concentrations. Environ Health Perspect 1993; 101:504-8. [PMID: 8137779 PMCID: PMC1519915 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.93101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that dioxins influence plasma thyroid hormone concentrations. To investigate the effect of chlorinated dioxins and furans on thyroid hormone concentrations in humans, we studied 38 healthy breast-fed infants. The study population was divided into two groups according to the dioxin concentrations in milk fat of their mothers. Blood samples were taken at birth and at the ages of 1 and 11 weeks. At birth a tendency to higher total thyroxine (tT4) concentrations was found in the high exposure group. At the ages of 1 and 11 weeks the increase of mean tT4 concentrations and tT4/thyroxine-binding globulin ratios in the high exposure group reached significance as compared to the low exposure group. At birth and 1 week after birth, mean thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were similar in both groups, but at the age of 11 weeks the mean TSH concentrations were significantly higher in the high exposure group. We postulate that the observed plasma tT4 elevation in infants exposed to dioxins before and after birth is the result of an effect on the thyroid hormone regulatory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Pluim
- Department of Neonatology, Academic Hospital of University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Koppe JG, Pluim HJ, Olie K, van Wijnen J. [Breast feeding, PCBs and dioxins]. Tijdschr Kindergeneeskd 1991; 59:9-15. [PMID: 1903219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In breastmilk of 14 Dutch mothers and 5 Polish mothers the content of dioxins and furans is measured. The study in Dutch mothers is started to relate the level of these xenobiotics to bleeding in the perinatal and late neonatal period. Interference with coagulation is hypothesized in analogon to phenobarbital. A relation is seen between bleeding in four babies and the mean content of 2, 3, 7, 8 TCDD (= tetrachloordibenzodioxin) (P = 0.02) in their breastmilk. This relation however is not found for the content of 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 PnCDF (= pentachloordibenzofuran) or the total amount of toxic equivalents. The fact that the prenatal gradient from mother to baby is different for T4CDD and PnCDF, respectively 2:1 and 10:1, may be an explanation for the dissociation between T4CDD on one side and PnCDF and total amount of toxic equivalents on the other side. Polish breastmilk was significantly lower (about four times) for dioxins and furans than Dutch breastmilk. This means that for these chemicals pollution in Holland is much higher than in Poland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Koppe
- Afd. neonatologie, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Van den Berg M, Heeremans C, Veenhoven E, Olie K. Transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to fetal and neonatal rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1987; 9:635-44. [PMID: 3692020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A fly ash extract from a municipal incinerator, containing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), was orally administered to rats on Days 10 to 17 of the pregnancy and during the first 10 days of the lactation period. PCDD and PCDF congeners retained in the fetuses and livers of the offspring had a 2,3,7,8-chlorine substitution pattern. The only non-2,3,7,8-substituted congener retained in the liver of the offspring and females was 2,3,4,6,7-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PnCDF). In the fetuses 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) had the highest retention (0.13% of total dose) and a decrease in retention was found with increasing number of chlorine atoms. In the livers of the offspring, the highest retention was found for 2,3,7,8-TCDD and the three 2,3,7,8-substituted hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (HxCDDs) (5.26-8.12%). In the livers of the pregnant and lactating females penta- and hexachlorinated congeners had the highest retention (53.91-80.20%). For both groups the liver retention of the tetra- to octachlorinated congeners was similar, but the lactating females stored less PCDDs and PCDFs in their adipose tissue. A linear relationship was found between the retention of congeners in the livers of the females and offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Van den Berg
- Laboratory of Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kodric-Smit M, Smit Z, Olie K. Organochlorine contaminants in human milk from Slavonia Province, Yugoslavia, 1978. Pestic Monit J 1980; 14:1-2. [PMID: 7422466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine residues were determined in human milk samples from an agricultural area of Slavonia, Yugoslavia. Concentrations of pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, alpha-, beta-, gamma-isomers of benzene hexachloride, heptachlor, aldrin, DDE, TDE, and DDT were determined by gas chromatography (GC). Confirmation was carried out by computerized GC-mass spectrometry. The most abundant contaminant was p,p'-DDE (range, 42.0-418.5 microgram/kg (ppb)).
Collapse
|
43
|
Debets FM, Strik JJ, Olie K. Effects of pentachlorophenol on rat liver changes induced by hexachlorobenzene, with special reference to porphyria, and alterations in mixed function oxygenases. Toxicology 1980; 15:181-95. [PMID: 7466831 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(80)90052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB, 1000 ppm) and 500 ppm pentachlorophenol (PCP) were fed separately or in combination to female Wistar rats. A control group was provided with standard food without HCB or PCP. Subgroups of 4 rats were killed after 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. No significant difference was found between the amounts of HCB accumulated in the livers of the HCB and HCB + PCP fed rats. Administering HCB together with PCP caused a noticeable accumulation of PCP in the liver, compared to the results after administering HCB and PCP separately. In the HCB and HCB + PCP fed groups liver weight increased continuously during the experiments. Microsomal cytochrome P-450, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, ethoxyresorufin O-de-ethylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase, and glucuronyl transferase increased to a maximum in 2-4 weeks in HCB and HCB + PCP fed rats. Pentachlorophenol accelerates the onset of HCB porphyria, in other words it increases the total urinary porphyrin excretion and causes an earlier disturbance of the porphyrin pattern.
Collapse
|
44
|
Tulp MT, Olie K, Hutzinger O. Identification of hydroxyhalobiphenyls as their methyl ethers by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1977; 4:310-6. [PMID: 912033 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mass spectra and gas chromatographic properties of 17 synthetic fluoro-, chloro- and bromomethoxy-biphenyls and 12 dichlorodimethoxybiphenyls have been examined. From this representative series it appears that the position of the methoxy group (ortho, meta and para to the biphenyl bond) in all monomethoxy compounds examined, and the positions of the two methoxy groups in most of the dimethoxy compounds, can be assigned unambiguously by their difference in fragmentation pattern. The value of this method was shown by metabolism experiments in which 4,4'-difluoro- and 4,4'-dibromobiphenyl were fed to rats and 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl was administered to plants. All hydroxylated metabolites found were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Relationships between structure and gas chromatographic retention time of these compounds are discussed.
Collapse
|
45
|
Olie K, Stufkens D. A Raman and i.r. spectroscopic investigation of the intermolecular interactions in solid and liquid POCl3 and PSCl3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(76)80105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
46
|
|
47
|
|
48
|
|
49
|
|
50
|
|