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Ide H, Kawasaki Y, Tamura K, Yoshida T, Fujihara R, Hara A, Taguchi M. Modeling Developmental Changes in Caffeine Clearance Considering Differences between Pre- and Postnatal Period. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:861-867. [PMID: 38644196 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Taguchi et al. reported that postmenstrual age (PMA) is a promising factor in describing and understanding the developmental change of caffeine (CAF) clearance. The aim of the present study was to quantify how developmental changes occur and to determine the effect of the length of the gestational period on CAF clearance. We performed a nonlinear mixed effect model (NONMEM) analysis and evaluated the fit of six models. A total of 115 samples were obtained from 52 patients with a mean age of 34.3 ± 18.2 d. The median values of gestational age (GA) and postnatal age (PNA) were 196 and 31 d, respectively. Serum CAF levels corrected for dose per body surface area (BSA) (C/D ratioBSA) were dependent on PMA rather than PNA, which supports the findings of a previous study. NONMEM analysis provided the following final model of oral clearance: CL/F = 0.00603∙WT∙ ∙0.877GA ≤ 196 L/h. This model takes into account developmental changes during prenatal and postnatal periods separately. The model successfully described the variation in clearance of CAF. Our findings suggest that the dosage of CAF in preterm infants should be determined based not only on body weight (WT) but also on both PNA and GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Ide
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Yukako Kawasaki
- Division of Neonatology, Maternal and Perinatal Center, Toyama University Hospital
| | - Kentaro Tamura
- Division of Neonatology, Maternal and Perinatal Center, Toyama University Hospital
| | - Taketoshi Yoshida
- Division of Neonatology, Maternal and Perinatal Center, Toyama University Hospital
| | - Ryosuke Fujihara
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Akane Hara
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance and Assessment, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Masato Taguchi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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Bansal S, Zamarripa CA, Spindle TR, Weerts EM, Thummel KE, Vandrey R, Paine MF, Unadkat JD. Evaluation of Cytochrome P450-Mediated Cannabinoid-Drug Interactions in Healthy Adult Participants. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:693-703. [PMID: 37313955 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding cannabis-drug interactions is critical given regulatory changes that have increased access to and use of cannabis. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the most abundant phytocannabinoids, are in vitro reversible and time-dependent (CBD only) inhibitors of several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Cannabis extracts were used to evaluate quantitatively potential pharmacokinetic cannabinoid-drug interactions in 18 healthy adults. Participant received, in a randomized cross-over manner (separated by ≥ 1 week), a brownie containing (i) no cannabis extract (ethanol/placebo), (ii) CBD-dominant cannabis extract (640 mg CBD + 20 mg Δ9-THC), or (iii) Δ9-THC-dominant cannabis extract (20 mg Δ9-THC and no CBD). After 30 minutes, participants consumed a cytochrome P450 (CYP) drug cocktail consisting of caffeine (CYP1A2), losartan (CYP2C9), omeprazole (CYP2C19), dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), and midazolam (CYP3A). Plasma and urine samples were collected (0-24 hours). The CBD + Δ9-THC brownie inhibited CYP2C19 > CYP2C9 > CYP3A > CYP1A2 (but not CYP2D6) activity, as evidenced by an increase in the geometric mean ratio of probe drug area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) relative to placebo (AUCGMR ) of omeprazole, losartan, midazolam, and caffeine by 207%, 77%, 56%, and 39%, respectively. In contrast, the Δ9-THC brownie did not inhibit any of the CYPs. The CBD + Δ9-THC brownie increased Δ9-THC AUCGMR by 161%, consistent with CBD inhibiting CYP2C9-mediated oral Δ9-THC clearance. Except for caffeine, these interactions were well-predicted by our physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model (within 26% of observed interactions). Results can be used to help guide dose adjustment of drugs co-consumed with cannabis products and the dose of CBD in cannabis products to reduce interaction risk with Δ9-THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - C Austin Zamarripa
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tory R Spindle
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elise M Weerts
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary F Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA
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Liu J, Solan R, Wolk R, Plotka A, O'Gorman MT, Winton JA, Kaplan J, Purohit VS. Evaluation of the effect of ritlecitinib on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in healthy participants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:2208-2215. [PMID: 36808638 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This clinical study was conducted to evaluate the impact of ritlecitinib on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine, a cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrate. METHODS In this single-centre, single-arm, open-label, fixed-sequence study, healthy participants received a single 100-mg dose of caffeine on 2 separate occasions: on Day 1 of Period 1 as monotherapy and on Day 8 of Period 2 after oral administration of ritlecitinib 200 mg once daily for 8 days. Serial blood samples were collected and analysed using a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by using a noncompartmental method. Safety was monitored by physical examination, vital signs, electrocardiograms and laboratory assessments. RESULTS Twelve participants were enrolled and completed the study. Coadministration of caffeine 100 mg in the presence of steady-state levels of ritlecitinib (200 mg once daily) increased caffeine exposure compared with caffeine given alone. Area under the curve to infinity and maximum concentration of caffeine increased by approximately 165 and 10%, respectively, when coadministered with ritlecitinib. The ratios of the adjusted geometric means (90% confidence interval) for caffeine area under the curve to infinity and maximum concentration were 265.14% (234.12-300.26%) and 109.74% (103.90-15.91%), respectively, when caffeine was coadministered with steady-state ritlecitinib (test) compared with its administration alone (reference). Multiple doses of ritlecitinib when coadministered with a single dose of caffeine were generally safe and well tolerated in healthy participants. CONCLUSION Ritlecitinib is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2 and can increase systemic exposures of CYP1A2 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Investment Co., Ltd., 9/F, Tower B, Minmetals Plaza, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Rohit Solan
- Pfizer Research & Development UK Limited, Hurley, UK
| | - Robert Wolk
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anna Plotka
- Biostatistics, Pfizer Inc., Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Vivek S Purohit
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Liu J, Banuvar S, Viana M, Barengolts E, Chen SN, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB. Pharmacokinetic Interactions of a Licorice Dietary Supplement with Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Female Participants. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:199-204. [PMID: 36328482 PMCID: PMC9900865 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice, the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., has been used as a medicinal herb, herbal adjuvant, and flavoring agent since ancient times. Recently, licorice extracts have become popular as dietary supplements used by females to alleviate menopausal symptoms. Exposure to licorice products containing high levels of glycyrrhizic acid can cause hypokalemia, but independent from this effect, preclinical data indicate that licorice can inhibit certain cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. To evaluate whether clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions of licorice with P450 enzymes exist, a phase 1 clinical investigation was carried out using a licorice extract depleted in glycyrrhizic acid (content <1%) and a cocktail containing caffeine, tolbutamide, alprazolam, and dextromethorphan, which are probe substrates for the enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4/5, and CYP2D6, respectively. The botanically authenticated and chemically standardized extract of roots from G. glabra was consumed by 14 healthy menopausal and postmenopausal female participants twice daily for 2 weeks. The pharmacokinetics of each probe drug were evaluated immediately before and after supplementation with the licorice extract. Comparison of the average areas under the time-concentration curves (AUCs) for each probe substrate in serum showed no significant changes from licorice consumption, whereas time to reach peak concentration for caffeine and elimination half-life for tolbutamide showed small changes. According to the US Food and Drug Administration guidance, which is based on changes in the AUC of each probe substrate drug, the investigated licorice extract should not cause any clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions with respect to CYP3A4/5, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, or CYP1A2. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite generally-recognized-as-safe status, the licorice species Glycyrrhiza glabra has been associated with some toxicity. Preclinical studies suggest that G. glabra might cause pharmacokinetic drug interactions by inhibiting several cytochrome P450 enzymes. This phase 1 clinical study addressed these concerns by evaluating clinically relevant effects with respect to CYP3A4/5, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2. These results showed that a standardized G. glabra extract did not cause any clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with four major cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liu
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Suzanne Banuvar
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Marlos Viana
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Elena Barengolts
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
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Rodak K, Kokot I, Kratz EM. Caffeine as a Factor Influencing the Functioning of the Human Body-Friend or Foe? Nutrients 2021; 13:3088. [PMID: 34578966 PMCID: PMC8467199 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, caffeine is one of the most commonly consumed substances, which presents in many plants and products. It has both positive and negative effects on the human body, and its activity concerns a variety of systems including the central nervous system, immune system, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary tract, etc. These effects are dependent on quantity, the type of product in which caffeine is contained, and also on the individual differences among people (sex, age, diet etc.). The main aim of this review was to collect, present, and analyze the available information including the latest discoveries on the impact of caffeine on human health and the functioning of human body systems, taking into account the role of caffeine in individual disease entities. We present both the positive and negative sides of caffeine consumption and the healing properties of this purine alkaloid in diseases such as asthma, Parkinson's disease, and others, not forgetting about the negative effects of excess caffeine (e.g., in people with hypertension, children, adolescents, and the elderly). In summary, we can conclude, however, that caffeine has a multi-directional influence on various organs of the human body, and because of its anti-oxidative properties, it was, and still is, an interesting topic for research studies including those aimed at developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Rodak
- Student Research Club, “Biomarkers in Medical Diagnostics”, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Kokot
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Maria Kratz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Gleason JL, Tekola-Ayele F, Sundaram R, Hinkle SN, Vafai Y, Buck Louis GM, Gerlanc N, Amyx M, Bever AM, Smarr MM, Robinson M, Kannan K, Grantz KL. Association Between Maternal Caffeine Consumption and Metabolism and Neonatal Anthropometry: A Secondary Analysis of the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e213238. [PMID: 33764424 PMCID: PMC7994948 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Higher caffeine consumption during pregnancy has been associated with lower birth weight. However, associations of caffeine consumption, based on both plasma concentrations of caffeine and its metabolites, and self-reported caffeinated beverage intake, with multiple measures of neonatal anthropometry, have yet to be examined. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between maternal caffeine intake and neonatal anthropometry, testing effect modification by fast or slow caffeine metabolism genotype. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A longitudinal cohort study, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons, enrolled 2055 nonsmoking women at low risk for fetal growth abnormalities with complete information on caffeine consumption from 12 US clinical sites between 2009 and 2013. Secondary analysis was completed in 2020. EXPOSURES Caffeine was evaluated by both plasma concentrations of caffeine and paraxanthine and self-reported caffeinated beverage consumption measured/reported at 10-13 weeks gestation. Caffeine metabolism defined as fast or slow using genotype information from the single nucleotide variant rs762551 (CYP1A2*1F). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Neonatal anthropometric measures, including birth weight, length, and head, abdominal, arm, and thigh circumferences, skin fold and fat mass measures. The β coefficients represent the change in neonatal anthropometric measure per SD change in exposure. RESULTS A total of 2055 participants had a mean (SD) age of 28.3 (5.5) years, mean (SD) body mass index of 23.6 (3.0), and 580 (28.2%) were Hispanic, 562 (27.4%) were White, 518 (25.2%) were Black, and 395 (19.2%) were Asian/Pacific Islander. Delivery occurred at a mean (SD) of 39.2 (1.7) gestational weeks. Compared with the first quartile of plasma caffeine level (≤28 ng/mL), neonates of women in the fourth quartile (>659 ng/mL) had lower birth weight (β = -84.3 g; 95% CI, -145.9 to -22.6 g; P = .04 for trend), length (β = -0.44 cm; 95% CI, -0.78 to -0.12 cm; P = .04 for trend), and head (β = -0.28 cm; 95% CI, -0.47 to -0.09 cm; P < .001 for trend), arm (β = -0.25 cm; 95% CI, -0.41 to -0.09 cm: P = .02 for trend), and thigh (β = -0.29 cm; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.04 cm; P = .07 for trend) circumference. Similar reductions were observed for paraxanthine quartiles, and for continuous measures of caffeine and paraxanthine concentrations. Compared with women who reported drinking no caffeinated beverages, women who consumed approximately 50 mg per day (~ 1/2 cup of coffee) had neonates with lower birth weight (β = -66 g; 95% CI, -121 to -10 g), smaller arm (β = -0.17 cm; 95% CI, -0.31 to -0.02 cm) and thigh (β = -0.32 cm; 95% CI, -0.55 to -0.09 cm) circumference, and smaller anterior flank skin fold (β = -0.24 mm; 95% CI, -0.47 to -0.01 mm). Results did not differ by fast or slow caffeine metabolism genotype. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study, small reductions in neonatal anthropometric measurements with increasing caffeine consumption were observed. Findings suggest that caffeine consumption during pregnancy, even at levels much lower than the recommended 200 mg per day of caffeine, are associated with decreased fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Gleason
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fasil Tekola-Ayele
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rajeshwari Sundaram
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stefanie N. Hinkle
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yassaman Vafai
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Germaine M. Buck Louis
- Office of the Dean, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | | | - Melissa Amyx
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alaina M. Bever
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melissa M. Smarr
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Morgan Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Katherine L. Grantz
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Jenkins NDM, Arent SM, Antonio J, Stout JR, Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Goldstein ER, Kalman DS, Campbell BI. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:1. [PMID: 33388079 PMCID: PMC7777221 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following critical evaluation of the available literature to date, The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) position regarding caffeine intake is as follows: 1. Supplementation with caffeine has been shown to acutely enhance various aspects of exercise performance in many but not all studies. Small to moderate benefits of caffeine use include, but are not limited to: muscular endurance, movement velocity and muscular strength, sprinting, jumping, and throwing performance, as well as a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic sport-specific actions. 2. Aerobic endurance appears to be the form of exercise with the most consistent moderate-to-large benefits from caffeine use, although the magnitude of its effects differs between individuals. 3. Caffeine has consistently been shown to improve exercise performance when consumed in doses of 3-6 mg/kg body mass. Minimal effective doses of caffeine currently remain unclear but they may be as low as 2 mg/kg body mass. Very high doses of caffeine (e.g. 9 mg/kg) are associated with a high incidence of side-effects and do not seem to be required to elicit an ergogenic effect. 4. The most commonly used timing of caffeine supplementation is 60 min pre-exercise. Optimal timing of caffeine ingestion likely depends on the source of caffeine. For example, as compared to caffeine capsules, caffeine chewing gums may require a shorter waiting time from consumption to the start of the exercise session. 5. Caffeine appears to improve physical performance in both trained and untrained individuals. 6. Inter-individual differences in sport and exercise performance as well as adverse effects on sleep or feelings of anxiety following caffeine ingestion may be attributed to genetic variation associated with caffeine metabolism, and physical and psychological response. Other factors such as habitual caffeine intake also may play a role in between-individual response variation. 7. Caffeine has been shown to be ergogenic for cognitive function, including attention and vigilance, in most individuals. 8. Caffeine may improve cognitive and physical performance in some individuals under conditions of sleep deprivation. 9. The use of caffeine in conjunction with endurance exercise in the heat and at altitude is well supported when dosages range from 3 to 6 mg/kg and 4-6 mg/kg, respectively. 10. Alternative sources of caffeine such as caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels and chews have been shown to improve performance, primarily in aerobic exercise. 11. Energy drinks and pre-workout supplements containing caffeine have been demonstrated to enhance both anaerobic and aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci S Guest
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 5326A, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA
| | | | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Colombia, SC, 29208, USA
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institue of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | | | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Erica R Goldstein
- Institue of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Douglas S Kalman
- Nutrion Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
- Scientific Affairs. Nutrasource, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Koch G, Schönfeld N, Jost K, Atkinson A, Schulzke SM, Pfister M, Datta AN. Caffeine preserves quiet sleep in preterm neonates. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00596. [PMID: 32412185 PMCID: PMC7227120 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is widely used in preterm neonates suffering from apnea of prematurity (AOP), and it has become one of the most frequently prescribed medications in neonatal intensive care units. Goal of this study is to investigate how caffeine citrate treatment affects sleep-wake behavior in preterm neonates. The observational study consists of 64 preterm neonates during their first 5 days of life with gestational age (GA) <32 weeks or very low birthweight of < 1500 g. A total of 52 patients treated with caffeine citrate and 12 patients without caffeine citrate were included. Sleep-wake behavior was scored in three stages: active sleep, quiet sleep, and wakefulness. Individual caffeine concentration of every neonate was simulated with a pharmacokinetic model. In neonates with GA ≥ 28 weeks, wakefulness increased and active sleep decreased with increasing caffeine concentrations, whereas quiet sleep remained unchanged. In neonates with GA < 28 weeks, no clear caffeine effects on sleep-wake behavior could be demonstrated. Caffeine increases fraction of wakefulness, alertness, and most probably also arousability at cost of active but not quiet sleep in preterm neonates. As such, caffeine should therefore not affect time for physical and cerebral regeneration during sleep in preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Koch
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research CenterUniversity Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Natalie Schönfeld
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research CenterUniversity Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Kerstin Jost
- Department of NeonatologyUniversity Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Andrew Atkinson
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research CenterUniversity Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Sven M. Schulzke
- Department of NeonatologyUniversity Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Marc Pfister
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research CenterUniversity Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB)BaselSwitzerland
- Quantitative Solutions a Certara CompanyPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Alexandre N. Datta
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental MedicineUniversity Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB)BaselSwitzerland
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9
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van Breemen RB, Chen L, Tonsing-Carter A, Banuvar S, Barengolts E, Viana M, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Bolton JL. Pharmacokinetic Interactions of a Hop Dietary Supplement with Drug Metabolism in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:5212-5220. [PMID: 32285669 PMCID: PMC8071352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements produced from hops (Humulus lupulus) containing the chemopreventive compound xanthohumol and phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin are used by women to manage menopausal symptoms. Because of the long half-lives of prenylated hop phenols and reports that they inhibit certain cytochrome P450 enzymes, a botanically authenticated and chemically standardized hop extract was tested for Phase I pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Sixteen peri- and postmenopausal women consumed the hop extract twice daily for 2 weeks, and the pharmacokinetics of tolbutamide, caffeine, dextromethorphan, and alprazolam were evaluated before and after supplementation as probe substrates for the enzymes CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5, respectively. The observed area under the time-concentration curves were unaffected, except for alprazolam which decreased 7.6% (564.6 ± 46.1 h·μg/L pre-hop and 521.9 ± 36.1 h·μg/L post-hop; p-value 0.047), suggesting minor induction of CYP3A4/5. No enzyme inhibition was detected. According to FDA guidelines, this hop dietary supplement caused no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions with respect to CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4/5. The serum obtained after consumption of the hop extract was analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to confirm compliance. Abundant Phase II conjugates of the hop prenylated phenols were observed including monoglucuronides and monosulfates as well as previously unreported diglucuronides and sulfate-glucuronic acid diconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
- To whom correspondence should be addressed Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 305 Linus Pauling Science Center, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, Tel: 541-737-5078, Fax: 541-737-5077,
| | - Luying Chen
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Alyssa Tonsing-Carter
- Clinical and Healthcare Research Policy Division, National Institutes of Health, 6705 Rockledge Dr., Suite 750, Bethesda, MD 20817
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Suzanne Banuvar
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Elena Barengolts
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Marlos Viana
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
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10
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Mohamed MF, Feng T, Enejosa JV, Fisniku O, Othman AA. Effects of Upadacitinib Coadministration on the Pharmacokinetics of Sensitive Cytochrome P450 Probe Substrates: A Study With the Modified Cooperstown 5+1 Cocktail. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60:86-95. [PMID: 31378969 PMCID: PMC6972567 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of upadacitinib, a Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, on in vivo activity of different cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes using a cocktail approach. Healthy subjects (n = 20) received single oral doses of the modified Cooperstown 5+1 cocktail drugs (midazolam [CYP3A], caffeine [CYP1A2], warfarin + vitamin K [CYP2C9], omeprazole [CYP2C19], and dextromethorphan [CYP2D6]) without upadacitinib and on day 11 (midazolam) or 12 (all other probes) of a 15-day regimen of upadacitinib 30 mg once daily (extended-release formulation). Serial blood samples and 12-hour urine samples were collected for assays of the probe substrates and select metabolites. The ratio (90%CI) of area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUCinf ) central values when the cocktail drugs were administered with upadacitinib relative to when administered alone were 0.74 (0.68-0.80) for midazolam, 1.22 (1.15-1.29) for caffeine, 1.11 (1.07-1.15) for S-warfarin, 1.07 (0.95-1.22) for dextromethorphan, and 0.82 (0.72-0.94) for omeprazole. The ratio (90%CI) was 1.09 (1.00-1.19) for 5-hydroxy-omeprazole to omeprazole AUCinf ratio and 1.17 (0.97-1.41) for dextromethorphan to dextrorphan 12-hour molar urinary ratio. Upadacitinib 30 mg once daily (a dose that is twice the optimal dose in rheumatoid arthritis based on phase 3 results) has a limited effect on CYP3A activity (26% decrease in exposure of midazolam, a sensitive CYP3A substrate) and no relevant effects on CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP2D6 activity in vivo. No clinically relevant changes in plasma exposures are expected for drugs that are substrates for the evaluated CYP enzymes when coadministered with upadacitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of StatisticsAbbVie Inc.North ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Ogert Fisniku
- Regulated BioanalysisAbbVie Inc.North ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ahmed A. Othman
- Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacometricsAbbVie Inc.North ChicagoIllinoisUSA
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11
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Cusinato DAC, Martinez EZ, Cintra MTC, Filgueira GCO, Berretta AA, Lanchote VL, Coelho EB. Evaluation of potential herbal-drug interactions of a standardized propolis extract (EPP-AF®) using an in vivo cocktail approach. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 245:112174. [PMID: 31442620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Propolis has been employed extensively in many cultures since ancient times as antiseptic, wound healing, anti-pyretic and others due to its biological and pharmacological properties, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasite activities. But despite its broad and traditional use, there is little knowledge about its potential interaction with prescription drugs. AIM OF THE STUDY The main objective of this work was to study the potential herbal-drug interactions (HDIs) of EPP-AF® using an in vivo assay with a cocktail approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subtherapeutic doses of caffeine, losartan, omeprazole, metoprolol, midazolam and fexofenadine were used. Sixteen healthy adult volunteers were investigated before and after exposure to orally administered 125 mg/8 h (375 mg/day) EPP-AF® for 15 days. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on plasma concentration versus time (AUC) curves. RESULTS After exposure to EPP-AF®, it was observed decrease in the AUC0-∞ of fexofenadine, caffeine and losartan of approximately 18% (62.20 × 51.00 h.ng/mL), 8% (1085 × 999 h.ng/mL) and 13% (9.01 × 7.86 h.ng/mL), respectively, with all 90% CIs within the equivalence range of 0.80-1.25. On the other hand, omeprazole and midazolam exhibited an increase in AUC0-∞ of, respectively, approximately 18% (18.90 × 22.30 h.ng/mL) and 14% (1.25 × 1.43 h.ng/mL), with the upper bounds of 90% CIs slightly above 1.25. Changes in pharmacokinetics of metoprolol or its metabolite α-hydroxymetoprolol were not statistically significant and their 90% CIs were within the equivalence range of 0.80-1.25. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study shows that EPP-AF® does not clinically change CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities, once, despite statistical significant, the magnitude of the changes in AUC values after EPP-AF® were all below 20% and therefore may be considered safe regarding potential interactions involving these enzymes. Besides, to the best of our knowledge this is the first study to assess potential HDIs with propolis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A C Cusinato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Z Martinez
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Social Medicine, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mônica T C Cintra
- General Clinical Research Center, Teaching Hospital Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C O Filgueira
- Medical School, University of São Paulo Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andresa A Berretta
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento & Inovação, Apis Flora Indl. Coml. Ltda., Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera L Lanchote
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Coelho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Gonzaga LA, Vanderlei LCM, Gomes RL, Garner DM, Valenti VE. Involvement of Cardiorespiratory Capacity on the Acute Effects of Caffeine on Autonomic Recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050196. [PMID: 31126123 PMCID: PMC6572528 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: As a result of ergogenic properties, caffeine has been increasingly taken prior to physical exercise, yet its effects on post-exercise recovery, considering the differences in the cardiorespiratory capacity of the individuals, has not yet been studied or fully elucidated. Optimizing the post-exercise recovery can convey advantages to physical activity practitioners. We evaluated the acute effects of caffeine on heart rate (HR) autonomic control recovery following moderate aerobic exercise in males with different cardiorespiratory capacities. Materials and Methods: We split young adult men into two groups based on their various oxygen consumption peaks (VO2 peak): (1) Higher VO2 (HO): Sixteen volunteers, peak VO2 > 42.46 mL/kg/min and (2) Low VO2 (LO): Sixteen individuals, VO2 < 42.46 mL/kg/min). The volunteers were submitted to placebo and caffeine protocols, which entailed 300 mg of caffeine or placebo (starch) in capsules, followed by 15 min of rest, 30 min of moderate exercise on a treadmill at 60% of the VO2 peak, followed by 60 min of supine recovery. Heart rate variability (HRV) indexes in the time and frequency domains were examined. Results: Effect of time for RMSSD (square root of the average of the square of the differences between normal adjacent RR intervals) and SDNN (standard deviation of all normal RR intervals recorded in a time interval) was achieved (p < 0.001). Significant adjustments were observed (rest versus recovery) at the 0 to 5th min of recovery from exercise for the LO during the placebo protocol and at the 5th at 10th min of recovery for the caffeine protocol. For the HO in both procedures we found significant alterations only at the 0 to 5th min of recovery. Conclusion: Caffeine delayed parasympathetic recovery from exercise in individuals with lower cardiorespiratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana A Gonzaga
- Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil.
| | - Luiz C M Vanderlei
- Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil.
| | - Rayana L Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil.
| | - David M Garner
- Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil.
- Cardiorespiratory Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Vitor E Valenti
- Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil.
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13
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Llewelyn VK, Berger L, Glass BD. Effects of skin region and relative lipophilicity on percutaneous absorption in the toad Rhinella marina. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:361-367. [PMID: 30370675 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the dynamic interaction between frog skin and the environment, xenobiotics in frog habitats are of particular concern, and knowledge of percutaneous absorption in frog skin is necessary for risk-mitigation purposes. Baseline transdermal kinetics in adult aquatic and arboreal frog species have recently been reported; however, there is little information regarding absorption kinetics in adult terrestrial species. The present study investigated the in vitro absorption kinetics of 3 model chemicals-caffeine, benzoic acid, and ibuprofen-through different skin regions in the terrestrial toad Rhinella marina. Caffeine flux was consistently higher than that of the other 2 chemicals (p < 0.001), whereas the fluxes of the moderately and highly lipophilic chemicals (benzoic acid and ibuprofen) were similar, regardless of skin region. When considering individual chemicals, caffeine demonstrated increased flux through the ventral pelvic skin compared with the ventral thoracic or dorsal skin regions. Flux did not differ between skin regions for either benzoic acid or ibuprofen. These findings have implications for management of environmental contamination in frog habitats, as many environmental xenobiotics are of moderate to high lipophilicity and would be expected to be equally absorbed from all skin surfaces in terrestrial toads. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:361-367. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Llewelyn
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Beverley D Glass
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Grant SS, Magruder KP, Friedman BH. Controlling for caffeine in cardiovascular research: A critical review. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 133:193-201. [PMID: 29981767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine, the most widely consumed drug in the world, exerts numerous effects on cardiovascular activity. Thus, it is important and advisable to control for caffeine consumption in studies examining caffeine and/or cardiovascular activity and reactivity. This paper 1) reviews the literature concerning caffeine's effects on cardiovascular parameters; 2) summarizes the widely varying protocols used to control for the drug in extant cardiovascular literature, and 3) provide guidelines for caffeine control procedures to minimize potentially confounding acute and withdrawal effects of the drug. An abstention period equal to the average half-life of the drug is recommended for creation of methodological controls for caffeine. Additional methodological recommendations are described concerning factors that moderate the half-life of caffeine. When feasible, researchers should consider and aim to control for caffeine's acute and extended psychophysiological effects. This understudied issue has fundamental implications for caffeine-related investigations and research in psychophysiology and behavioral medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara S Grant
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America.
| | - Katherine P Magruder
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Brogden Hall, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America.
| | - Bruce H Friedman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America.
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15
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Tarantino G, Capone D, Contaldi P, Gianno A, Teresa M, Tufano A. Phenotyping of CYP 4501A2 Activity by Total Overnight Salivary Caffeine Assessment (TOSCA) in Patients on Warfarin Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2018; 24:928-935. [PMID: 28992765 PMCID: PMC6714717 DOI: 10.1177/1076029617733040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant, commonly used for primary and secondary prevention of venous and arterial thromboembolic events. The drug is characterized by narrow therapeutic index, widespread individual variability in clinical response, and high rates of adverse events, particularly bleeding complications. For these reasons, a close monitoring of the dosage, using the frequent assessment of coagulation status by means of International Normalized Ratio value, is mandatory. Warfarin is metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P-450. High CYP 450 activity may lead to low drug concentration and requires high warfarin doses to reach efficacy; conversely, low CYP 450 activity is responsible for high drug concentration and needs for low doses to avoid potential toxicity risks. The major isoforms of CYP involved in the metabolism of warfarin sodium are CYP1A2 (for the R-warfarin) and CYP2C9 (for the S-warfarin). The probes for testing CYP1A2 are phenacetin and caffeine while for CYP2C9 tolbutamide. Although S-warfarin has major activity, it was decided to exclude its phenotyping for ethical issues, being mandatory to use a drug (tolbutamide). Instead, it was chosen to test the 1A2 isoform, as the activity of the latter isoform could be investigated by using caffeine contained in the caffeinated beverages. Specifically, a single-point concentration of salivary caffeine (total overnight salivary caffeine assessment [TOSCA]) after an overnight period of the caffeinated beverages abstinence was utilized. In the present study, 75 nonsmoker patients regularly receiving warfarin sodium were enrolled. The results have showed a significant association of the warfarin dose with TOSCA values (coefficient = -0.15, standard error = 0.04, 95% confidence interval = -0.24 to -0.06, t = -3.23, P = .002). In conclusion, the phenotyping of CYP1A2 by TOSCA could be useful, if further proven, to help manage patients on warfarin in order to lessen severe adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Capone
- Integrated Care Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Anesthesiology and Drug-Use, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Contaldi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
| | - Adriana Gianno
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
| | - Mosca Teresa
- Integrated Care Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Anesthesiology and Drug-Use, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Tufano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Kidney stone disease is a global health care problem, with a high recurrence rate after stone removal. It is thus crucial to develop effective strategies to prevent the formation of new or recurrent stones. Caffeine is one of the main components in caffeinated beverages worldwide (i.e., coffee, tea, soft drinks, and energy drinks). Previous retrospective and prospective studies have reported contradictory effects of caffeine on kidney stone risk. Although it has a diuretic effect on enhancing urinary output, it may slightly increase the stone risk index. However, 3 large cohorts have suggested a preventive role of caffeine in kidney stone disease. In addition, a recent in vitro study has addressed relevant mechanisms underlying the preventive role of caffeine against stone pathogenesis. This review summarizes the relevant data from previous evidence and discusses the association between caffeine consumption and kidney stone risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paleerath Peerapen
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Address correspondence to VT (e-mail: or )
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17
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Llewelyn VK, Berger L, Glass BD. Regional variation in percutaneous absorption in the tree frog Litoria caerulea. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 60:5-11. [PMID: 29631153 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Frog skin structure and physiology differs between skin regions, however little is known about how these differences affect transdermal absorption of chemicals. Further, no information is available regarding how the relative lipophilicity of a chemical influences its transdermal pharmacokinetics in frog skin. This study investigated the in vitro percutaneous absorption of three model chemicals - benzoic acid, caffeine, and ibuprofen - through dorsal and ventral skin of the tree frog Litoria caerulea. Flux was significantly higher through the ventral skin for all chemicals. Relative lipophilicity affected flux differently in different skin regions. These differences are likely due to significantly thicker dorsal skin increasing absorption path length, and also possibly owing to lipoid secretions on the dorsum providing an additional diffusional barrier. This knowledge can advise risk mitigation of xenobiotics in agricultural and industrial settings, and also guide selection of chemicals and doses when considering transdermal drug therapy in captive frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Llewelyn
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia.
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - Beverley D Glass
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
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18
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Guzmán NAN, Molina DR, Núñez BF, Soto-Sosa JC, Abarca JEH. Bioequivalence and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation Study of Acetaminophen vs. Acetaminophen Plus Caffeine Tablets in Healthy Mexican Volunteers. Drugs R D 2018; 16:339-345. [PMID: 27734219 PMCID: PMC5114203 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-016-0145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this clinical trial was to establish the bioequivalence of two tablets containing acetaminophen 650 mg (reference) and acetaminophen 650 mg plus caffeine 65 mg (test), administered orally, in fasting conditions in healthy Mexican volunteers. Methods Blood samples were taken from 21 male and five female individuals, during a 24-h period, to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of acetaminophen. Plasma samples were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic metrics (maximum plasma concentration, area under the curve from time zero to the last sampling time, and area under the curve from time zero to infinity) were used to determine the 90 % confidence interval of the test/reference coefficient. Results The geometric mean values for maximum plasma concentration obtained for the reference and test products were 9.46 ± 34.21 and 9.72 ± 32.38 µg/mL, respectively, whereas for the area under the curve from time zero to the last sampling time the values obtained were 34.93 ± 32.58 and 35.89 ± 31.03 µg h/mL for the reference and test formulations, respectively. The 90 % confidence intervals were within the acceptance range (80–125 %). Conclusions The test product was bioequivalent to the reference product. A faster absorption was seen in the test formulation in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Angélica Núñez Guzmán
- Clínica de Enfermedades Crónicas y de Procedimientos Especiales, Fray Bernardino de Sahagún #101, Fraccionamiento Mirador del Punhuato, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Ruiz Molina
- Clínica de Enfermedades Crónicas y de Procedimientos Especiales, Fray Bernardino de Sahagún #101, Fraccionamiento Mirador del Punhuato, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Benigno Figueroa Núñez
- Clínica de Enfermedades Crónicas y de Procedimientos Especiales, Fray Bernardino de Sahagún #101, Fraccionamiento Mirador del Punhuato, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Soto-Sosa
- Clínica de Enfermedades Crónicas y de Procedimientos Especiales, Fray Bernardino de Sahagún #101, Fraccionamiento Mirador del Punhuato, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jorge Eduardo Herrera Abarca
- Clínica de Enfermedades Crónicas y de Procedimientos Especiales, Fray Bernardino de Sahagún #101, Fraccionamiento Mirador del Punhuato, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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19
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Laizure SC, Meibohm B, Nelson K, Chen F, Hu Z, Parker RB. Comparison of caffeine disposition following administration by oral solution (energy drink) and inspired powder (AeroShot) in human subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:2687-2694. [PMID: 28758694 PMCID: PMC5698589 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine the disposition and effects of caffeine after administration using a new dosage form (AeroShot) that delivers caffeine by inspiration of a fine powder into the oral cavity and compare it to an equivalent dose of an oral solution (energy drink) as the reference standard. METHODS Healthy human subjects (n = 17) inspired a 100 mg caffeine dose using the AeroShot device or consumed an energy drink on separate study days. Heart rate, blood pressure and subject assessments of effects were measured over an 8-h period. Plasma concentrations of caffeine and its major metabolites were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic, cardiovascular and perceived stimulant effects were compared between AeroShot and energy drink phases using a paired t test and standard bioequivalency analysis. RESULTS Caffeine disposition was similar after caffeine administration by the AeroShot device and energy drink: peak plasma concentration 1790 and 1939 ng ml-1 , and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) 15 579 and 17 569 ng ml-1 × h, respectively, but they were not bioequivalent: AeroShot AUC of 80.3% (confidence interval 71.2-104.7%) and peak plasma concentration of 86.3% (confidence interval 62.8-102.8%) compared to the energy drink. Female subjects did have a significantly larger AUC compared to males after consumption of the energy drink. The heart rate and blood pressure were not significantly affected by the 100 mg caffeine dose, and there were no consistently perceived stimulant effects by the subjects using visual analogue scales. CONCLUSION Inspiration of caffeine as a fine powder using the AeroShot device produces a similar caffeine profile and effects compared to administration of an oral solution (energy drink).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Casey Laizure
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA,
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Kembral Nelson
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA,
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA,
| | - Zhe‐Yi Hu
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA,
| | - Robert B. Parker
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA,
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20
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Abstract
Coffee is one of the most popular and widely consumed beverages worldwide due to its stimulating effects on the central nervous system as well as its taste and aroma. Coffee is a complex mixture of more than 800 volatile compounds whereas caffeine and chlorogenic acids are the most common compounds. During the last years, coffee has progressively moved to a less negative position on health due to its better-known pharmacology. Caffeine, e.g., in a cup of coffee, appears to exert most of its effects through an antagonism of the adenosine receptors. Novel approaches in epidemiological studies and experimental researches suggest that coffee consumption may help to prevent several chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and liver disease. Most prospective cohort studies have not found coffee consumption to be associated with a significantly increased cardiovascular disease risk. There is also evidence that decaffeinated coffee may, in some respect, have similar benefits as regular coffee, indicating that besides caffeine other components contribute to the health protecting effects. For adults consuming moderate amounts of coffee (3 - 4 cups/d providing 300 - 400 mg/d of caffeine), there is little evidence of health risks and some evidence of health benefits. This review provides up-to-date information about coffee on health. Topics addressed include the cardiovascular system, liver diseases, and diabetes as well as gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Nieber
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig
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21
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Armani S, Ting L, Sauter N, Darstein C, Tripathi AP, Wang L, Zhu B, Gu H, Chun DY, Einolf HJ, Kulkarni S. Drug Interaction Potential of Osilodrostat (LCI699) Based on Its Effect on the Pharmacokinetics of Probe Drugs of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Healthy Adults. Clin Drug Investig 2017; 37:465-472. [PMID: 28155129 PMCID: PMC5394143 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-017-0497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Osilodrostat (LCI699) is an adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitor currently in late-phase clinical development as a potential treatment for Cushing's disease. This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of osilodrostat on the pharmacokinetics of probe substrates of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. METHODS Healthy adult volunteers received single-dose cocktail probe substrates [caffeine (100 mg), omeprazole (20 mg), dextromethorphan (30 mg), and midazolam (2 mg)] followed by a 6-day washout. Subjects then received a single dose of osilodrostat 50 mg followed by a single dose of cocktail probe substrates. RESULTS Nineteen of twenty subjects (ten were male) completed the study. Mean age, body weight, and body mass index were 41.8 years, 73.0 kg, and 24.4 kg/m2. Geometric mean ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to the last measureable concentration and 90% confidence intervals of probe substrate exposure with osilodrostat were: caffeine (CYP1A2 probe substrate), 2.33 (2.10-2.59); omeprazole (CYP2C19), 1.91 (1.74-2.11); dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), 1.48 (1.34-1.63); and midazolam (CYP3A4/5), 1.50 (1.41-1.60). Corresponding values for geometric mean ratio of maximum plasma concentration (90% confidence interval) for the change in substrate exposure were 1.07 (0.988-1.15), 1.61 (1.40-1.84), 1.35 (1.21-1.50), and 1.47 (1.32-1.62). CONCLUSIONS Osilodrostat is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 and a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6 and the most clinically important CYP enzyme, CYP3A4. Osilodrostat is unlikely to significantly increase the exposures of other medications cleared by CYP3A4. These findings are clinically relevant given that Cushing's disease is a chronic condition often requiring multiple medications and that most other therapies have significant drug interaction potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lillian Ting
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, Building 315, 04-4230E, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
- Currently at Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas Sauter
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, Building 315, 04-4230E, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
| | | | - Anadya Prakash Tripathi
- Novartis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India
- Currently at PAREXEL International Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lai Wang
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, Building 315, 04-4230E, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
| | - Bing Zhu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, Building 315, 04-4230E, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
| | - Helen Gu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, Building 315, 04-4230E, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
| | - Dung Yu Chun
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, Building 315, 04-4230E, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
| | - Heidi J Einolf
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, Building 315, 04-4230E, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
| | - Swarupa Kulkarni
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, Building 315, 04-4230E, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA.
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22
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Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Urquhart BL, Freeman DJ, Arnold JM. Coffee-Antihypertensive Drug Interaction: A Hemodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Study With Felodipine. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:1386-1393. [PMID: 27481881 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A period of abstinence from coffee to permit caffeine elimination appears to enable increased blood pressure on subsequent exposure. We hypothesized that this would offset the antihypertensive effect of the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker felodipine. METHODS A randomized, single-dose, crossover study assessed hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects following 2 days without coffee and caffeine-containing foods. Consistently brewed black coffee (2×300ml), felodipine maximum recommended dose (10mg), and coffee plus felodipine were tested in middle-aged normotensive subjects. RESULTS Pretreatment plasma caffeine concentrations were unquantifiable. After coffee, blood pressure changes (mm Hg) averaged over study hours 1-4 were increased for brachial systolic (7.6, P < 0.001) and diastolic (4.9, P < 0.001) and aortic systolic (7.4, P < 0.001), pulse (3.0, P < 0.05) and augmentation (1.4, P < 0.05) relative to baseline. After coffee plus felodipine, they were higher for brachial systolic (4.0, P < 0.05) and diastolic (3.9, P < 0.001) and aortic systolic (4.6, P < 0.05) compared to felodipine alone. The pressor effects of coffee and its modulation by felodipine were variable among individuals. Coffee containing caffeine (127mg) caused maximum pressor effect. Caffeine and felodipine pharmacokinetics were similar for coffee and felodipine given alone or in combination indicating an interaction having a pharmacodynamic basis. Plasma felodipine concentration-diastolic blood pressure reduction relationship shifted with coffee such that doubling the felodipine concentration would eliminate the pressor effect. However, this may increase the risk of adverse drug events particularly during the timeframe without coffee. CONCLUSION Intermittent coffee ingestion might complicate hypertension diagnosis and management for many individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Bailey
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - George K Dresser
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - David J Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Malcolm Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Ten healthy volunteers were used in two studies investigating the effect of short-term Brassica consumption on caffeine metabolism. In the first study volunteers were given three Brassica-containing meals, the last one 3 h prior to caffeine administration. In the second study volunteers were given two Brassica-containing meals and then fasted overnight before caffeine administration. In both studies the mean plasma half-life of caffeine was reduced by approximately 20% following a Brassica diet, suggesting that Brassica vegetables stimulate caffeine metabolism. When caffeine was given 3 h after the last meal, plasma caffeine concentrations over 6 h, were increased by up to 27% on the Brassica diet compared to controls. This may be due to a transient increased permeability of the intestine to caffeine, immediately following Brassica consumption. This effect was not seen in the second study where there was a 12-h period between the last meal and caffeine administration. There was large interindividual variation in the effect of the Brassica diet on caffeine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E McDanell
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, Rayne Institute, UK
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24
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Gade C, Mikus G, Christensen HR, Dalhoff KP, Holm JC, Holst H. The CYTONOX trial. Dan Med J 2016; 63:A5226. [PMID: 27127017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Denmark, it is estimated that 3-5% of children are obese. Obesity is associated with pathophysiological alterations that may lead to alterations in the pharmacokinetics of drugs. In adults, obesity was found to influence important drug-metabolising enzyme pathways. The impact of obesity-related alterations on drug metabolism and its consequences for drug dosing remains largely unknown in both children and adults. An altered drug metabolism may contribute significantly to therapeutic failure or toxicity. The aim of this trial is to investigate the in vivo activity of CYP3A4, CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 substrates in obese versus non-obese children. METHODS The CYTONOX trial is an open-label explorative pharmacokinetic trial. We intend to include 50 obese and 50 non-obese children. The primary end points are: in vivo clearance of CYP3A4, CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 substrates, which will be defined by using well-tested probes; midazolam, chlorzoxazone and caffeine. Each of the probes will be administered as a single dose. Subsequently, blood and urine samples will be collected at pre-specified times. CONCLUSION The aim of the CYTONOX trial is to investigate the in vivo activity of CYP3A4, CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 in obese and non-obese children. The results are expected to be used in the future as a basis for drug dosing recommendations in obese children. FUNDING The study was funded by the Danish Regions' "Medicinpuljen". The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT: 2014-004554-34.
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25
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Abd E, Namjoshi S, Mohammed YH, Roberts MS, Grice JE. Synergistic Skin Penetration Enhancer and Nanoemulsion Formulations Promote the Human Epidermal Permeation of Caffeine and Naproxen. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:212-20. [PMID: 26554868 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We examined the extent of skin permeation enhancement of the hydrophilic drug caffeine and lipophilic drug naproxen applied in nanoemulsions incorporating skin penetration enhancers. Infinite doses of fully characterized oil-in-water nanoemulsions containing the skin penetration enhancers oleic acid or eucalyptol as oil phases and caffeine (3%) or naproxen (2%) were applied to human epidermal membranes in Franz diffusion cells, along with aqueous control solutions. Caffeine and naproxen fluxes were determined over 8 h. Solute solubility in the formulations and in the stratum corneum (SC), as well as the uptake of product components into the SC were measured. The nanoemulsions significantly enhanced the skin penetration of caffeine and naproxen, compared to aqueous control solutions. Caffeine maximum flux enhancement was associated with a synergistic increase in both caffeine SC solubility and skin diffusivity, whereas a formulation-increased solubility in the SC was the dominant determinant for increased naproxen fluxes. Enhancements in SC solubility were related to the uptake of the formulation excipients containing the active compounds into the SC. Enhanced skin penetration in these systems is largely driven by uptake of formulation excipients containing the active compounds into the SC with impacts on SC solubility and diffusivity.
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26
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Barbero AM, Frasch HF. Effect of Frozen Human Epidermis Storage Duration and Cryoprotectant on Barrier Function Using Two Model Compounds. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 29:31-40. [PMID: 26606593 PMCID: PMC4742402 DOI: 10.1159/000441038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin is commonly stored frozen and then thawed prior to use for in vitro permeation experiments. Does frozen storage of skin alter its barrier property? Numerous studies have found contradictory answers to this question. In this study, the steady-state flux and lag time of diethyl phthalate (DEP) were measured for fresh human skin and skin frozen at -85°C for 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months with 10% glycerol as a cryoprotective agent. No significant differences in steady-state flux were found between fresh and previously frozen samples (p = 0.6). For lag time, a significant (p = 0.002) difference was found among all groups, but comparisons with fresh skin were not significant. Does glycerol have a cryoprotective effect? The steady-state flux and lag time of DEP and caffeine were measured through human skin stored at -85°C for up to 12 months with and without 10% glycerol. No significant differences in steady-state flux or lag time were found between samples stored with or without glycerol for either DEP or caffeine (p ≥ 0.17). These findings support the use of frozen skin to measure the passive permeation of chemicals in studies unconcerned with viability and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Barbero
- Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - H. Frederick Frasch
- Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
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27
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Abstract
The mammalian liver plays a key role for metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics in the body. The corresponding biochemical processes are typically subject to spatial variations at different length scales. Zonal enzyme expression along sinusoids leads to zonated metabolization already in the healthy state. Pathological states of the liver may involve liver cells affected in a zonated manner or heterogeneously across the whole organ. This spatial heterogeneity, however, cannot be described by most computational models which usually consider the liver as a homogeneous, well-stirred organ. The goal of this article is to present a methodology to extend whole-body pharmacokinetics models by a detailed liver model, combining different modeling approaches from the literature. This approach results in an integrated four-scale model, from single cells via sinusoids and the organ to the whole organism, capable of mechanistically representing metabolization inhomogeneity in livers at different spatial scales. Moreover, the model shows circulatory mixing effects due to a delayed recirculation through the surrounding organism. To show that this approach is generally applicable for different physiological processes, we show three applications as proofs of concept, covering a range of species, compounds, and diseased states: clearance of midazolam in steatotic human livers, clearance of caffeine in mouse livers regenerating from necrosis, and a parameter study on the impact of different cell entities on insulin uptake in mouse livers. The examples illustrate how variations only discernible at the local scale influence substance distribution in the plasma at the whole-body level. In particular, our results show that simultaneously considering variations at all relevant spatial scales may be necessary to understand their impact on observations at the organism scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Schenk
- Computational Systems Biology, Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Clemens Kreutz
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Lars Kuepfer
- Computational Systems Biology, Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Preusser
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
- Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
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28
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Oshikoya KA, Sammons H, Smith K, Choonara I. Lack of a significant change in caffeine metabolism in underweight children as determined by the caffeine breath test. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100:689-93. [PMID: 25897037 PMCID: PMC4483790 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-308017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limited data from pharmacokinetic studies in underweight and severely malnourished children have indicated an impaired activity of their hepatic enzymes. We used the caffeine breath test to assess the metabolising activity of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) enzyme in underweight children. METHODS Underweight children from the paediatric outpatient clinic, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja in Nigeria, were studied. After an overnight fast, 15 underweight children took 3 mg/kg labelled caffeine orally. Breath samples were collected in duplicate at -20, -10 and -1 min and at 15 min intervals for 2 h. The mean cumulative per cent dose recovered (CPDR) of labelled caffeine in the expired carbon dioxide was determined over the study period. This was repeated after 2-6 weeks of nutritional rehabilitation. RESULTS The mean areas under the enrichment-time curve before and after nutritional rehabilitation were 0.539±0.320 and 0.620±0.322 atom per cent excess minute, respectively. The difference between the two values was not statistically significant (p=0.528). The mean CPDR in the exhaled carbon dioxide of the underweight children over a period of 2 h was 7.56±4.01% and 7.95±3.68% before and after nutritional rehabilitation, respectively, and there was no significant difference in the mean values (p=0.603). CONCLUSIONS The metabolism of caffeine was not significantly affected in underweight children compared with after 2-6 weeks of nutritional rehabilitation. This suggests that hepatic CYP1A2-metabolising activity was not significantly impaired in underweight children.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Oshikoya
- Academic Division of Child Health, Graduate Entry Medical School in Derby, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK Department of Pharmacology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - H Sammons
- Academic Division of Child Health, Graduate Entry Medical School in Derby, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - K Smith
- Clinical Physiology Department Graduate Entry Medical School in Derby, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - I Choonara
- Academic Division of Child Health, Graduate Entry Medical School in Derby, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
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Adehin A, Bolaji OO. Polymorphisms of CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 activity: phenotypes and the effect of age and sex in a Nigerian population. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2015; 30:203-10. [PMID: 26098700 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2015-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 are polymorphic enzymes that metabolise several compounds of clinical importance. This study investigated the prevalent phenotypes of these enzymes and the influence of age and sex on enzyme activity in a Nigerian population. METHODS Caffeine (110 mg) was administered to each of 129 healthy, unrelated subjects (85 males and 44 females) who were non-smokers. Urine voided within 7 h after caffeine administration was collected for a high performance liquid chromatographic assay of caffeine (137X), 1,7-dimethyluric acid (17U) and 1,7-dimethylxanthine (17X). CYP1A2 activity was measured as a ratio of (17U+17X) to 137X, while 17U/17X served as marker for CYP2A6. Transformed data were analysed and the influences of age and sex on activity were also determined. RESULTS Distribution of CYP1A2 activity in the population was bimodal with a mean±SD of 0.82±0.41, while that of CYP2A6 was trimodal with a mean±SD activity of 0.27±0.42 of the log-transformed urinary molar ratio of metabolites. The influences of age and sex on enzyme activity for both CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 were not significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study established the prevalence of polymorphism in phenotypes of CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 activity in the Nigerian population, but no influence of age and sex on enzyme activity was observed in this population.
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Laskowski LK, Henesch JA, Nelson LS, Hoffman RS, Smith SW. Start me up! Recurrent ventricular tachydysrhythmias following intentional concentrated caffeine ingestion. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53:830-833. [PMID: 26279469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nearly pure caffeine is sold as a "dietary supplement," with instructions to ingest 1/64th to 1/16th of one teaspoon (50-200 mg). We report a patient with refractory cardiac dysrhythmias treated with defibrillation, beta-adrenergic blockade, and hemodialysis to highlight concentrated caffeine's dangers. CASE DETAILS A 20-year-old woman presented with severe agitation, tremor, and vomiting approximately 1-2 h after suicidal ingestion of concentrated caffeine (powder and tablets). Within minutes, ventricular fibrillation commenced. Defibrillation, intubation, and amiodarone administration achieved return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Shortly thereafter, she developed pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VTach), with ROSC after defibrillation and lidocaine. She subsequently experienced 23 episodes of pulseless VTach, each responsive to defibrillation. Activated charcoal was administered via orogastric tube. An esmolol infusion was started. Hemodialysis was initiated once she was hemodynamically stable. She was extubated the following day, continued on oral metoprolol, and transferred to psychiatry on hospital day seven, achieving full neurological recovery. Serum caffeine concentrations performed approximately six and 18 h post-ingestion (pre/post-dialysis) were 240.8 mcg/mL and 150.7 mcg/mL. DISCUSSION Severe caffeine toxicity can produce difficult to treat, life-threatening dysrhythmias. Concentrated caffeine, marketed for dietary supplementation, presents a substantial public health risk that demands action to limit consumer availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa K Laskowski
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York , USA
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31
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Chang ZQ, Li J, Zhai QQ. Evaluation on activity of cytochrome p450 enzymes in turbot via a probe drug cocktail. J Aquat Anim Health 2014; 26:272-277. [PMID: 25369285 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2014.938868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are the main catalytic enzymes for metabolism by a variety of endogenous and exogenous substrates in mammals, fish, insects, etc. We evaluated the application of a multidrug cocktail on changes in CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 activity in Turbot Scophthalmus maximus. The probe drugs were a combination of caffeine (5 mg/kg body weight), dapsone (5 mg/kg), and chlorzoxazone (10 mg/kg). After a single intraperitoneal injection of the cocktail, the concentration of all three probe drugs in the plasma increased quickly to a peak and then decreased gradually over 24 h. Pharmacokinetic profiles of the three probe drugs were determined using a noncompartmental analysis, and the typical parameters were calculated. In the assay for CYP induction, pretreatment with rifampicin significantly reduced the typical pharmacokinetic metrics for caffeine and chlorzoxazone, but not dapsone, indicating that the activity of CYP1 and CYP2 in turbot were induced by rifampicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Chang
- a Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071 , China
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Kawaguchi-Suzuki M, Frye RF, Zhu HJ, Brinda BJ, Chavin KD, Bernstein HJ, Markowitz JS. The effects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on human cytochrome P450 activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1611-6. [PMID: 25028567 PMCID: PMC4164972 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) extracts are widely used as a complementary and alternative treatment of various hepatic conditions and a host of other diseases/disorders. The active constituents of milk thistle supplements are believed to be the flavonolignans contained within the extracts. In vitro studies have suggested that some milk thistle components may significantly inhibit specific cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. However, determining the potential for clinically significant drug interactions with milk thistle products has been complicated by inconsistencies between in vitro and in vivo study results. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a standardized milk thistle supplement on major P450 drug-metabolizing enzymes after a 14-day exposure period. CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5 activities were measured by simultaneously administering the four probe drugs, caffeine, tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, and midazolam, to nine healthy volunteers before and after exposure to a standardized milk thistle extract given thrice daily for 14 days. The three most abundant falvonolignans found in plasma, following exposure to milk thistle extracts, were silybin A, silybin B, and isosilybin B. The concentrations of these three major constituents were individually measured in study subjects as potential perpetrators. The peak concentrations and areas under the time-concentration curves of the four probe drugs were determined with the milk thistle administration. Exposure to milk thistle extract produced no significant influence on CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4/5 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kawaguchi-Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research (M.K.-S., R.F.F., B.J.B., J.S.M.) and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.K.-S., R.F.F., J.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.-J.Z.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation (K.D.C.), and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (H.J.B.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Reginald F Frye
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research (M.K.-S., R.F.F., B.J.B., J.S.M.) and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.K.-S., R.F.F., J.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.-J.Z.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation (K.D.C.), and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (H.J.B.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research (M.K.-S., R.F.F., B.J.B., J.S.M.) and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.K.-S., R.F.F., J.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.-J.Z.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation (K.D.C.), and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (H.J.B.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Bryan J Brinda
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research (M.K.-S., R.F.F., B.J.B., J.S.M.) and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.K.-S., R.F.F., J.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.-J.Z.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation (K.D.C.), and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (H.J.B.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kenneth D Chavin
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research (M.K.-S., R.F.F., B.J.B., J.S.M.) and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.K.-S., R.F.F., J.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.-J.Z.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation (K.D.C.), and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (H.J.B.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Hilary J Bernstein
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research (M.K.-S., R.F.F., B.J.B., J.S.M.) and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.K.-S., R.F.F., J.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.-J.Z.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation (K.D.C.), and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (H.J.B.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - John S Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research (M.K.-S., R.F.F., B.J.B., J.S.M.) and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.K.-S., R.F.F., J.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.-J.Z.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation (K.D.C.), and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (H.J.B.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Abstract
Therapeutic properties of tea Camellia sinensis are of particular interest since it has been consumed for ages and was always regarded as safe beverage. Tea is most popular beverage in the world because of its attractive aroma, exceptional taste, health promoting and pharmaceutical potential. Current results showed that antioxidative, antibacterial and other health effects are attributed to its caffeine content and caffeine - polyphenols interactions. An overview is given on caffeine content in different tea leaves beverage. Special attention is drawn to caffeine physiological effect on human organism. Controversies concerning the possible caffeine influence on human physical and psychological health are briefly summarized and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gramza-Michałowska
- A. Gramza-Michałowska, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland, Tel. +48(61)8487331, Fax +48(61)8487430, E-mail:
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Aguirre-Martínez GV, Del Valls TA, Martín-Díaz ML. Identification of biomarkers responsive to chronic exposure to pharmaceuticals in target tissues of Carcinus maenas. Mar Environ Res 2013; 87-88:1-11. [PMID: 23562135 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A 28-day bioassay was performed with Carcinus maenas to evaluate chronic effects caused by exposure to caffeine and ibuprofen (0.1-50 μg L(-1)) in sea water. Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) was evaluated in hemolymph applying the neutral red retention assay (NRRA); several biomarkers including ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), dibenzylfluorescein dealkylase (DBF), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA damage were studied in gill, hepatopancreas, muscle and gonad tissues. In crabs exposed to environmental concentrations of the drugs, retention time was reduced by 50%. EROD and DBFOD activities were induced by caffeine in muscle and hepatopancreas tissues (p < 0.05); GST activity was activated by ibuprofen in gill, hepatopancreas and muscle at the highest concentrations tested (p < 0.05). All tissues showed GPX activity and LPO induction (p < 0.05). Crabs exposed to caffeine and ibuprofen showed evidence of DNA damage mainly in hepatopancreas tissues (p < 0.05). Environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals induce LMS and the biochemical responses studied in this crab. This methodology is a suitable technique for assessing pharmaceutical toxicity in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Aguirre-Martínez
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Facultad Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, P. Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Hodgson AB, Randell RK, Jeukendrup AE. The metabolic and performance effects of caffeine compared to coffee during endurance exercise. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59561. [PMID: 23573201 PMCID: PMC3616086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is consistent evidence supporting the ergogenic effects of caffeine for endurance based exercise. However, whether caffeine ingested through coffee has the same effects is still subject to debate. The primary aim of the study was to investigate the performance enhancing effects of caffeine and coffee using a time trial performance test, while also investigating the metabolic effects of caffeine and coffee. In a single-blind, crossover, randomised counter-balanced study design, eight trained male cyclists/triathletes (Mean ± SD: Age 41 ± 7 y, Height 1.80 ± 0.04 m, Weight 78.9 ± 4.1 kg, VO2 max 58 ± 3 ml • kg(-1) • min(-1)) completed 30 min of steady-state (SS) cycling at approximately 55% VO2max followed by a 45 min energy based target time trial (TT). One hour prior to exercise each athlete consumed drinks consisting of caffeine (5 mg CAF/kg BW), instant coffee (5 mg CAF/kg BW), instant decaffeinated coffee or placebo. The set workloads produced similar relative exercise intensities during the SS for all drinks, with no observed difference in carbohydrate or fat oxidation. Performance times during the TT were significantly faster (~5.0%) for both caffeine and coffee when compared to placebo and decaf (38.35 ± 1.53, 38.27 ± 1.80, 40.23 ± 1.98, 40.31 ± 1.22 min respectively, p<0.05). The significantly faster performance times were similar for both caffeine and coffee. Average power for caffeine and coffee during the TT was significantly greater when compared to placebo and decaf (294 ± 21 W, 291 ± 22 W, 277 ± 14 W, 276 ± 23 W respectively, p<0.05). No significant differences were observed between placebo and decaf during the TT. The present study illustrates that both caffeine (5 mg/kg/BW) and coffee (5 mg/kg/BW) consumed 1 h prior to exercise can improve endurance exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian B. Hodgson
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Sport and Exercise Science, University Of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca K. Randell
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Sport and Exercise Science, University Of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Asker E. Jeukendrup
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Sport and Exercise Science, University Of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Gatorade Sport Science Institute, PepsiCo, Barrington, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the usefulness of the metabolite/caffeine ratio for the evaluation of hepatic dysfunction. Subjects with liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis, as well as healthy volunteers, were given the oral dose of 300 mg caffeine. Blood samples were collected after 4, 8, and 12 hours. Concentrations of caffeine (CA) and its three metabolites-paraxanthine (PX), theobromine (TB), and theophylline (TP)-were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters of caffeine and PX/CA, TB/CA, and TP/CA ratios were calculated. Elimination of caffeine was decreased in cirrhotics in comparison with healthy volunteers, as proved by the values of clearance (0.035 vs. 0.094 L/h/kg), elimination coefficient (0.061 vs. 0.153 h(-1)), and half-life (11.4 vs. 4.3 h). Serum metabolite/caffeine ratios were significantly reduced in cirrhotic patients: PX/CA by more than 80%, TB/CA by 50% to 70%, and TP/CA by 40% to 70%. The reduction of the ratios in chronic hepatitis patients was lower and did not occur at all time points. A high correlation was found between caffeine clearance and metabolite/caffeine ratios. Metabolite/caffeine ratios calculated in a single blood sample collected 8 or 12 hours after caffeine administration could provide a practical assessment of hepatic function in cirrhotic patients. The value of the test for the chronic hepatitis patients is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Jodynis-Liebert
- University of Medical Sciences, Department of Toxicology, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Pozna[S1], Poland
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Johnson BM, Song IH, Adkison KK, Borland J, Fang L, Lou Y, Berrey MM, Nafziger AN, Piscitelli SC, Bertino JS. Evaluation of the Drug Interaction Potential of Aplaviroc, a Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Entry Inhibitor, Using a Modified Cooperstown 5 + 1 Cocktail. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 46:577-87. [PMID: 16638741 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006287291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aplaviroc is a novel CCR5 antagonist, a class of compounds under investigation as viral entry inhibitors for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. A modified Cooperstown 5+1 cocktail was used to assess the drug interaction potential of aplaviroc. Fifteen healthy subjects were administered single oral doses of caffeine (CYP1A2), warfarin (CYP2C9), omeprazole (CYP2C19), dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), and midazolam (CYP3A) alone (reference treatment) and during steady-state administration of aplaviroc (400 mg every 12 hours, test treatment). Metabolite-to-parent area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) ratios (paraxanthine/caffeine and 5-hydroxyomeprazole/omeprazole), oral clearance (S-warfarin), AUC (midazolam), and metabolite-to-parent urinary excretion ratio (dextrorphan/dextromethorphan) were determined. The test-to-reference treatment ratios (geometric mean ratio and 90% confidence interval) were caffeine, 1.06 (0.97-1.17); S-warfarin, 0.93 (0.76-1.15); omeprazole, 1.07 (0.98-1.16); dextromethorphan, 1.17 (0.97-1.42); midazolam, 1.30 (1.04-1.63). No significant inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP2D6 enzyme activity was observed. Mild inhibition of CYP3A isozymes should not preclude the use of concomitant CYP3A substrates in future clinical studies with aplaviroc.
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Shelepova T, Nafziger AN, Victory J, Kashuba ADM, Rowland E, Zhang Y, Sellers E, Kearns G, Leeder JS, Gaedigk A, Bertino JS. Effect of a Triphasic Oral Contraceptive on Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Activity as Measured by the Validated Cooperstown 5+1 Cocktail. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 45:1413-21. [PMID: 16291717 DOI: 10.1177/0091270005280851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a common oral contraceptive preparation on the activity of 7 drug-metabolizing enzymes were investigated using the validated Cooperstown 5+1 Cocktail. In a randomized crossover fashion, 10 premenopausal women received caffeine, dextromethorphan, omeprazole, intravenous midazolam, and warfarin + vitamin K with and without a triphasic oral contraceptive (ethinyl estradiol 35 microg) and varying doses of daily norgestimate (0.18, 0.215, and 0.25 mg). Bioequivalence testing showed nonequivalence in drug versus no-drug treatment on the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (as reflected by metabolite ratios following probe drug administration); the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and NAT-2 decreased following the oral contraceptive, whereas the activity of CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 increased. No effects on xanthine oxidase or hepatic CYP3A were seen. Application of a non-parametric statistical testing approach revealed a significant difference only for CYP1A2 and CYP2C19. This triphasic oral contraceptive may have a clinically significant effect on the activity of some drug-metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Shelepova
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Bassett Healthcare, Cooperstown, New York, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent A Sepkowitz
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Infection Control, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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40
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Novitskaia IG, Litvin AA, Viglinskaia AO, Zherdev VP. [Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interaction of aphobazole with CYP1A2 drug-substrate in experiments]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2013; 76:30-33. [PMID: 24003488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of aphobazole on CYP1A2 (drug-marker caffeine) was studied in rats. Aphobazole was administered orally at doses 5 and 25 mg/kg, caffeine 50 mg/kg. The metabolic ratios (MR) for the caffeine metabolites (theobromine and paraxanthine) were accounted. After aphobazole administration at the effective, anxiolytic dose (5 mg/kg) for 4 days (3 times per day every 3 hours) neither the inhibiting nor the inducing effects on NOD1A2 was revealed. Increasing the aphobazole dose up to 25 mg/kg after 2 days repeated administrations of the drug made it possible to reveal a moderate inducing effect. Longer aphobazole administration (4 days), the inducing effect is amplified. Since the MR values on theobromine and paraxanthine after 2-day administration aphobazole exceed similar values in the control of 2.5 and 3.3 times, respectively. MR values after the 4-days aphobazole administration in dose 25 mg/kg exceed similar values in the control of 4.2 times for theobromine and in 6.1 times for paraxanthine.
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Plowchalk DR, Rowland Yeo K. Prediction of drug clearance in a smoking population: modeling the impact of variable cigarette consumption on the induction of CYP1A2. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 68:951-60. [PMID: 22258279 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-011-1189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To derive estimates of CYP1A2 abundance as a function of daily cigarette consumption and use these values to predict the clearances of CYP1A2 substrates in smokers. METHODS Smoking-induced changes in hepatic CYP1A2 abundance were extrapolated from reported in vivo caffeine clearance data for sub-groups of a smoking population that were categorized according to their daily cigarette consumption. These abundance values together with in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) within the Simcyp population-based Simulator were used to predict the clearances of caffeine, theophylline, and clozapine in smokers. The model was used subsequently to predict differences in oral clearance between smoker and non-smoker cohorts in a Phase 1 clinical trial involving PF-2400013, a drug metabolized by CYP1A2. RESULTS Estimated hepatic CYP1A2 abundance values were 52, 64, 79, 90, and 94 pmol/mg microsomal protein for subjects smoking 0, 1-5, 6-10, 11-20, and >20 cigarettes/day respectively. Predicted -fold increases in oral clearance of caffeine, theophylline and clozapine in smokers relative to non-smokers were consistent with observed data. The validated model was able to recover the smoking-induced increase in oral clearance of PF-2400013; predicted and observed mean (CV%) values in male nonsmokers and smokers were 90 L/h (40%) and 141 L/h (34%) respectively, and 100 L/h (58%) and 131 L/h (33%) respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that it may be possible to predict the clearance of CYP1A2 substrates in smoking populations using quantitative estimates of CYP1A2 abundance based on daily cigarette consumption in conjunction with an IVIVE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Plowchalk
- Clinical Pharmacology, Primary Care BU, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Han YL, Li D, Ren B, Jing GP, Meng XL, Zhou ZY, Yu Q, Li Y, Wan LL, Guo C. Evaluation of impact of Herba Erigerontis injection, a Chinese herbal prescription, on rat hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by cocktail probe drugs. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 139:104-109. [PMID: 22079696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herba Erigerontis injection (HEI), one of the most popular herbal prescription in China, is made from the aqueous extracts of Erigeron breviscapus whole plant. Now HEI is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, anginapectoris and paralysis. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo effect of HEI on rat cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C11, CYP2D4, CYP2E1 and CYP3A2) to assess its safety through its potential to interact with co-administered drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomly divided into five groups. Rats were intravenous administrated with HEI via the caudal vein at the dosage of 1.8ml/kg or 7.2ml/kg once daily for consecutive 3 days or 14 days. On the fourth or the fifteenth day, a cocktail solution at a dose of 5ml/kg, which contained caffeine (2.5mg/kg), tolbutamide (2.5mg/kg), chlorzoxazone (5mg/kg), midazolam (5mg/kg) and metoprolol (10mg/kg), was injected via the lingual vein to all rats. Then 0.8ml blood samples were collected at a set of time-points. The plasma concentrations of probe drugs were simultaneously determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters simulated by DAS software were used for the evaluation of HEI on the activities of rat CYP1A2, CYP2C11, CYP2D4, CYP2E1 and CYP3A2 enzymes. ANOVA and Dunnett's test was used for data analysis. RESULTS There were no significant influence of pharmacokinetic parameters of caffeine, tolbutamide and chlorzoxazone in HEI pretreated rats. But many pharmacokinetic parameters of metoprolol and midazolam in HEI pretreated rats were affected significantly (P<0.05), which indicated that metabolism of metoprolol and midazolam in these treatment groups was evidently slowed down. CONCLUSIONS The results from the present in vivo study suggested that HEI showed no effects on rat CYP1A2, CYP2C11 and CYP2E1, however, it demonstrated potential inhibitory effects on rat CYP2D4 and CYP3A2. Therefore, caution is needed when HEI is co-administered with drugs metabolized by human CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 in clinic, which may result in increased concentrations of these drugs and relevant herb-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Long Han
- Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
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Huang M, Gao JY, Zhai ZG, Liang QL, Wang YM, Bai YQ, Luo GA. An HPLC-ESI-MS method for simultaneous determination of fourteen metabolites of promethazine and caffeine and its application to pharmacokinetic study of the combination therapy against motion sickness. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 62:119-28. [PMID: 22264564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The combination therapy, promethazine and caffeine had been proven effective in treating motion sickness and counteracting some possible side effects of using promethazine alone while the mechanism and interaction remained unclear. Therefore, an HPLC-ESI-MS method for simultaneous determination of both drugs, and their metabolites was developed for purpose of pharmacokinetic study. To determine as many metabolites as possible, the influence of parameters such as column, flow rate and pH value of mobile phase, ionization polarity and fragmentation voltage were optimized. Fourteen target analytes were well separated and all of them could be identified and determined in plasma after administration of promethazine and caffeine. The LODs and LOQs were 0.9-6.0 and 2.50-16.0 ng/ml, respectively; the recoveries of three levels of quality control samples were from 86.7% to 102%; the intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 3% and 9%, separately; and the RSDs of compound stability were all lower than 10% within 24h after sample preparation. As a pharmacokinetic study of the combination therapy in 30 healthy volunteers, concentration-time curves of the drugs and metabolites were studied. The present method for simultaneous measurement of more than ten metabolites is valuable for the study of mechanism and interaction of the combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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44
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What is it about coffee? Research is showing benefits for everything from depression to liver disease. Is it just the caffeine? Harv Health Lett 2012; 37:4-5. [PMID: 22400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Gómez-Martínez LE. Disposition kinetics of caffeine and paraxanthine in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): characterization of the main metabolites. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2011; 60:654-664. [PMID: 20669017 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive and developmental toxicities of caffeine (CA) reported in mammals have been linked with the characteristics of its kinetic disposition. Because undesirable reproductive effects in fish have also been reported, and considering that CA has been found worldwide at relatively high concentrations in most bodies of waters, this study evaluated the disposition kinetics of CA and its main metabolite paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine; PX) in Nile tilapia after a single intraperitoneal administration (4 mg/kg). CA showed rapid absorption, first-order elimination with biexponential decay, rapid intercompartmental transfer, wide distribution in almost the entire body water (apparent volume of distribution [Vd(ss)] 0.45 l/kg), terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2) (β)) 4.08 h, and systemic clearance (Cl) 0.75 ml/min/kg; there were no important differences between parameters determined in plasma or in other organs (liver and gills). PX was rapidly formed in liver, showing saturable-kinetic properties in this organ, with V(max) 8.11 μg/g h and K(m) 12.58 μg/g. The terminal elimination linear process was similar between matrices, with a half-life (t(1/2 el)) 2.12 h, Vd(ss) 0.35 l/kg, and Cl 1.24 ml/min/kg. CA in tilapia was extensively metabolized to 1-methyl-uric acid and 1-methyl-xanthine in all of the organs studied. Metabolic and kinetic patterns were comparable with those reported for mammals. The observation of a concentration-dependent kinetic of PX is an important finding. Thus, toxicities of CA in fish would appear to be similar to those in mammals and should be considered in the risk assessments for this species, especially during the early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth E Gómez-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Abstract
Abstract
The rate of release of caffeine from capsules of guarana was compared with that from capsules containing an equivalent amount of caffeine using the British Pharmacopoeia dissolution test apparatus. Determinations were carried out in media of pH 2 and 6·8 and caffeine concentrations in the dissolution fluid were determined by HPLC. No significant differences in release rates were found between the two preparations at either pH. The rate of absorption of caffeine across rat intestine using the everted gut was also compared for a guarana suspension and a solution containing an equivalent amount of caffeine. Experiments were carried out using fluids of pH 4·0 and 7·4. No significant differences in absorption between the two preparations were observed. These results show that the release and uptake of caffeine from guarana is the same as for preparations containing free caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Bempong
- Chelsea Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, UK
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47
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Brent RL, Christian MS, Diener RM. Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2011; 92:152-87. [PMID: 21370398 PMCID: PMC3121964 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A risk analysis of in utero caffeine exposure is presented utilizing epidemiological studies and animal studies dealing with congenital malformation, pregnancy loss, and weight reduction. These effects are of interest to teratologists, because animal studies are useful in their evaluation. Many of the epidemiology studies did not evaluate the impact of the "pregnancy signal," which identifies healthy pregnancies and permits investigators to identify subjects with low pregnancy risks. The spontaneous abortion epidemiology studies were inconsistent and the majority did not consider the confounding introduced by not considering the pregnancy signal. The animal studies do not support the concept that caffeine is an abortafacient for the wide range of human caffeine exposures. Almost all the congenital malformation epidemiology studies were negative. Animal pharmacokinetic studies indicate that the teratogenic plasma level of caffeine has to reach or exceed 60 µg/ml, which is not attainable from ingesting large amounts of caffeine in foods and beverages. No epidemiological study described the "caffeine teratogenic syndrome." Six of the 17 recent epidemiology studies dealing with the risk of caffeine and fetal weight reduction were negative. Seven of the positive studies had growth reductions that were clinically insignificant and none of the studies cited the animal literature. Analysis of caffeine's reproductive toxicity considers reproducibility and plausibility of clinical, epidemiological, and animal data. Moderate or even high amounts of beverages and foods containing caffeine do not increase the risks of congenital malformations, miscarriage or growth retardation. Pharmacokinetic studies markedly improve the ability to perform the risk analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Brent
- Thomas Jefferson University, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19899, USA.
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Abstract
Caffeine has been extensively used as a probe to measure CYP1A2 activity in humans with caffeine clearance or the paraxanthine (major metabolite of caffeine) to caffeine concentration ratio being regarded as the preferred metric. A simple reverse-phased C(18) HPLC assay using ethyl acetate liquid-liquid extraction was developed to quantitate caffeine and paraxanthine concentrations in saliva and plasma. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-acetic acid-H(2)O (100:1:899) and analytes were quantitated with UV detection at 280 nm. The extraction recovery for paraxanthine and caffeine was approximately 70% in both saliva and plasma. The assay was linear over the concentration ranges 0.05-2.50 and 0.05-5.00 µg/mL, for paraxanthine and caffeine, respectively, in saliva. In plasma the assay was linear over the ranges 0.025-2.50 and 0.025-5.00 µg/mL for paraxanthine and caffeine, respectively. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy were less than 15%. Detection limits were 0.015 µg/mL for paraxanthine and caffeine in saliva, while it was 0.005 µg/mL for paraxanthine and caffeine in plasma. Utility was established in samples collected from two healthy volunteers who abstained from caffeine for 24 h and received a single 100 mg oral dose of caffeine. The assay developed is a robust, simple and precise technique to measure caffeine and paraxanthine in saliva and plasma of healthy volunteers after a single oral dose of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Perera
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Health tips. Avoiding food and drug interactions. Mayo Clin Health Lett 2011; 29:3. [PMID: 21341419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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50
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Miller MC. What is the blood-brain barrier? I've heard that it may have something to do with psychiatric disorders. Is that true? Harv Ment Health Lett 2010; 27:8. [PMID: 21218616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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