Anti-breast cancer activity of the essential oil from grapefruit mint (Mentha suaveolens × piperita)

Grapefruit mint (Mentha suaveolens × piperita) is a hybrid, perennial, and aromatic plant widely cultivated all over the world and used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries mostly for its valuable essential oil. Herein, we evaluated the anticancer activity of the grapefruit mint essential oil, cultivated in Iran. For the chemical composition analysis of essential oil, GC-MS was used. MTT assay was utilized for assessing the cytotoxic activity of the essential oil. The type of cell death was determined by annexin V/PI staining. Essential oil effect on the expression of maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), a regulatory lncRNA involved in cell growth, proliferation, and metastasis, was studied using qRT-PCR. Linalool (43.9%) and linalool acetate (40.1%) were identified as the dominant compounds of essential oil. Compared with MCF-7, the MDA-MB-231 cells were more sensitive to essential oil (IC50 = 7.6 μg/ml in MCF-7 and 5.9 μg/ml in MDA-MB-231 after 48 h). Essential oil induced cell death by apoptosis. Wound healing scratch assay confirmed the anti-invasive effect of essential oil. In addition, essential oil upregulated the tumor suppressor MEG3 in breast cancer cells. These results provide new insights into grapefruit mint essential oil potential application as an anticancer adjuvant in combination treatments for breast cancer patients.

Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) sponge layers as a potential source of soluble dietary fiber: Evaluation of its physicochemical, structural and functional properties

Pomelo sponge layer (PSL) had been considered as a potential source of soluble dietary fiber (SDF), while they were mostly disposed of as waste. To promote high-value utilization of pomelo wastes, this study extracted SDF from PSL of six varieties of pomelo, and their physicochemical, structural and functional properties were investigated. Results indicated that all PSL-SDFs showed good physicochemical and functional properties. Among them, PSL-SDF from grapefruit (GRSDF) showed better water holding capacity and swelling capacity, whereas Shatian pomelo PSL-SDF and Guanxi pomelo PSL-SDF had the highest thermal stability and oil holding capacity, respectively. Furthermore, compared with other PSL-SDFs, GRSDF displayed the lowest hydrolysis degree coupled with the best antioxidant and probiotic growth-promoting abilities. Finally, the correlation analysis showed that multiple beneficial effects of PSL-SDFs were markedly associated with their molecular weight and the concentrations of total phenolic, total flavonoids, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose and arabinose. Collectively, these findings contributed to a better understanding of the physicochemical and functional properties of SDFs extracted from different PSLs, which provided a scientific basis for the development of PSL-SDFs into functional foods.

Identification and structural characterization of key prebiotic fraction of soluble dietary fiber from grapefruit peel sponge layer and its regulation effect on gut microbiota

In this study, the key prebiotic fraction of grapefruit peel sponge layer soluble dietary fiber (GSLSDF) was identified, and its structure characteristics and modulatory effect on intestinal microorganisms were investigated. Firstly, two fractions (GSLSDF-1 and GSLSDF-2) were isolated from GSLSDF, and the GSLSDF-1 showed a better prebiotic activity. Subsequently, GSLSDF-1 was found to have a low molecular weight and crystallinity, a loose and porous microstructure, and a high glucose content. Meanwhile, GSLSDF-1 was a dextran with a main chain linked by β-1, 4 glycosidic bonds and branched by a β-1, 6 glycosidic bonds. These structural characteristics were responsible for the favorable prebiotic activity of GSLSDF-1. Finally, the regulation effect of GSLSDF-1 on gut microbiota was analyzed in vitro fecal fermentation. Compared with the blank and GSLSDF groups, GSLSDF-1 could increase the relative abundances of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium coupled with decrease the relative abundances of Clostridium and Clostridioides. Furthermore, GSLSDF-1 promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by modulating the SCFAs synthesis pathway of intestinal microorganisms, while the NH3-N synthesis of intestinal microorganisms was inhibited by GSLSDF-1. Above results indicated that GSLSDF-1 was the key prebiotic fraction of GSLSDF, which could effectively optimize the intestinal microorganism composition.

Magnitude of Fruit Juice-Drug Interactions Due to Osmolality-Dependent Fluid Secretion: Differences among Apple, Orange, and Grapefruit Juices

We recently reported that the gastrointestinal (GI) fluid volume is influenced by the solution osmolality, and proposed that this effect may play a role in beverage-drug interactions. Here, we investigated whether osmolality-dependent fluid secretion can explain the difference in the magnitudes of fruit juice-drug interactions depending on the type of fruit juice (grapefruit juice (GFJ), orange juice (OJ), and apple juice (AJ)). The osmolality of GFJ, OJ, and AJ used in this study was found to be 552, 686, and 749 mOsm/kg, respectively. Measurements of intestinal fluid movement following beverage administration by the in situ closed-loop technique revealed the following rank order for fluid volume in rat ileum: AJ > OJ > GFJ > purified water, suggesting that water movement is dependent on the osmolality of these beverages. Such changes in GI fluid volume are expected to alter the luminal drug concentration, potentially contributing to the magnitude of beverage-drug interactions. Indeed, in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats revealed that the plasma concentration of atenolol, a low-permeability drug, was the highest after oral administration in purified water, followed by GFJ and OJ, and was the lowest after administration in AJ. In contrast, antipyrine, a high-permeability drug, showed no significant difference in plasma concentration after administration in purified water and fruit juices, suggesting that the absorption of high-permeability drugs is less affected by solution osmolality. Our findings indicate that differences in the magnitude of beverage-drug interactions can be at least partly explained by differences in the osmolality of the beverages ingested.

Composite optimization and characterization of dietary fiber-based edible packaging film reinforced by nanocellulose from grapefruit peel pomace

The development of edible packaging films was motivated due to resource waste and environmental damage caused by chemically produced plastic packaging. The development of edible packaging film based on grapefruit peel pomace dietary fiber has significant technological and functional potential because grapefruit processing waste is a potential source of high-quality dietary fiber. In this study, the first successful development of an edible packaging film based on dietary fiber using grapefruit soluble dietary fiber (GSDF) from grapefruit peel pomace as a substrate and nanocellulose (GNCC) as a filler was developed. Principal component analysis, membership function synthesis, and response surface methods were used to determine the optimal process to prepare the edible packaging films, and the impact of GNCC on this material was analyzed. The results showed that the overall performance score of the edible packaging film with 1 wt% GNCC was 0.764. The maximum pyrolysis temperature increased from 226.36 °C to 227.10 °C, the melting temperature (Tm) increased by 5.54 °C, the crystallinity increased by 2.95 %. The film solution exhibited non-Newtonian characteristics and a solid-like property. Our results showed that the edible packaging film developed from grapefruit peel pomace and dietary fiber could have several potential applications in the food packaging field.

Biomimetic Grapefruit-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Safe and Targeted Delivery of Sodium Thiosulfate against Vascular Calcification

As the prevalence of vascular calcification (VC), a strong contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, continues to increase, the need for pharmacologic therapies becomes urgent. Sodium thiosulfate (STS) is a clinically approved drug for therapy against VC; however, its efficacy is hampered by poor bioavailability and severe adverse effects. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles have provided options for VC treatment since they can be used as biomimetic drug carriers with higher biosafety and targeting abilities than artificial carriers. Inspired by natural grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), we fabricated a biomimetic nanocarrier comprising EVs loaded with STS and further modified with hydroxyapatite crystal binding peptide (ESTP) for VC-targeted delivery of STS. In vitro, the ESTP nanodrug exhibited excellent cellular uptake capacity by calcified vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and subsequently inhibited VSMCs calcification. In the VC mice model, the ESTP nanodrug showed preferentially the highest accumulation in the calcified arteries compared to other treatment groups. Mechanistically, the ESTP nanodrug significantly prevented VC via driving M2 macrophage polarization, reducing inflammation, and suppressing bone-vascular axis as demonstrated by inhibiting osteogenic phenotype trans-differentiation of VSMCs while enhancing bone quality. In addition, the ESTP nanodrug did not induce hemolysis or cause any damage to other organs. These results suggest that the ESTP nanodrug can prove to be a promising agent against VC without the concern of systemic toxicity.

Efficient rhodamine B dye degradation by red mud-grapefruit peel biochar catalysts activated persulfate in water

The continuous and rapid development of textile industry intensifies rhodamine B dye (RhB) wastewater pollution. Meanwhile, massive red mud (RM) solid waste generated by the industrial alumina production process poses detrimental effects to the environment after leaching. For resource utilization and to reduce the expansion of RhB pollution, RM and peel red mud-biochar composite (RMBC) catalyst were synthesized in activating peroxydisulfate (PDS) for RhB degradation. Firstly, characterization results showed that compared to RM, RMBC had a higher content of catalytically active metals (Fe, Al, Ti) (higher than 0.92-4.18%), smaller pore size, and larger specific surface area (10 times), which verified RMBC had more potential catalytic oxidation activity. Secondly, under optimal dosage (catalyst, PDS), pH 4.6, and 20 mg L-1 RhB, it was found that the RhB degradation ratio of RM was 76.70%, which was reduced to 41% after three cycles, while that of RMBC was 89.98% and 67%, respectively. The results indicated that the performance of RMBC was significantly superior to that of RM. Furthermore, the quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy tests, FTIR, and XPS analysis showed the function of O-H, C=O, C-O, Fe-O, and Fe-OH functional groups, which converted the PDS to the active state and hydrolyzed it to produce free radicals ([Formula: see text], 1O2, [Formula: see text]) for RhB degradation. And, Q Exactive Plus MS test obtained that RhB was degraded to CO2, H2O, and intermediate products. This study aimed to raise a new insight to the resource utilization of RM and the control of dye pollution.

Content analysis and drug safety evaluation of four furanocoumarins in six pomelos produced in China

The content of 4 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB), bergamottin, isoimperatorin and epoxybergamottin of six pomelos produced in China were detected by High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and their safety of related medicines was evaluated by inhibition of medium concentration (IC50) of cytochrome oxidases CYP450-like. The results showed that the total content of the four furanocoumarins in these pomelo juices from high to low in order was Guanximi pomelo > Liangping pomelo > Pinghemi pomelo > grapefruit > Huyou > Shatian pomelo. The concentration of isoimperatorin in grapefruit, DHB, bergamottinand and isoimperatorin in Liangping, bergamottin and epoxybergamottin in Pinghemi and all the four furanocoumarins in Guanximi were exceeded the corresponding IC50; although Huyou and Shatian contained some furanocoumarins, they did not exceed IC50. Therefore, when taking drugs metabolised by CYP450-like enzymes, Guanximi, Liangping, Pinghemi, and grapefruit should be avoided to consume, but it is relatively safe to eat Huyou and Shatian.

An eco-friendly ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for quantification of rivaroxaban and ticagrelor in rat plasma: grapefruit interactions

Aim: An eco-friendly ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to study the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban and ticagrelor in rat plasma, utilizing moxifloxacin as an internal standard. The food-drug interaction between grapefruit juice and these drugs was also investigated. Methods: Liquid-liquid extraction was used. A nonporous stationary phase Agilent® Poroshell 120EC C18 column was used with methanol: 0.1% aqueous formic acid (95:5 v/v) as a mobile phase. The detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode using positive electrospray ionization. The method's validation was conducted in accordance with US FDA and European Medicines Agency guidelines. Results & conclusion: Grapefruit juice should be ingested with caution in patients treated with antithrombotic medications as it may increase their plasma concentration, inducing bleeding, and requires close clinical monitoring.

Ex Vivo Anti-Leukemic Effect of Exosome-like Grapefruit-Derived Nanovesicles from Organic Farming-The Potential Role of Ascorbic Acid

Citrus fruits are a natural source of ascorbic acid, and exosome-like nanovesicles obtained from these fruits contain measurable levels of ascorbic acid. We tested the ability of grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) to inhibit the growth of human leukemic cells and leukemic patient-derived bone marrow blasts. Transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) showed that the obtained EVs were homogeneous exosomes, defined as exosome-like plant-derived nanovesicles (ELPDNVs). The analysis of their content has shown measurable amounts of several molecules with potent antioxidant activity. ELPDNVs showed a time-dependent antiproliferative effect in both U937 and K562 leukemic cell lines, comparable with the effect of high-dosage ascorbic acid (2 mM). This result was confirmed by a clear decrease in the number of AML blasts induced by ELPDNVs, which did not affect the number of normal cells. ELPDNVs increased the ROS levels in both AML blast cells and U937 without affecting ROS storage in normal cells, and this effect was comparable to ascorbic acid (2 mM). With our study, we propose ELPDNVs from grapefruits as a combination/supporting therapy for human leukemias with the aim to improve the effectiveness of the current therapies.

Examining the Naringin Content and Sensory Characteristics of Functional Chocolate Fortified with Grapefruit Peel Extract

Grapefruit peel contains a high concentration of naringin- a potent antioxidant with strong bioactive properties. In this study, a new type of functional chocolate fortified with grapefruit peel extract and different concentrations of aqueous methanol and ethanol were evaluated as extraction solvents. A new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to analyze the naringin content of the fortified chocolates was developed with a recovery of 107% ± 3.1% and repeatability below 3.5%. A sensory evaluation was conducted to assess the preference for the chocolates among individuals who self-described a preference for bitter flavors. No significant preference was observed in the cases of astringency and aftertaste while the increased bitterness proved to be favorable. However, taste, flavor and overall acceptability were regarded somewhat less favorably. While chocolate proved to be a satisfactory carrier for naringin and had several enjoyable characteristics, further research may focus on improving the organoleptic properties of chocolates fortified by naringin.

Effects of ultrasound time, xanthan gum, and sucrose levels on the osmosis dehydration and appearance characteristics of grapefruit slices: Process optimization using response surface methodology

In this work, the novel use of ultrasonic pre-treatment and edible coating treatment during osmosis dehydration to optimize the weight reduction, moisture loss, sucrose gain, rehydration, and surface shrinkage using a response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD) technique was successfully conducted on grapefruit slices. The process parameters include sonication pre-treatment time (5-10 min), xanthan-gum-based edible coating (0.1%-0.3%, w/w), and sucrose concentration (20-50 Brix), were examined and optimized for osmosis dehydration of grapefruit slices. At each step, three grapefruit slices were immersed in an ultrasonic water bath at 40 kHz, 150 W, and 20 C. Then, the sonicated slices were placed in a container contain sucrose and xanthan, and the container was put in a 50 C water-bath for 1 h. The optimum concentration of xanthan gum, sucrose, and time of treatment were predicted to be 0.15%, 20.0 Brix, and 10.0  min, respectively. Under this optimum condition, estimated values of response variables are as follows: weight reduction 14.14%, moisture loss 25.92%, solids gain 11.78%, rehydration ratio 203.40%, and shrinkage 2.90%. The weight reduction and moisture loss increased when the sonication time and sucrose concentration increased. Results demonstrated that the experimental data could be adequately fitted into a linear model with p-value ranging from 0.0001 to 0.0309 for all the variables examined. The rehydration of dried samples increased when xanthan concentration increased. Also, the weight reduction, moisture loss, sucrose absorption, and shrinkage declined with increasing in the xanthan levels.

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Bergamottin and 6,7-Dihydroxybergamottin to Describe CYP3A4 Mediated Grapefruit-Drug Interactions

Grapefruit is a moderate to strong inactivator of CYP3A4, which metabolizes up to 50% of marketed drugs. The inhibitory effect is mainly attributed to furanocoumarins present in the fruit, irreversibly inhibiting preferably intestinal CYP3A4 as suicide inhibitors. Effects on CYP3A4 victim drugs can still be measured up to 24 hours after grapefruit juice (GFJ) consumption. The current study aimed to establish a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) grapefruit-drug interaction model by modeling the relevant CYP3A4 inhibiting ingredients of the fruit to simulate and predict the effect of GFJ consumption on plasma concentration-time profiles of various CYP3A4 victim drugs. The grapefruit model was developed in PK-Sim and coupled with previously developed PBPK models of CYP3A4 substrates that were publicly available and already evaluated for CYP3A4-mediated drug-drug interactions. Overall, 43 clinical studies were used for model development. Models of bergamottin (BGT) and 6,7-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB) as relevant active ingredients in GFJ were established. Both models include: (i) CYP3A4 inactivation informed by in vitro parameters, (ii) a CYP3A4 mediated clearance estimated during model development, as well as (iii) passive glomerular filtration. The final model successfully describes interactions of GFJ ingredients with 10 different CYP3A4 victim drugs, simulating the effect of the CYP3A4 inactivation on the victims' pharmacokinetics as well as their main metabolites. Furthermore, the model sufficiently captures the time-dependent effect of CYP3A4 inactivation as well as the effect of grapefruit ingestion on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 concentrations.

Trunk Injection of Oxytetracycline for Huanglongbing Management in Mature Grapefruit and Sweet Orange Trees

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating bacterial disease associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. The location of the pathogen within the vasculature of the tree has left growers with limited options for the effective management of the disease. Trunk injection is a crop protection technique that applies therapeutics directly into the xylem of woody tree species and allows for their systemic uptake and transport, which may provide more effective management of vascular diseases such as HLB. In this study, mature 'Valencia' and 'Hamlin' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and 'Duncan' grapefruit (C. paradisi) trees were injected with oxytetracycline (OTC) in the spring and/or fall to evaluate the effects of injection timing and response to injection. In addition to seasonal evaluations of tree health and bacterial titer, preharvest fruit drop, yield, and fruit quality were measured at harvest to determine the effects of OTC injection. The benefits associated with injection included a reduction in fruit drop, an increase in fruit yield and fruit size, and improvements in juice quality. However, results varied due to the timing of injection and were not consistent across all three varieties. Residue analysis at different time points after injection suggests that trunk injection effectively delivers therapeutics to mature citrus trees. This study provides fundamental information on the short-term benefits associated with trunk injection of OTC for HLB management in citrus groves. The potential for use of trunk injection at the commercial scale and the possible risks are discussed.

Severity of coeliac disease and clinical management study when using a non-metabolised medication: a phase I pharmacokinetic study

OBJECTIVE

The non-metabolised antihistamine fexofenadine has oral absorption resulting from transporter activity. Uptake by enterocyte organic anion transporting polypeptides and efflux by an ATP-binding cassette transporter (P-glycoprotein) are primary determinants. Coeliac disease-mediated lesions to the small intestinal mucosa may alter oral absorption of the drug probe, fexofenadine.

DESIGN

A phase I, open-label, single-dose, pharmacokinetic study SETTING: London, Ontario, Canada PARTICIPANTS: Patients with coeliac disease (n=41) with positive serology and healthy individuals (n=48).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Patients with coeliac disease-duodenal histology and oral fexofenadine pharmacokinetics within a 3-week period. Healthy individuals-oral fexofenadine pharmacokinetics with water and grapefruit juice.

RESULTS

Patients with coeliac disease were stratified by disease severity: Group A (n=15, normal), B+C (n=14, intraepithelial lymphocytosis with/without mild villous blunting) and D (n=12, moderate to severe villous blunting). Patients with coeliac disease in groups A, B+C and D and healthy individuals receiving water had similar fexofenadine AUC0-8 (2038±304, 2259±367, 2128±410, 1954±138 ng.h/mL; p>0.05; mean±SEM) and Cmax (440±73, 513±96, 523±104, 453±32 ng/mL; p>0.05), respectively. These four groups all had higher fexofenadine AUC0-8 (1063±59; p<0.01) and Cmax (253±18; p<0.05) compared with those for healthy individuals receiving grapefruit juice. Coeliac groups had a positive linear trend between disease severity and fexofenadine Tmax (2.0±0.3, 2.7±0.4, 3.1±0.5 hours; p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Coeliac disease severity based on duodenal histopathology did not affect oral fexofenadine bioavailability. Increased Tmax suggested absorption distal to the duodenum (jejunum + ileum), where histology seems more normal which may be the key determinant. Patients with coeliac disease may not require consideration for alternative clinical drug management for a number of non-metabolised and transport-mediated medications.

Modeling the relationship between air temperature and grapefruit quality traits

BACKGROUND

Consumers of grapefruit require consistent fruit quality with a good physical appearance and taste. The air temperature during the growing season affects both the external (external color index (ECI)) and internal (titratable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids ratio (TSS/TA)) fruit quality of grapefruit. The objective of this study was to develop computer models that encompass the relationship between preharvest air temperature and fruit quality to predict fruit quality of grapefruit at harvest.

RESULTS

There was a logarithmic relationship between the number of days with a daily minimum air temperature ≤13 °C and ECI, with a greater number of days resulting in higher ECI. In addition, there was a second-order polynomial relationship between the number of hours ≥21 °C and both TA and TSS/TA, with a greater number of hours resulting in lower TA and higher TSS/TA. Model performance for predicting the ECI, TA, and TSS/TA during 2004-05 and 2005-06 growing seasons was good, with Nash and Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NSE) values for each season of 0.835 and 0.917 respectively for ECI, 0.896 and 0.965 respectively for TA and 0.898 and 0.966 respectively for TSS/TA. Applying the model to statistical survey data covering 13 growing seasons demonstrated that the TSS/TA model was robust.

CONCLUSION

Statistical models were developed that predicted the development of grapefruit ECI, TA, and TSS/TA. The TSS/TA model was confirmed after application to long-term statistical survey data covering 13 growing seasons. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Grapefruit Seed Extract-Added Functional Films and Coating for Active Packaging Applications: A Review

Recently, consumers have been increasingly inclined towards natural antimicrobials and antioxidants in food processing and packaging. Several bioactive compounds have originated from natural sources, and among them, grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is widely accepted and generally safe to use in food. GSE is a very commonly used antimicrobial in food; lately, it has also been found very effective as a coating material or in edible packaging films. A lot of recent work reports the use of GSE in food packaging applications to ensure food quality and safety; therefore, this work intended to provide an up-to-date review of GSE-based packaging. This review discusses GSE, its extraction methods, and their use in manufacturing food packaging film/coatings. Various physical and functional properties of GSE-added film were also discussed. This review also provides the food preservation application of GSE-incorporated film and coating. Lastly, the opportunities, challenges, and perspectives in the GSE-added packaging film/coating are also debated.

[Comparative analysis of the total content of polyphenols in some types of industrial juice products]

Fruits are the most important source of polyphenols, substances that have a positive effect on human health. Modern technologies for the industrial processing of fruits into juice are aimed at preserving the useful components of the raw material in it. The issue of the content of polyphenols in industrial juice products, and, especially, changes in their concentration over time, is important for understanding the nutritional value of juice products and requires further study. The purpose of the work is to study the total content of polyphenols depending on the type of juice products and the time elapsed since the product was manufactured. Material and methods. The total content of polyphenols in terms of gallic acid was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method in four popular types of juice products (orange, grapefruit and apple juice, cherry nectar), various brands and with different production dates. The results of the determination in 60 product samples selected from Russian retail chains were analyzed. Results. Polyphenols are found in all types of products in significant amounts: in orange juices from 678 to 870 mg/kg, in grapefruit juices from 447 to 798 mg/kg, in apple juices from 264 to 1320 mg/kg, in cherry nectars from 696 to 1090 mg/kg. The highest average content was found in cherry nectars (859±106 mg/kg), followed by orange (781±54 mg/kg) and grapefruit juices (634±91 mg/kg). In apple juices, there is a significant variation in the content of polyphenols depending on the method of juice production - the highest content of polyphenols was found in straight-pressed apple juices (1119±124 mg/kg). The content of polyphenols in products stored for six months or more does not show any significant differences from the content in fresher products, which suggests a consistently high content of polyphenols in juice products throughout the entire shelf life. Conclusion. The study showed the presence of high concentrations of common polyphenols in juice products. The dependence of total polyphenol content on the time elapsed since the production of juice product was not found. Juice products of industrial production can make a significant contribution to the intake of polyphenols in the human body.

Efficient remediation of Mn2+ and NH4+-N in co-contaminated water and soil by Acinetobacter sp. AL-6 synergized with grapefruit peel biochar: Performance and mechanism

Electrolysis manganese slag produced in industrial manganese production causes massive leachate containing heavy metal Mn²⁺ and inorganic NH₄⁺-N, which causes serious hazard to the water body and soil. A cost-effective alternative to address the multiple pollution is urgently needed. This study investigated the synergy of grapefruit peel biochar (BC) and strain AL-6 to remediate Mn²⁺ and NH₄⁺-N in sequencing batch bioreactor (SBR) and soil column. The results showed that, in SBR, under the condition of C/N 5, temperature 30°C, BC and strain AL-6 showed fabulous performance to remove Mn²⁺ (99.3%) and NH₄⁺-N (97.7%). The coexisting ions Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ had no effects on the removal of Mn²⁺ and COD, however, 23.3% removal efficiency of NH₄⁺-N was curtailed. Characterization found that the presence of MnCO₃ confirmed the adsorption of Mn²⁺ by functional groups action, and gas chromatography indicated that BC and strain AL-6 promoted the reduction of N₂O and organic carbon. In addition, BC and strain AL-6 helped to immobilize 799.41 mg L^-1 of Mn²⁺ and 320 mg L^-1 of NH₄⁺-N after 45 d in the soil column. And the determination of TOC, CEC, pH, Eh, soil enzymatic activity (catalase and urease), and microbial diversity and abundance confirmed that BC and strain AL-6 increased the soil fertility and bioavailability of pollutants. Totally, BC and strain AL-6 possess great potential to remediate Mn²⁺ and NH₄⁺-N pollution in water and soil.

Influence on grape aromatic compounds of natural fungicides used for the control of downy mildew

BACKGROUND

The grape volatile fraction determines to a great extent its aroma, which is one of the most important characteristics influencing wine quality and consumer preferences. Grapevine downy mildew (GDM) is one of the most important and devastating diseases of grapevines worldwide. In this study, the impact on the volatile composition of cv. Verdicchio grapes of classical copper formulations, was compared to that of alternative products. Thus, 11 treatments were foliar applied throughout one grapevine cycle.

RESULTS

Most of the volatile compounds present in the grapes were not affected by the treatments used in order to prevent GDM. In the case of the total C₁₃ norisoprenoids, some differences were found between grapes untreated control and those applied with the grapefruit seed extract. Moreover, the content of alcohols was smaller in grapes from Bordeaux mixture treatment and higher in the samples from chitosan application.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, from the qualitative point of view of the berry, treatment with tested products alternative to copper is recommended, which minimize the environmental and health problems that this heavy metal brings to the soil and in the winery, since it means that their applications did not affect the grape aroma. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Interaction between biological parameters of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and some phytochemical metabolites in different citrus species

The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri McGregor, is a key pest of different citrus species in various parts of the world. Considering the key role of resistant host plants in integrated pest management strategies, we evaluated the effects of five citrus species including grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), tangerine (Citrus reticulata), orange (Citrus sinensis), and sour orange (Citrus aurantium) on life table parameters of P. citri under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH, 16:8 L:D). In addition, biochemical traits of the citrus plant species were evaluated in order to understand any possible relationship between important life history parameters with biochemical metabolites of citrus plant leaves. Phytochemicals were determined in leaf extract of citrus plant species. Various citrus species had significant effects on life history and demographical parameters of P. citri. The longest pre-adult time was observed on grapefruit (16.52 ± 0.43 days). Higher fecundity rate was on orange (15.05 ± 2.41 eggs) and tangerine (14.60 ± 3.07 eggs) and the lowest was on grapefruit (7.21 ± 2.00 eggs). The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r) was recorded as 0.071 (day^-1) on tangerine, and the lowest value of this parameter was obtained on grapefruit (0.016 day^-1). Significant correlations were observed between life history parameters with biochemical metabolites (carbohydrate, phenolic compounds, anthocyanin, and flavonoid). The results revealed that grapefruit was a relatively resistant host plant and tangerine was the most suitable host plant for feeding of P. citri. Our findings could be helpful for sustainable management of P. citri in citrus orchards.

Amino acid, sugar, phenolic, and terpenoid profiles are capable of distinguishing Citrus tristeza virus infection status in citrus cultivars: Grapefruit, lemon, mandarin, and sweet orange

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is the most severe viral disease for citrus production. Many strains of CTV have been characterized and their symptomology widely varies, ranging from asymptomatic or mild infections to severe symptomology that results in substantial yield loss or host death. The capacity of the different CTV strains to affect the biochemistry of different citrus species has remained largely unstudied, despite that associated metabolomic shifts would be relevant toward symptom development. Thus, amino acid, sugar, phenolic, and terpenoid levels were assessed in leaves of healthy and CTV-infected grapefruit, lemon, mandarin, and two different sweet orange cultivars. Both mild [VT-negative (VT-)] and severe [VT-positive (VT+)] CTV genotype strains were utilized. When looking at overall totals of these metabolite classes, only amino acid levels were significantly increased by infection of citrus with severe CTV strains, relative to mild CTV strains or healthy plants. No significant trends of CTV infection on summed amounts of all sugar, phenolic, or terpenoid compounds were observed. However, individual compound levels were affected by CTV infections. Subsequent canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) that utilized profiles of individual amino acids, terpenoids, or phenolics successfully distinguished leaf samples to specific citrus varieties and identified infection status with good accuracy. Collectively, this study reveals biochemical patterns associated with severity of CTV infections that can potentially be utilized to help identify in-field CTV infections of economic relevance.

Rapid detection and quantification of the adulteration of orange juice with grapefruit juice using handheld Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

Detecting food adulteration has always been an important task for food safety, especially when grapefruit is the adulterant as components in the juice have undesired interactions with many medicines. In this study we employed a handheld Raman device to detect adulteration of orange juices with grapefruit juices. Fresh fruits of orange and grapefruit were purchased from five different sources and fruit juices were made using a handheld juicer. The extracted juices were then mixed in a way that concentrations of grapefruit juices varied from 0% to 100% in 5% increments. In order to study the impact of the different sources of the fruits, three different sets of mixtures were prepared based on their spectral similarity and dissimilarity. Raman spectra were collected using a handheld instrument with an excitation laser at 785 nm and data analysed using principal component analysis (PCA), principal component-discriminant function analysis (PC-DFA) and partial least squares regression (PLS-R). PLS-R models were trained and validated on: (i) the full data set from the three different mixture sets, and (ii) each set of the three mixtures separately. The results showed that a good calibration model was obtained using full data which had a coefficient of determination (Q²) of 0.81 and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 12.5%. Such results were improved when the PLS-R model was trained and validated on the three separate mixture combinations, where the Q² varied from 0.85 to 0.89 and RMSEP varied from 9.9% to 11.6%. Finally, we adopted a two step approach in which a partial least squares for discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was trained first to classify the three sample sources and then three different PLS-R models were subsequently trained on samples from the same source. This resulted in a Q² of 0.83 and RMSEP of 12.0%. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy can be used as a portable and rapid analytical tool for detecting adulteration of grapefruit juice added to orange juice.

Antifungal activity of Zinc nitrate derived nano Zno fungicide synthesized from Trachyspermum ammi to control fruit rot disease of grapefruit

Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) is a widely grown citrus and its fruit is affected by a variety of biotic and abiotic stress. Keeping in view the hazardous effects of synthetic fungicides, the recent trend is shifting towards safer and eco-friendly control of fruit diseases. The present study was aimed to diagnose the fruit rot disease of grapefruit and its control by using zinc oxide green nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Fruit rot symptoms were observed in various grapefruit growing sites of Pakistan. Diseased samples were collected, and the disease-causing pathogen was isolated. Following Koch's postulates, the isolated pathogen was identified as Rhizoctonia solani. For eco-friendly control of this disease, ZnO NPs were prepared in the seed extract of Trachyspermum ammi and characterized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of these NPs described the presence of stabilizing and reducing compounds such as phenols, aldehyde and vinyl ether, especially thymol (phenol). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed their crystalline nature and size (48.52 nm). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis elaborated the presence of major elements in the samples, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the morphology of bio fabricated NPs. ZnO NPs exhibited very good anti-fungal activity and the most significant fungal growth inhibition was observed at 1.0 mg/ml concentration of green NPs, in vitro and in vivo. These findings described that the bioactive constituents of T. ammi seed extract can effectively reduce and stabilize ZnO NPs. It is a cost-effective method to successfully control the fruit rot disease of grapefruit.

Growth of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' in Commercial Grapefruit Juice-Based Media Formulations Reveals Common Cell Density-Dependent Transient Behaviors

The phloem-restricted, insect-transmitted bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is associated with huanglongbing (HLB), the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide. The inability to culture CLas impairs the understanding of its virulence mechanisms and the development of effective management strategies to control this incurable disease. Previously, our research group used commercial grapefruit juice (GJ) to prolong the viability of CLas in vitro. In the present study, GJ was amended with a wide range of compounds and incubated under different conditions to optimize CLas growth. Remarkably, results showed that CLas growth ratios were inversely proportional to the initial inoculum concentration. This correlation is probably regulated by a cell density-dependent mechanism, because diluting samples between subcultures allowed CLas to resume growth. Moreover, strategies to reduce the cell density of CLas, such as subculturing at short intervals and incubating samples under flow conditions, allowed this bacterium to multiply and reach maximum growth as early as 3 days after inoculation, although no sustained exponential growth was observed under any tested condition. Unfortunately, cultures were only transient, because CLas lost viability over time; nevertheless, we obtained populations of about 10⁵ genome equivalents/ml repeatedly. Finally, we established an ex vivo system to grow CLas within periwinkle calli that could be used to propagate bacterial inoculum in the lab. In this study we determined the influence of a comprehensive set of conditions and compounds on CLas growth in culture. We hope our results will help guide future efforts toward the long-sought goal of culturing CLas axenically.

Analyzing Potential Intestinal Transporter Drug-Drug Interactions: Reevaluating Ticagrelor Interaction Studies

PURPOSE

Previous studies evaluating ticagrelor drug-drug interactions have not differentiated intestinal versus systemic mechanisms, which we do here.

METHODS

Using recently published methodologies from our laboratory to differentiate metabolic- from transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions, a critical evaluation of five published ticagrelor drug-drug interactions was carried out to investigate the purported clinical significance of enzymes and transporters in ticagrelor disposition.

RESULTS

The suggested CYP3A4 inhibitors, ketoconazole and diltiazem, displayed unchanged mean absorption time (MAT) and time of maximum concentration (T_max) values as was expected, i.e., the interactions were mainly mediated by metabolic enzymes. The potential CYP3A4/P-gp inhibitor cyclosporine also showed an unchanged MAT value. Further analysis assuming there was no P-gp effect suggested that the increased AUC and unchanged t_1/2 for ticagrelor after cyclosporine administration were attributed to the inhibition of intestinal CYP3A4 rather than P-gp. Rifampin, an inducer of CYP3As after multiple dosing, unexpectedly showed decreased MAT and T_max values, which cannot be completely explained. In contrast, grapefruit juice, an intestinal CYP3A/P-gp/OATP inhibitor, significantly increased MAT and T_max values for ticagrelor, which may be due to activation of P-gp or inhibition of OATPs expressed in intestine.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides new insight into the role of transporter pathways in ticagrelor intestinal absorption by examining potential MAT and T_max changes mediated by drug-drug interactions.

Using essential oils from Citrus paradisi as a fumigant for Solenopsis invicta workers and evaluating the oils' effect on worker behavior

The red imported fire ant is one of the world's most devastating invasive species, adversely affecting humans, wildlife, crops, and livestock. To control infestations, chemical pesticides are deployed extensively around the world. However, their extensive use has led to negative effects on the environment and human health. Essential oils, which are safe and ecofriendly, can potentially be used as alternatives to chemical pesticides. In this study, grapefruit essential oils were used as fumigant agents to control red imported fire ants. The crude grapefruit oil (GO1) contained 28 compounds, and the concentrated grapefruit oil (GO2), which was refined from GO1 by vacuum distillation, contained 20 compounds. D-Limonene was the dominant constituent in both GO1 (70.1%) and GO2 (73.96%), and other important constituents included β-pinene, α-pinene, β-phellandrene, octanal, d-carvone, α-terpineol, and linalool. Both the essential oils and their individual constituents (α-pinene, α-terpineol, β-phellandrene, octanal, and d-carvone) showed strong lethal fumigant effects against workers. Workers were more susceptible to GO2 than GO1, and octanal was more toxic to workers as compared with the other four constituents. When antennas of workers were treated with the two oils or the five constituents, their walking and gripping abilities were significantly suppressed, and there was an obvious bending or breaking phenomenon on the sensilla of the antennas. Fumigant activity by grapefruit essential oils and their main compounds were associated with their effects on the walking and gripping behavior of workers, and this confirmed that grapefruit essential oil is a promising, ecofriendly, and safe fumigant for the control of red imported fire ants.

Flavonoids in Lemon and Grapefruit IntegroPectin*

Following the analysis of terpenes present in new lemon and grapefruit "IntegroPectin" pectins obtained via the hydrodynamic cavitation of industrial lemon and grapefruit processing waste, the HPLC-MS analysis of flavonoid and other phenolic compounds reveals the presence of eriocitrin, naringin, hesperidin and kaempferol typical of the respective citrus fruits. The pectic fibers rich in rhamnogalacturonan-I regions act as chemical sponges adsorbing and concentrating at their outer surface highly bioactive citrus flavonoids and terpenes. These findings, together with the unique molecular structure of these new whole citrus pectins, provide preliminary insight into the broad-scope biological activity of these new biomaterials. Numerous new biomedical applications are anticipated, including likely use in the prevention and treatment of microbial infections and neurodegenerative disease.

A Biomimetic Drug Delivery System by Integrating Grapefruit Extracellular Vesicles and Doxorubicin-Loaded Heparin-Based Nanoparticles for Glioma Therapy

Existing nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems for glioma systemic chemotherapy remain a great challenge due to poor delivery efficiency resulting from the blood brain barrier/blood-(brain tumor) barrier (BBB/BBTB) and insufficient tumor penetration. Here, we demonstrate a distinct design by patching doxorubicin-loaded heparin-based nanoparticles (DNs) onto the surface of natural grapefruit extracellular vesicles (EVs), to fabricate biomimetic EV-DNs, achieving efficient drug delivery and thus significantly enhancing antiglioma efficacy. The patching strategy allows the unprecedented 4-fold drug loading capacity compared to traditional encapsulation for EVs. The biomimetic EV-DNs are enabled to bypass BBB/BBTB and penetrate into glioma tissues by receptor-mediated transcytosis and membrane fusion, greatly promoting cellular internalization and antiproliferation ability as well as extending circulation time. We demonstrate that a high-abundance accumulation of EV-DNs can be detected at glioma tissues, enabling the maximal brain tumor uptake of EV-DNs and great antiglioma efficacy in vivo.

Grapefruit juice enhances the systolic blood pressure-lowering effects of dietary nitrate-containing beetroot juice

AIMS

Dietary nitrate from sources such as beetroot juice lowers blood pressure (BP) via the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide (NO) pathway. However, NO and nitrite are inactivated via reoxidation to nitrate, potentially limiting their activity. Cytochrome P450-3A4 inhibition with troleandomycin prevents nitrite re-oxidation to nitrate in rodent liver. Grapefruit juice contains the CYP3A4 inhibitor furanocoumarin. We therefore hypothesized that grapefruit juice would enhance BP-lowering with beetroot juice by maintaining circulating [nitrite].

METHODS

We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, 7-hour crossover study in 11 healthy volunteers, attending on 3 occasions, receiving: a 70-mL shot of active beetroot juice (Beet-It) and either (i) 250 mL grapefruit juice (Active Beet+GFJ), or (ii) 250 mL water (Buxton, Active Beet+H2 O); or (iii) Placebo Beet+GFJ.

RESULTS

The addition of grapefruit juice to active beetroot juice lowered systolic BP (SBP): Active Beet+GFJ vs Active Beet+H2 O (P = .02), and pulse pressure, PP (P = .0003). Peak mean differences in SBP and PP were seen at T = 5 hours: -3.3 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI] -6.43 to -0.15) and at T = 2.5 hours: -4.2 mmHg (95% CI -0.3 to -8.2), respectively. Contrary to the hypothesis, plasma [nitrite] was lower with Active Beet+GFJ vs Active Beet+H2 O (P = .006), as was salivary nitrite production (P = .002) and saliva volume (-0.34 mL/min [95% CI -0.05 to -0.68]). The taste score of Beet+GFJ was 1.4/10 points higher than Beet+H2 O (P = .03).

CONCLUSION

Grapefruit juice enhanced beetroot juice's effect on lowering SBP and PP despite decreasing plasma [nitrite]. Besides suggesting more complex mechanisms, there is potential for maximising the clinical benefit of dietary nitrate and targeting isolated systolic hypertension.

Grapefruit Field Trial Evaluation of Citrus Tristeza Virus T68-Strain Sources

Determination of virus genomes and differentiation of strains and strain variants facilitate the linkage of biological expression to specific genetic units. For effective management of stem pitting disease of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) by cross-protection, an understanding of these links is necessary. The deliberate field application of a biological agent such as a virus first requires a thorough assessment of the long-term impact before it can be applied commercially. Three CTV sources were genetically characterized as different variants of the T68 strain, and their long-term effects on stem pitting and production were investigated. The different CTV sources were inoculated to 'Star Ruby' grapefruit trees and evaluated for a number of biological parameters in a field trial in the Limpopo Province of South Africa over a 10-year period. Significant differences were observed in stem pitting severity, impact on tree growth, yield, and the percentage of small fruit produced. These T68 variants were also associated with different stem pitting phenotypes. The variants differed in only 44 nucleotide positions across their genomes, and these minor genetic differences can therefore be used to identify possible genome regions affecting stem pitting.

Characterization and adsorption capacity of modified 3D porous aerogel from grapefruit peels for removal of oils and organic solvents

With the rapid industrialization, especially offshore oil exploitation, frequent leakage incidents of oils/organic solvents have adversely affected ecological systems and environmental resources. Therefore, great interest has been shown in developing new materials to eliminate these organic pollutants, which have become worldwide problems. In this study, a cost-effective, environmentally friendly porous aerogel with three-dimensional (3D) structure was prepared from grapefruit peel by a facile hydrothermal method as the adsorbent of oils/organic solvents. The as-prepared modified grapefruit peel aerogel (M-GPA) showed mesoporous structure with high specific surface area of 36.42 m²/g and large pore volume of 0.0371 cm³/g. The excellent hydrophobicity of M-GPA with a water contact angle of 141.2° indicated a strong potential for adsorption of oils and organic solvents. The high adsorption capacity of M-GPA for a series of oils and organic solvents was 8 to 52 times as much as its own weight. Moreover, the M-GPA was easily regenerated and a high adsorption capacity recovery above 97% was maintained after five adsorption-regeneration cycles. Therefore, the M-GPA is a promising recyclable adsorbent for the removal of oils/organic solvents from polluted water.

Activation of grapefruit derived biochar by its peel extracts and its performance for tetracycline removal

A novel adsorbent derived from grapefruit peel (GP) based biochar (GPBC) was synthesized by combined carbonization of GP and subsequent activation by GP extracts. Compared to biochar without extracts activation, the technique granted GPBC-20 (with 1:20 of solid-solution ratio) more abundant surface functional groups, which exerts the adsorbent superior performance for tetracycline (TC) adsorption (37.92 mg/g v.s. 16.64 mg/g). The adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics models were further used to evaluate the adsorption behavior of GPBC. The enhanced adsorption was analyzed by characterization of fresh and used GPBC, revealing that the adsorption mechanism was comprised of pore filling, charge interaction and chemical bonding. The comprehensive investigation of using agricultural waste extracts as activator to prepare its raw materials-based adsorbents may be of great significance for enhanced resource utilization.

Citrus Tristeza Virus Isolates of the Same Genotype Differ in Stem Pitting Severity in Grapefruit

Two isolates of the T68 genotype of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) were derived from a common source, GFMS12, by single aphid transmission. These isolates, named GFMS12-8 and GFMS12-1.3, induced stem pitting with differing severity in 'Duncan' grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi [Macfad.]). Full-genome sequencing of these isolates showed only minor nucleotide sequence differences totaling 45 polymorphisms. Numerous nucleotide changes, in relatively close proximity, were detected in the p33 open reading frame (ORF) and the leader protease domains of ORF1a. This is the first report of full-genome characterization of CTV isolates of a single genotype, derived from the same source, but showing differences in pathogenicity. The results demonstrate the development of intragenotype heterogeneity known to occur with single-stranded RNA viruses. Identification of genetic variability between isolates showing different pathogenicity will enable interrogation of specific genome regions for potential stem pitting determinants.

Novel pectin based composite hydrogel derived from grapefruit peel for enhanced Cu(II) removal

Novel biochar/pectin/alginate hydrogel beads (BPA) derived from grapefruit peel were synthesized and used for Cu(II) removal from aqueous solution. FTIR, SEM-EDS, XRD, TGA and XPS, etc. were applied for characterization analysis. The synergistic reinforcing effect of polymer matrix and biochar fillers improved the adsorptive, mechanical and thermostabilized performance of BPA. Factors like component contents of biochar and pectin, pH, contact time, Cu(II) concentration and coexisting inorganic salts or organic ligands were systematically investigated in batch mode. The adsorption isotherms were fitted well by the Freundlich model and the experimental maximum adsorption capacity of optimized BPA-9 beads (mass ratio of pectin to alginate = 10:1) with 0.25% biochar, was ∼80.6 mg/g at pH 6. Kinetic process was well described by the pseudo-second-order model and film diffusion primarily governed the overall adsorption rate, followed by intraparticle diffusion. Thermodynamics analysis suggested spontaneous feasibility and endothermic nature of adsorption behavior. Moreover, BPA also showed better environmental adaptability in the presence of NaCl, MgCl₂, CaCl₂, EDTA-2Na and CA as well as good adsorption potential for other heavy metal [e.g. Pb(III)]. Crucially, the BPA beads showed good regeneration ability after five cycles. All these results indicated the potential of BPA for removing heavy metal from water.

Transmission of Citrus leprosis virus C by the Mite, Brevipalpus yothersi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), on Four Species of Citrus

Transmission of the virus, Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) (Cilevirus) by Brevipalpus yothersi Baker, on different citrus species was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. First, the relationship between acquisition access periods (AAPs; 1, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h) and virus concentration in mites was determined. Second, the ability of B. yothersi to transmit CiLV-C to orange, mandarin, grapefruit, and lime trees was measured. We then assessed the establishment of mites on the different citrus species as measured by their population increase on each species. We found no relationship between AAPs and virus load in mites. The virus was found in all mites tested but there was no difference in virus quantities among the treatments. We selected an AAP of 24 h for the transmission experiment. Brevipalpus yothersi transmitted the virus to all citrus species evaluated, but susceptibility was different. The number of infected leaves was greater on orange and mandarin compared with grapefruit and lime. Furthermore, populations of B. yothersi successfully established on orange and mandarin, but not on grapefruit and lime trees. The implications of our results in the virus-mite-citrus plant relationship are discussed.

peel biosorbents

Grape fruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) peel (GP) was used as raw material to prepare two novel biosorbents: CaGP (Ca²⁺ type) and MgGP (Mg²⁺ type). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms were used to characterize prepared adsorbents. Cd²⁺ biosorption by CaGP, MgGP and GP was investigated systematically by studying the effects of pH, biosorption time and initial concentration on the biosorption of Cd²⁺. The results showed that biosorption efficiencies of Cd²⁺ on CaGP and MgGP increased with increase in pH, and the highest removal of Cd²⁺ was occurred at pH 6.0. Meanwhile, Cd uptake capacity increased with contact time, and could reach equilibrium within 20 min. The rates of biosorption of Cd²⁺ on three prepared biosorbents were found to best-fit pseudo-second-order equation. Experimental isotherms were well fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models. Moreover, according to the Langmuir equation, the maximum biosorption capacities (q_m) of Cd²⁺ on CaGP and MgGP were found to be increased by 46.3% and 27.0%, respectively, compared with GP. The present study demonstrated that the waste grape fruit peel after simple Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺ treatment could be used as a potential biosorbent for Cd²⁺, which indicated modified novel inactive/dead biological materials could remove Cd²⁺ from water.

Phenotypic plasticity in clutch size regulation among populations of a potential invasive fruit fly from environments that vary in host heterogeneity and isolation

Phenotypic plasticity is thought to evolve in response to environmental unpredictability and can shield genotypes from selection. However, selection can also act on plastic traits. Egg-laying behaviour, including clutch size regulation, is a plastic behavioural trait among tephritid fruit flies. We compared plasticity in clutch size regulation among females of Anastrepha ludens populations stemming from environments that differed in the degree of predictability in egg-laying opportunities. Clutch size regulation in response to hosts of different sizes was compared among flies from (a) a wild, highly isolated population, (b) a wild population that switches seasonally from a small wild host fruit that varies greatly in abundance to an abundant large-sized commercial host, and (c) a laboratory population. Flies from all three populations adjusted clutch number and size according to host size. However, flies from the heterogeneous wild environment were more plastic in adjusting clutch size than flies from agricultural settings that also laid fewer eggs; yet both populations were more plastic in adjusting clutch size in line with host size when compared with laboratory females. When wild and orchard females encountered the largest host, clutch size was extremely variable and egg regulation did not follow the same trend. Heterogeneity in host availability in space and time appears to be as important as seasonal variation in host size in maintaining plastic clutch size regulation behaviour. In stable environments, there was a clear reduction in the plasticity of these traits.

The nested enzyme-within-enterocyte (NEWE) turnover model for predicting dynamic drug and disease effects on the gut wall

Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models provide a framework for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of metabolic drug clearance. Many of the concepts in PBPK can have consequential impact on more mechanistic systems pharmacology models. In the gut wall, turnover of enzymes and enterocytes are typically lumped into one rate constant that describes the time dependent enzyme activity. This assumption may influence predictability of any sustained and dynamic effects such as mechanism-based inhibition (MBI), particularly when considering translation from healthy to gut disease. A novel multi-level systems PBPK model was developed. This model comprised a 'nested enzyme-within enterocyte' (NEWE) turnover model to describe levels of drug-metabolising enzymes. The ability of the model to predict gut metabolism following MBI and gut disease was investigated and compared to the conventional modelling approach. For MBI, the default NEWE model performed comparably to the conventional model. However, when drug-specific spatial crypt-villous absorption was considered, up to approximately 50% lower impact of MBI was simulated for substrates highly metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, interacting with potent inhibitors. Further, the model showed potential in predicting the disease effect of gastrointestinal mucositis and untreated coeliac disease when compared to indirect clinical pharmacokinetic parameters. Considering the added complexity of the NEWE model, it does not provide an attractive solution for improving upon MBI predictions in healthy individuals. However, nesting turnover may enable extrapolation to gut disease-drug interactions. The principle detailed herein may be useful for modelling drug interactions with cellular targets where turnover is significant enough to affect this process.

Citrus Oil Emulsions Stabilized by Citrus Pectin: The Influence Mechanism of Citrus Variety and Acid Treatment

Citrus pectin and citrus oil are the main functional components of citrus residuals in the processing industry. In this study, citrus oil emulsions were fabricated for the first time using four different citrus pectins (orange, mandarin, grapefruit, and commercial citrus pectins) as the emulsifier. The influence mechanism of citrus variety and acid treatment (pH 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) on the emulsifying capacity of citrus pectins was systematically investigated by understanding the relationship between molecular structure, solution property, interfacial property, and emulsion property. The results suggest that citrus variety and acid treatment can significantly influence the emulsifying capacity in relation to the molecular structure and molecular state of citrus pectins. A smaller molecular size of citrus pectin and lower pH between 2 and 7 produced a reduction in aggregate size, which improved the interfacial capacity and emulsifying ability by promoting their distribution at the interface. Although hydrolyzed citrus pectins at pH 1 with a lower molecular size exhibited better interfacial capacity, citrus oil emulsions were unstable due to electrostatic attraction caused by partially positive charged citrus pectins. Fine stable citrus oil emulsion was prepared using mandarin pectin with a relative high methyl ester content and small molecular size at pH 2. Our results provide a scientific basis for the fabrication of citrus oil emulsion based on citrus pectin and facilitate the application of citrus residuals in the food industry.

11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-II activity is affected by grapefruit juice and intense muscular work

OBJECTIVE

The enzymatic activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (11β-HSD2) is key to protecting mineral corticoid receptors from cortisol and has been implicated in blood pressure regulation. Grapefruit juice (GFJ) and acidity are thought to inhibit this enzyme in vitro. This study examines the effect of GFJ and intense exercise on 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity in vivo.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Eighteen subjects ingested GFJ or apple juice (CON) on separate days prior to reporting to the laboratory in a randomized order. Saliva (Sal) samples were obtained at baseline, 15 and 45 minutes post-treadmill stress test; Sal cortisone (E) and cortisol (F) levels were determined, and the Sal cortisone:cortisol (E:F) ratio was used as an index of 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity at rest and after intense muscular work.

RESULTS

GFJ treatment decreased baseline 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity (44%) and Sal-E (28%) compared to CON (both, p < 0.05). Sal-E (r = 0.61, p < 0.05) and Sal-F (r = 0.66, p < 0.05) were correlated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in GFJ-treated individuals. Treadmill stress significantly increased Sal-E and Sal-F but did not alter 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity regardless of treatment. When treatments were examined separately, CON 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity decreased by 36% (p < 0.05) from baseline to 15 post-treadmill exercise.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that GFJ and intense muscular work decrease 11β-HSD-2 activity independently, and no additive effect was noted. The association between DBP and the levels of Sal-F and Sal-E during the GFJ trial should be interpreted cautiously and warrants further investigation.

Effects of food and grapefruit juice on single-dose pharmacokinetics of blonanserin in healthy Chinese subjects

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effects of a meal and grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of blonanserin and its metabolite N-desethyl blonanserin in healthy Chinese volunteers.

METHODS

This was a single-centre, open-label, fixed-sequence study, where 12 healthy Chinese volunteers received a single dose of 8 mg blonanserin after an overnight fast in period 1 (reference), a high-fat meal during period 2 and with co-administration of 250 mL of grapefruit juice in period 3. The washout period was 7 days. Series of plasma samples were collected after each dose to determine concentrations of blonanserin and its metabolite N-desethyl blonanserin using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis and compared between periods by standard average bioequivalence ANOVA. Adverse events were monitored throughout the study.

RESULTS

All subjects completed the study. High-fat meals significantly increased blonanserin exposure (AUC_t) 2.58-fold (90% CI 2.21, 3.02), relative to the reference period. Co-administration of blonanserin with grapefruit juice remarkably prolonged elimination half-life of blonanserin (from 9.7 to 21.4 h) and significantly increased exposures to blonanserin and N-desethyl blonanserin by 5.82-fold (90% CI 4.57, 7.42) and 1.81-fold (90% CI 1.65, 1.98), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggested that blonanserin was largely metabolised in the intestinal tract before becoming systemically available, and both food and grapefruit juice enhanced exposure to blonanserin and N-desethyl blonanserin. Grapefruit juice increased bioavailability and may have reduced systemic clearance of blonanserin. Further intestinal CYP3A4 and hepatic CYP3A4 might be postulated to explain the delayed elimination of blonanserin. Dose adjustment of blonanserin is needed on the basis of co-intake of known strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Patients taking high-dose blonanserin also need to be cautious about the ingestion of grapefruit juice.

The Grapefruit: An Alternative Arthroscopic Tool Skill Platform

PURPOSE

To establish the construct validity of an arthroscopic training model that teaches arthroscopic tool skills including triangulation, grasping, precision biting, implant delivery and ambidexterity and uses a whole grapefruit for its training platform.

METHODS

For the grapefruit training model (GTM), an arthroscope and arthroscopic instruments were introduced through portals cut in the grapefruit skin of a whole prepared grapefruit. After institutional review board approval, participants performed a set of tasks inside the grapefruit. Performance for each component was assessed by recording errors, achievement of criteria, and time to completion. A total of 19 medical students, orthopaedic surgery residents, and fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons were included in the analysis and were divided into 3 groups based on arthroscopic experience. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Tukey test were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

One-way ANOVA showed significant differences in both time to completion and errors between groups, F(2, 16) = 16.10, P < .001; F(2, 16) = 17.43, P < .001. Group A had a longer time to completion and more errors than group B (P = .025, P = .019), and group B had a longer time to completion and more errors than group C (P = .023, P = .018).

CONCLUSIONS

The GTM is an easily assembled and an alternative arthroscopic training model that bridges the gap between box trainers, cadavers, and virtual reality simulators. Our findings suggest construct validity when evaluating its use for teaching the basic arthroscopic tool skills. As such, it is a useful addition to the arthroscopic training toolbox.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

There is a need for validated low-cost arthroscopic training models that are easily accessible.

Editorial Commentary: The Grapefruit: So Much More Than an Annoying Breakfast Item-A Valuable Tool for Arthroscopic Simulation Training

As our industry is continually developing more technologically advanced and expensive virtual training equipment, the grapefruit may represent an economic and accessible approach to arthroscopic simulation. This won't replace simulators, but it could become an important tool in the armamentarium of arthroscopic educators as it provides inexpensive haptic feedback necessary to create the muscle memory pathways for the improvement of arthroscopic skills.

[Interaction of oral form anticancer drugs with grapefruit juice]

Oral medication (tablets, capsules, suspensions, liquids, etc.) are frequently used in therapy. This may arise due to the fact that oral medication patient can take at home and it reduce the stress associated with taking the drug. On the Polish pharmaceutical market can be observed more frequent registration to trading anticancer drugs in oral form. Is also growing interest about drug interactions with food, but they are still less accented than drug-drug interactions. The results of pharmacokinetic studies on the interaction of drugs used in antineoplastic therapy with food are particularly important because of the characteristics of cancer patients, and a growing number of people suffering from cancer and which may have a problem. The aim of the study was to collect and present clinically relevant interactions of anticancer drugs in oral form used in oncology with grapefruit juice based on the latest scientific reports and the summary of product characteristics.

Is the clinical relevance of drug-food and drug-herb interactions limited to grapefruit juice and Saint-John's Wort?

An interaction of drug with food, herbs, and dietary supplements is usually the consequence of a physical, chemical or physiologic relationship between a drug and a product consumed as food, nutritional supplement or over-the-counter medicinal plant. The current educational review aims at reminding to the prescribing physicians that the most clinically relevant drug-food interactions may not be strictly limited to those with grapefruit juice and with the Saint John's Wort herbal extract and may be responsible for changes in drug plasma concentrations, which in turn decrease efficacy or led to sometimes life-threatening toxicity. Common situations handled in clinical practice such as aging, concomitant medications, transplant recipients, patients with cancer, malnutrition, HIV infection and those receiving enteral or parenteral feeding may be at increased risk of drug-food or drug-herb interactions. Medications with narrow therapeutic index or potential life-threatening toxicity, e.g., the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioid analgesics, cardiovascular medications, warfarin, anticancer drugs and immunosuppressants may be at risk of significant drug-food interactions to occur. Despite the fact that considerable effort has been achieved to increase patient' and doctor's information and ability to anticipate their occurrence and consequences in clinical practice, a thorough and detailed health history and dietary recall are essential for identifying potential problems in order to optimize patient prescriptions and drug dosing on an individual basis as well as to increase the treatment risk/benefit ratio.

A 10 Minute Self-Care Program May Reduce Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: A Six-Month Prospective Longitudinal Comparative Study

Patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) need a life-long self-care program that they can adhere to enable them to manage their lymphedema. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a holistic BCRL self-care program that patients could easily adhere to and comply with. A prospective, longitudinal, comparative study between affected arms and unaffected arms in unilateral breast cancer patients was implemented over a six-month period. Both the lymphedematous and unaffected arms of 23 patients with unilateral BCRL were followed and measured. The daily 10-minute holistic BCRL self-care program consisted of modified Japanese rajio taiso (Japanese radio calisthenics), a gentle arm exercise combined with deep breathing, skin moisturizing care using a traditional lymphatic drainage technique, and basic self-care education. Arm and edema volume, relative volume change, resistance of the skin to compression (fibrosis), lymphedema-related symptoms, skin condition, and self-care were assessed. At the end of six-months the volume of all limb segments and resistance of the tissues to compression at all measurement points of the affected arm were significantly reduced. On the unaffected side, only the volume of the forearm and the whole arm was significantly reduced and fibrosis significantly reduced only in the forearm. There was no significant difference in edema volume and relative volume change. Lymphedema-related symptoms significantly improved. Perceived adherence, effectiveness, burden, score and average time for self-care significantly increased. Our results demonstrate that this 10-minute self-care program may improve BCRL and its self-care.

Grapefruit Derived Flavonoid Naringin Improves Ketoacidosis and Lipid Peroxidation in Type 1 Diabetes Rat Model

Background

Hypoglycemic effects of grapefruit juice are well known but the effects of naringin, its main flavonoid on glucose intolerance and metabolic complications in type 1 diabetes are not known.

Objectives

To investigate the effects of naringin on glucose intolerance, oxidative stress and ketonemia in type 1 diabetic rats.

Methods

Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 5 groups (n = 7) were orally treated daily with 3.0 ml/kg body weight (BW)/day of distilled water (group 1) or 50 mg/kg BW of naringin (groups 2 and 4, respectively). Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given a single intra-peritoneal injection of 60 mg/kg BW of streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Group 3 was further treated with subcutaneous insulin (4.0 IU/kg BW) twice daily, respectively.

Results

Stretozotocin (STZ) only-treated groups exhibited hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, glucose intolerance, low fasting plasma insulin and reduced hepatic glycogen content compared to the control group. Furthermore they had significantly elevated Malondialdehyde (MDA), acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, anion gap and significantly reduced blood pH and plasma bicarbonate compared to the control group. Naringin treatment significantly improved Fasting Plasma Insulin (FPI), hepatic glycogen content, malondialdehyde, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, bicarbonate, blood pH and anion gap but not Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) compared to the STZ only-treated group.

Conclusions

Naringin is not hypoglycemic but ameliorates ketoacidosis and oxidative stress. Naringin supplements could therefore mitigate complications of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Behavioral effects of Citrus paradisi in rats

Anxiety and depression adversely affect behavior though these conditions may be handled through environmental and dietary changes. Diet rich in flavonoids and vitamins may support reducing anxiety and depression. Depression is most common but serious illness making life miserable; however the usage of dietary and herbal complements to treat anxiety and depression had been grown by the time. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the behavioral properties of Citrus paradisi in rats at diverse doses i.e. 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 ml/kg. Anxiolytic and antidepressant actions were particularly measured twice in 15 days through elevated plus maze, open field and forced swimming tests. C. paradisi, revealed increase in the locomotor activity and the exploratory skills of the animals, as assessed in the open-field. Indeed C. paradisi had a strong anxiolytic effect in elevated plus-maze, as assessed by an augmented number of entries and the proportion of time spent in the open arms. Moreover there was decline in duration of immobility and rise in duration of climbing during forced swimming test. At the tested doses these results suggest that C. paradisi have the potential to exert a range of CNS-mediated biological activities and thus encourage more investigations in this field.