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Zorita I, Solaun O, Rodríguez JG, Larreta J, Abad E, Ábalos M. Time series data (2008-2023) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in bivalves from Shellfish Production Areas of the Basque coast (SE Bay of Biscay). Data Brief 2023; 51:109751. [PMID: 38020436 PMCID: PMC10661755 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of contaminants in aquatic organisms is of concern to human health due to the potential for exposure through the consumption of seafood. This dataset presents the levels of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) (PCB-81, PCB-77, PCB-126, PCB-169, PCB-123, PCB-118, PCB-114, PCB-105, PCB-167, PCB-156, PCB-157 and PCB-189) in bivalves collected annually between 2008 and 2023 from the four Shellfish Production Areas of the Basque coast (southeastern Bay of Biscay). Additionally, data on 6 non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) (PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-153, PCB-138 and PCB-180) is provided for the 2012-2023 time period. Depending on the availability of bivalves at each Shellfish Production Area, different species, such as mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and oysters (Magallana gigas and Ostrea edulis) were used for the evaluation. Bivalve samples were analyzed at the accredited Laboratory of Dioxins of the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - CSIC in Spain, following standardized methodologies according to the specific requirements established at the corresponding EU Regulation. Concentrations and the World Health Organization-Toxic Equivalents (WHO-TEQ) were calculated. Considering the data from the four Shellfish Production Areas and the study period, WHO-TEQ values ranged from 0.12 to 0.64 pg g-1 wet weight for PCDD/Fs and from 0.45 to 2.23 pg g-1 wet weight for DL-PCBs, whereas concentrations ranged from 7.45 to 51.10 ng g-1 wet weight for NDL-PCBs. This database is useful for (i) assessing the spatial and temporal trends of PCDD/Fs and various PCBs in bivalves from the Basque coast, (ii) determining the relative contribution of different congeners, (iii) comparison with levels for human consumption and environmental quality standards, as well as with levels of other biogeographical areas, and (iv) the management of Shellfish Production Areas on the Basque coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaskun Zorita
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, Pasaia 20110, Spain
| | - Oihana Solaun
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, Pasaia 20110, Spain
| | - José Germán Rodríguez
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, Pasaia 20110, Spain
| | - Joana Larreta
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, Pasaia 20110, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Ábalos
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Vega-Herrera A, Garcia-Torné M, Borrell-Diaz X, Abad E, Llorca M, Villanueva CM, Farré M. Exposure to micro(nano)plastics polymers in water stored in single-use plastic bottles. Chemosphere 2023; 343:140106. [PMID: 37689148 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to micro (nano)plastics (MNPLs) has become a significant concern as a potential health threat. Exposure routes include ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, being food and drinking water the primary sources of oral exposure. Here we present the quantification of polymers of MNPLs particles from 700 nm to 20 μm in bottled water commercialised in Spain, including an estimation of the potential risk for daily consumers. We evaluated samples from 20 popular brands in 0.5 and 1.5 L plastic bottles. A double-suspect screening approach developed and validated in our research group for drinking water was adapted for bottled water samples. The identification and quantification of MNPLs-polymers in mass units and the tentative identification of plastic additives (PA) until the second level of confidence was carried out based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). The results showed the presence of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene terephthalate (PET) in the samples. Among them, PE was the most frequently detected and quantified polymer (55% of samples) followed by PET which was detected in 33% of the samples and showing the highest concentration (4700 ng L-1). The median value of the sum of polymer concentrations was 359 ng L-1. In addition, 28 plastic additives were detected, where at least one of them was present in 100% of the samples. Stabilizers and plasticisers were the most frequently identified. A prioritisation study was performed using a multi-QSAR modelling software, where bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were estimated as the most potentially harmful compounds for human health. Overall, findings suggest that bottled water is a non-negligible route to exposure to MNPLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Vega-Herrera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Torné
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Borrell-Diaz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, C. Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Pl. de La Mercè, 10-12, Barcelona, 08002, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Passeig Marítim, 25-29, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Santa-Marina L, Irizar A, Barroeta Z, Abad E, Lertxundi A, Ibarluzea J, Parera J, Urbieta N, Arruti E, Jimeno-Romero A, Zubero MB. Serum levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and dl-PCBs in general population residing far and near from an urban waste treatment plant under construction in Gipuzkoa, Basque Country (Spain). Environ Res 2023; 236:116721. [PMID: 37482131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
This research focused on investigating the basal serum concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in the general population residing in two urban-industrial zones near and far from an energy recovery plant under construction in Gipuzkoa, Basque Country (Spain). The study used a cross-sectional design and included 227 participants who were randomly selected from municipal censuses in both areas. The participants were stratified based on age (ranging from 18 to 70 years) and sex. Serum samples were collected from the participants and analysed following the established protocol to measure the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. The study used multiple linear regression models to assess the impact of various sociodemographic variables, lifestyle factors, reproductive history, and diet on the variability of the measured compounds in the participants' serum. The median total toxicity equivalent (TEQ) in serum, was 10.58 pg WHO-TEQ2005 g-1 lipid. Serum PCDD levels were lower in the population residing in the "far" zone than the "near" zone. Age was positively associated with both PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels, indicating that older participants had higher concentrations of these compounds in their serum. This finding might be attributed to cumulative exposure over time. In terms of sex differences, women exhibited lower levels of dl-PCBs compared to men. Among lifestyle factors, smokers showed lower levels of dl-PCBs compared to non-smokers. Furthermore, daily alcohol consumption was significantly associated with higher serum levels of these compounds, with daily drinkers showing higher levels than non-drinkers. Consumption of local poultry was associated with significantly higher serum levels and oil consumption with low levels of PCDD/Fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Santa-Marina
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Health of the Basque Government, Subdirectorate of Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Avenida Navarra 4, 20013, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Amaia Irizar
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ziortza Barroeta
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Esteban Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aitana Lertxundi
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Health of the Basque Government, Subdirectorate of Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Avenida Navarra 4, 20013, San Sebastian, Spain; Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20008, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jordi Parera
- Laboratory of Dioxins, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Urbieta
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Elene Arruti
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alba Jimeno-Romero
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miren Begoña Zubero
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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Santa-Marina L, Barroeta Z, Irizar A, Alvarez JI, Abad E, Muñoz-Arnanz J, Jiménez B, Ibarluzea J, Urbieta N, Jimeno-Romero A, Zubero MB, Lertxundi A. Characterization of PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels in air in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain). Environ Res 2023; 228:115901. [PMID: 37072078 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This research examines the levels and trends of pollutants, specifically 17 congeners of PCDD/Fs and 12 dl-PCBs, in the air measured in the province of Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain). The study used PCDD/Fs, dl-PCB, and the sum of dioxin-like compounds as separate response variables. A total of 113 air samples were collected and analyzed using the method described in the European Standard (EN-1948:2006) from two industrial areas. The results were analyzed using non-parametric test to assess the variability of these pollutants based on different factors (year, season and day of the week) and General Linear Models to assess the weight of each factor. The study found that the toxic equivalents (TEQs) for PCDD/Fs were 12.29 fg TEQm-3 and for dl-PCBs were 1.63 fg TEQm-3, which were in a similar range or lower than those observed in other national and international studies in industrial areas. The results showed temporal variations, with higher levels of PCDD/Fs in autumn-winter than in spring-summer and higher levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs during weekdays than on weekends. The industrial area where the energy recovery plant (ERP) will be located had higher levels of air pollutants due to the presence of two PCDD/Fs emitting industries nearby, as indicated by the Spanish Registry of Polluting Emission Sources. Both industrial areas showed similar profiles of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs, with the PCDD/F profiles dominated by OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF in terms of concentrations and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD in terms of TEQs. The dl-PCB profiles were dominated by PCB 118, PCB 105, and PCB 77 in terms of concentrations and PCB 126 in terms of TEQs. The findings of this study can serve as an indicator of the potential impact of ERP on the health of the resident population and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Santa-Marina
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Health of the Basque Government, Subdirectorate of Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Avenida Navarra 4, 20013, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ziortza Barroeta
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Amaia Irizar
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jon Iñaki Alvarez
- Public Health Laboratory of the Basque Government, Bizkaia Technology Park, Ibaizabal Bidea, Building 502, 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Health of the Basque Government, Subdirectorate of Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Avenida Navarra 4, 20013, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20008, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nerea Urbieta
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alba Jimeno-Romero
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miren Begoña Zubero
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Aitana Lertxundi
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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Fiedler H, Ábalos M, Parera J, Abad E, Lohmann N, Neugebauer F, Rottler H, Horstmann M. Dioxin-like POPs in national samples from global monitoring plan projects (2017-2019). Chemosphere 2023; 325:138386. [PMID: 36914011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The global monitoring plan (GMP) established under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) had defined ambient air, human milk or blood, and water as core matrices to be analyzed and assessed for spatial and temporal distribution. Within projects coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), developing countries were offered to have other matrices analyzed for dioxin-like POPs (dl-POPs) in experienced laboratories. Subsequently, 185 samples from 27 countries located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America were collected during 2018-2019 and analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF), and biphenyls (PCB). Using the WHO2005 toxic equivalency approach (TEQ), the amounts of dl-POPs found were low (<1 pg TEQ/g); however, singular samples had higher values; e.g., egg from Morocco, fish from Argentina or Tunisia; soil and sediment samples. Results showed that the matrix, abiotic or biota, had more impact on the TEQ pattern than the geographic location. Independent of the location and across all samples, dl-PCB in (shell)fish and beef samples had a contribution of 75% to the total TEQ; milk (63%), chicken (52%), and butter (50.2%) more than 50%. Sediment (57% and 32%) and soil (40% and 36%)) samples were dominated by PCDD and PCDF, respectively; therein, dl-PCB had shares of 11% and 24%. Egg samples (N = 27) did not follow the general biota pattern and had 21% of the TEQ from the PCDD, 45% from PCDF, and 34% from dl-PCB; thus, indicating that abiotic matrices such as soil or other material may have an impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidelore Fiedler
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Manuela Ábalos
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Parera
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nina Lohmann
- Eurofins GfA Lab Service GmbH, Neuländer Kamp 1a, D-21079, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Neugebauer
- Eurofins GfA Lab Service GmbH, Neuländer Kamp 1a, D-21079, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Horst Rottler
- Eurofins Ökometric GmbH, Berneckerstraße 17-21, D-95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Horstmann
- Zentrum für Dioxinanalytik GmbH (ZfD), Berneckerstraße 17-21, D-95448, Bayreuth, Germany
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Caracci E, Vega-Herrera A, Dachs J, Berrojalbiz N, Buonanno G, Abad E, Llorca M, Moreno T, Farré M. Micro(nano)plastics in the atmosphere of the Atlantic Ocean. J Hazard Mater 2023; 450:131036. [PMID: 36857820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, long-range atmospheric transport and deposition of micro and nano plastics (MNPLs) remains un-quantified for the oceanic atmosphereopen ocean. Here we show the characterisation of MNPLs and the aerosol composition (PM10) in a north-south Atlantic transect from Vigo (Spain) to Punta Arenas (Chile). The analytical procedure to assess the composition of MNPLs consisted of a double suspect screening approach of the polymers and additives, the two constituents of plastics. Polymers were analysed by size exclusion chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry using an atmospheric pressure photoionization source operated in positive and negative conditions (HPLC(SEC)-APPI(+/-)-HRMS). Plastic additives were screened with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry using an electrospray ionisation source (HPLC-ESI(+/-)-HRMS). The most common polymers were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyisoprene (PI), and polystyrene (PS), with the highest polymer concentration being 51.7 ng·m-3 of PI. The air mass back trajectories showed the variable influence of oceanic and terrestrial air masses. These differences were reflected in the aerosol composition with different contributions of Saharan dust, sea spray aerosol, organic/elemental carbon, and MNPLs. Results showed that samples largely influenced by sea-spray and air masses originating from coastal South America and the north Atlantic subtropical gyre were more contaminated by MNPLs. Moreover, this information was complemented by the characterisation of the largest particles using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and µ-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (µ-FTIR). This work provides the first field evidence of the long-range transport of MNPLs in most of the Atlantic Ocean, as the result of dynamic coupling between the lower atmosphere and the surface ocean. Sea-spray formation arises as a key driver for the aerosolisation of MNPLs, and atmospheric transport followed by dry deposition may modulate the occurrence of MNPLs in large oceanic regions, issues that will require future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caracci
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, FR, Cassino, Italy
| | - Albert Vega-Herrera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naiara Berrojalbiz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, FR, Cassino, Italy; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Fiedler H, Abad E, de Boer J. Analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants for the Stockholm Convention's Global Monitoring Plan. Chemosphere 2023; 332:138843. [PMID: 37149100 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Fiedler H, Abad E, de Boer J. Preliminary trends over ten years of persistent organic pollutants in air - Comparison of two sets of data in the same countries. Chemosphere 2023; 324:138299. [PMID: 36871799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In two series of ambient air measurement campaigns to support the implementation of the global monitoring plan (GMP) component of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), passive air samplers (PAS) using polyurethane foams were implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). With the same laboratories responsible for the chemical analyses of the different groups of POPs, a total of 423 PUFs were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); 242 for dioxin-like POPs. For trend analysis, to compare amounts of POPs in the PUFs during the first phase in 2010/2011 and the second phase from 2017 to 2019, only results were assessed that were generated in the same country and for the same POP in both campaigns. Finally, there were 194 PUFs available for OCPs (GMP1 = 67 and GMP2 = 127), 297 for PCB (GMP1 = 103, GMP2 = 194), 158 for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD, PCDF) (GMP1 = 39, GMP2 = 119), and 153 for dl-PCB (GMP1 = 34, GMP2 = 119). Indicator PCB and dioxin-like POPs were quantified in all countries at all times; decreases of about 30% based on median values were determined. A 50% increase was found for HCB. By scale, DDT remained with the highest values, although more than 60% decrease was found; mainly due to smaller values in the Pacific Islands region. Our assessment showed that on relative scale - per PUF - trend analysis was achieved and that such approach should be undertaken at regular intervals, not necessarily on an annual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidelore Fiedler
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Esteban Abad
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Dept. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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de Boer J, van Dijk R, Abalos M, Abad E. Persistent organic pollutants in air from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Pacific. Chemosphere 2023; 324:138271. [PMID: 36878366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) global monitoring plan under the Stockholm Convention concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were determined during two years in air from 42 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Pacific by using polyurethane foams installed in passive samplers. The compounds included were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), one polybrominated biphenyl and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers. Total-DDT and PCBs were the highest in concentrations in about 50% of the samples, which shows their high persistency. Total DDT in air from the Solomon Islands ranged from 200 to 600 ng/polyurethane foam disk (PUF). However, at most locations, a decreasing trend is observed for PCBs, DDT and most other OCPs. Patterns varied per country with e.g. elevated dieldrin in air from Barbados and chlordane in air from the Philippines. A number of OCPs, such as heptachlor and its epoxides, some other chlordanes, mirex and toxaphene have decreased down to almost undetectable levels. PBB153 was hardly found and penta and octa--mix related PBDEs were also relatively low at most locations. HBCD and the decabromodiphenylether were more prominent at many locations and may even still increase. To draw more holistic conclusions more colder climate countries should be included in this program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Dept. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Rianne van Dijk
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Dept. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manoli Abalos
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Dioxins Laboratory (IDAEA-CSIC), Carrer de Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Dioxins Laboratory (IDAEA-CSIC), Carrer de Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Garcia-Torné M, Abad E, Almeida D, Llorca M, Farré M. Assessment of Micro- and Nanoplastic Composition (Polymers and Additives) in the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Ebro River Fishes. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010239. [PMID: 36615432 PMCID: PMC9821878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the main routes of fish exposure to micro- and nanoplastics (MNPLs) is their ingestion. MNPLs can act as reservoirs of organic contaminants that are adsorbed onto their surfaces, or that can leach from their complex formulations, with potential impacts on biota and along the aquatic food chain. While MNPLs have been reported in fishes worldwide, complete information on MNPL compositions, polymers and additives continues to be scarce. In this work, the presence of MNPLs in the gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) of fish from the Ebro River (Spain) was investigated using a double suspected screening approach to assess and quantify polymers and additives. The sample-preparation procedure consisted of sequential alkaline and acidic digestions with KOH and HNO3, followed by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (USAE) with toluene. The analysis of polymers was carried out with size-exclusion chromatography followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry using an atmospheric pressure photoionization source, operating in negative and positive ionisation modes (SEC-(±)-APPI-HRMS) using full-scan acquisition (FS). Plastic additives were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography with a C18 analytical column coupled to HRMS equipped with an electrospray ionisation source operating under positive and negative conditions (LC-(±ESI)-HRMS). The acquisition was performed in parallel with full-scan (FS) and data-dependent scan (ddMS2) modes, working under positive and negative ionisation modes. The polymers most frequently detected and quantified in fish GITs were polysiloxanes, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). PE was detected in 84% of the samples, with a concentration range from 0.55 to 3545 µg/g. On the other hand, plasticisers such as phthalates and stabilisers such as benzotriazoles were the most frequently identified plastic additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garcia-Torné
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Almeida
- GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (M.F.)
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11
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Herrero M, González N, Rovira J, Marquès M, Domingo JL, Abalos M, Abad E, Nadal M. Health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in baby clothes. A preliminary study. Environ Pollut 2022; 307:119506. [PMID: 35605829 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Clothes may contain a large range of chemical additives and other toxic substances, which may eventually pose a significant risk to human health. Since they are associated with pigments, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may be especially relevant. On the other hand, infants are very sensitive to chemical exposure and they may wear some contact and colored textiles for a prolonged time. Consequently, a specific human health risk assessment is required. This preliminary study was aimed at analyzing the concentrations of PCBs in ten bodysuits purchased in on-line stores and local retailers. The concentrations of 12 dioxin-like and 8 non-dioxin-like PCB congeners were determined by gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry, with detection limits ranging between 0.01 and 0.13 pg/g. The dermal absorption to PCBs of children at different ages (6 months, 1 year and 3 years old) was estimated, and the non-cancer and cancer risks were evaluated. Total levels of PCBs ranged from 74.2 to 412 pg/g, with a mean TEQ concentration of 13.4 pg WHO-TEQ/kg. Bodysuits made of organic cotton presented a total mean PCB concentration substantially lower than clothes made of regular cotton (11.0 vs. 15.8 pg WHO-TEQ/kg). The dermal absorption to PCBs for infants was calculated in around 3·10-5 pg WHO-TEQ/kg·day, regardless the age. This value is > 10,000-fold lower than the dietary intake of PCBs, either through breastfeeding or food consumption. Furthermore, this exposure value would not pose any health risks for the infants wearing those bodysuits. Anyhow, as it is a very preliminary study, this should be confirmed by analyzing larger sets of textile samples. Further investigations should be also focused on the co-occurrence of PCBs and other toxic chemicals (i.e., formaldehyde, bisphenols and aromatic amines) in infant clothes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Herrero
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Neus González
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuela Abalos
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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12
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Vega-Herrera A, Llorca M, Borrell-Diaz X, Redondo-Hasselerharm PE, Abad E, Villanueva CM, Farré M. Polymers of micro(nano) plastic in household tap water of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. Water Res 2022; 220:118645. [PMID: 35635914 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPLs) are emerging persistent pollutants affecting drinking water systems, and different studies have reported their presence in tap water. However, most of the work has a focus on particles in the 100-5 µm range. Here, a workflow to identify and quantify polymers of micro and nanoplastics (MNPLs), with sizes from 0.7 to 20 µm in tap water, is presented. The analytical method consisted of water fractionated filtration followed by toluene ultrasonic-assisted extraction and size-exclusion chromatography, using an advanced polymer chromatography column coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization source with negative and positive ionization conditions (HPLC(APC)-APPI(±)-HRMS) and normal phase chromatography HILIC LUNA® column and electrospray ionisation source in positive and negative mode (HPLC(HILIC)-ESI(±)-HRMS). The acquisition was performed in full scan mode, and the subsequent tentative identification of MNPLs polymers has been based on increasing the confirmation level, including the characterisation of monomers by using Kendrick Mass Defect (KMD) analysis, and confirmation and quantification using standards. This approach was applied to assess MNPLs in tap water samples of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area (BMA), that were collected from August to October 2020 from home taps of volunteers distributed in the 42 postal codes of the BMA. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyisoprene (PI), polybutadiene (PBD), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), and polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) were identified. PE, PP, and PA were the most highly detected polymers, and PI and PBD were found at the highest concentrations (9,143 and 1,897 ng/L, respectively). A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to assess differences in MNPLs occurrence in drinking water, that was provided from the two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) suppliers. Results showed that no significant differences (at 95% confidence level) were established between the drinking water supplies to the different areas of the BMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Vega-Herrera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Marta Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Xavier Borrell-Diaz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Paula E Redondo-Hasselerharm
- ISGlobal, C. Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona (Spain); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Pl. de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona (Spain); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid (Spain)
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, C. Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona (Spain); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Pl. de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona (Spain); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid (Spain); Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Passeig Marítim, 25-29, 08028, Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona (Spain).
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13
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Le Vot F, Yuste SB, Abad E, Grebenkov DS. First-encounter time of two diffusing particles in two- and three-dimensional confinement. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:044119. [PMID: 35590615 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.044119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The statistics of the first-encounter time of diffusing particles changes drastically when they are placed under confinement. In the present work, we make use of Monte Carlo simulations to study the behavior of a two-particle system in two- and three-dimensional domains with reflecting boundaries. Based on the outcome of the simulations, we give a comprehensive overview of the behavior of the survival probability S(t) and the associated first-encounter time probability density H(t) over a broad time range spanning several decades. In addition, we provide numerical estimates and empirical formulas for the mean first-encounter time 〈T〉, as well as for the decay time T characterizing the monoexponential long-time decay of the survival probability. Based on the distance between the boundary and the center of mass of two particles, we obtain an empirical lower bound t_{B} for the time at which S(t) starts to significantly deviate from its counterpart for the no boundary case. Surprisingly, for small-sized particles, the dominant contribution to T depends only on the total diffusivity D=D_{1}+D_{2}, in sharp contrast to the one-dimensional case. This contribution can be related to the Wiener sausage generated by a fictitious Brownian particle with diffusivity D. In two dimensions, the first subleading contribution to T is found to depend weakly on the ratio D_{1}/D_{2}. We also investigate the slow-diffusion limit when D_{2}≪D_{1}, and we discuss the transition to the limit when one particle is a fixed target. Finally, we give some indications to anticipate when T can be expected to be a good approximation for 〈T〉.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Le Vot
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - S B Yuste
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - E Abad
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Centro Universitario de Mérida, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06800 Mérida, Spain
| | - D S Grebenkov
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (UMR 7643), CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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14
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Abad E, Abalos M, Fiedler H. Air monitoring with passive samplers for dioxin-like persistent organic pollutants in developing countries (2017-2019). Chemosphere 2022; 287:131931. [PMID: 34454223 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As part of the global monitoring plan on persistent organic pollutants (GMP) under the Stockholm Convention passive air samplers equipped with polyurethane foam disks (PUFs) were applied to monitor dioxin-like POPs. For sampling, toluene-pretreated PUFs were exposed for three months during two years. Chemical analysis was performed in one accredited expert laboratory using internationally accepted methods; for comparison, all results were normalized to one PUF and 3 month exposure. Total TEQs, using WHO2005-TEFs, were lowest in the Pacific Islands countries (PAC) and had similar mean values in Africa (16.8 pg TEQ/PUF), Asia (16.9 pg TEQ/PUF), and Latin American and Caribbean countries (GRULAC, 13.3 pg TEQ/PUF). Using median values, Asia (13.4 pg TEQ/PUF) and GRULAC (13.1 pg TEQ/PUF) had higher amounts than Africa (6.1 pg TEQ/PUF) and PAC (2.1 pg TEQ/PUF). The contribution of PCDD/PCDF to the total TEQ was 2-3-times higher than from the dl-PCB. Mono-ortho PCB did not play a role in any of the samples. The previous 40 samples during 2010/2011 and the present 195 samples from 2017/2018 did not show a statistical difference (p value = 0.3), only for GRULAC, a downward trend was identified. It is recommended combining 4 PUFs to 'annual' samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Abad
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Abalos
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heidelore Fiedler
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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15
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López-Castaño MA, González-Saavedra JF, Rodríguez-Rivas A, Abad E, Yuste SB, Vega Reyes F. Pseudo-two-dimensional dynamics in a system of macroscopic rolling spheres. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:042903. [PMID: 34005988 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.042903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study in this work the dynamics of a collection of identical hollow spheres (ping-pong balls) that rest on a horizontal metallic grid. Fluidization is achieved by means of a turbulent air current coming from below. The upflow is adjusted so that the particles do not levitate over the grid, resulting in quasi-two-dimensional dynamics. We show that the behavior of diffusion and correlations in this system is particularly rich. Noticeably as well (and related to the complex dynamical behavior), a variety of phases appear, with important peculiarities with respect to analogous setups. We observe gas, liquid, glass, and hexagonal crystal phases. Most notably, we show that the melting of the hexagonal crystal occurs in coexistence with a liquid phase. This strikingly differs from the corresponding transition in a purely two-dimensional systems of air-fluidized disks, for which no phase coexistence has been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A López-Castaño
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - J F González-Saavedra
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez-Rivas
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada II, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Virgen de Africa, 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Abad
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro Universitario de Mérida, Universidad de Extremadura, 06800 Mérida, Spain.,Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - S B Yuste
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.,Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - F Vega Reyes
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.,Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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16
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Llorca M, Vega-Herrera A, Schirinzi G, Savva K, Abad E, Farré M. Screening of suspected micro(nano)plastics in the Ebro Delta (Mediterranean Sea). J Hazard Mater 2021; 404:124022. [PMID: 33049636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This is the first work reporting the use of a double suspect-screening to assess most common polymers and additives in micro(nano)plastics (NPLs/MPLs) found in environmental waters. The method consisted of water filtration followed by ultrasonic-assisted extraction with toluene and analysis employing size exclusion chromatography using an advanced polymer chromatography column coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure photoionisation source by negative ionisation conditions (LC(APC)-APPI(-)-HRMS). The identification of NPL/MPLs polymers has been based on increasing confirmation level, including the monomers characterisation by the Kendrick Mass Defect and confirmation and quantification when standards were available. In parallel, the identification of main additives in NPL/MPLs composition, as well organic contaminants adsorbed onto the plastic particles were carried out by analysis of the extracts by LC(C18)-APPI (+/-)-HRMS. To assess the impact of plastic pollution it is necessary to assess the composition in terms of polymers but also the additives. This screening approach has been employed to study composition of NPL/MPLs in the Ebro Delta. Two sampling campaigns including freshwater and seawater samples have been investigated to assess plastic composition in the top 5 cm. Polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyisoprene (PI), polybutadiene (PBD), polypropylene (PP) and polysiloxanes were the most detected polymers and PP and PE, sizing between < 1000 and 2000 Da, were found at concentrations reaching up to 7000 ng/L in some areas. The pentadecanoic acid, 1,2,3-benzotriazoles, 2-ethylhexanoic acid (2-EHA), and phthalates such as dimethyl phthalate, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and the phthalimide were more frequently detected plastic additives. Finally, series of organic contaminants were as well detected in the particulate fraction. These organic contaminants cannot be associated to plastic compositions but can be associated to their adsorption to the particulate matter, in particular to NPL/MPLs, due to their non-polar character. Among these organic contaminants, the more frequently detected were pharmaceutical compounds, food additives and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Vega-Herrera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gabriella Schirinzi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Katerina Savva
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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van Drooge BL, Abalos M, Abad E, Adrados MA, Gomez A, Gallés P, Grimalt JO. Qualitative and quantitative changes in traffic and waste incineration PCDD/Fs in urban air and soils under different seasonal conditions (Metropolitan Area of Barcelona). Sci Total Environ 2021; 753:142149. [PMID: 33207451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A sampling and analysis scheme was implemented to discriminate between inputs of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) at low concentrations in urban areas. Ambient air and soils were sampled and analyzed in five stations in the Metropolitan area of Barcelona (2018-2019); one located in a reference urban traffic site and four in the area of influence of an integrated waste management facility (IWMF) that included a solid waste incinerator. Seasonality was the main factor determining the PCDD/F composition, and involved lower values in the warmer months. This seasonal effect was related to enhanced photooxidation of PCDDs compared to PCDFs and faster depletion of the less chlorinated congeners due to volatility at higher ambient temperature; consistent with the compounds' octanol-air partition coefficients. The ratio 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorobenzofuran/1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorobenzofuran allowed, for the first time, identifying cases of preferential contributions of IWMF and traffic inputs, i.e. values of 0.06 and 0.32, respectively. Combination of this ratio with the airborne PCDD/F levels illustrated that the quantitative PCDD/F levels were not a useful criterion for elucidation between IWMF and traffic inputs. PCDD/Fs levels in soils ranged between 9.0 and 22 pg WHO-TEQ/g in the two sites closest to the IWMF, while the other sites, including the traffic site, showed values between 0.8 and 1.9 pg WHO-TEQ/g. The levels in the former group were higher than those observed in other urban areas and above 5 pg WHO-TEQ/g, which is a limit reference value in several European countries. The C7 and C8 observed congener distributions in all soils examined were different from those in the air samples and similar to those reported in sewage sludge from waste water treatment plants, not showing influences from IWMF or traffic PCDD/F inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuela Abalos
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel A Adrados
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Gomez
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Lesseps, 1, 08023 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Gallés
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Lesseps, 1, 08023 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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18
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Le Vot F, Yuste SB, Abad E, Grebenkov DS. First-encounter time of two diffusing particles in confinement. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:032118. [PMID: 33076026 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.032118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigate how confinement may drastically change both the probability density of the first-encounter time and the associated survival probability in the case of two diffusing particles. To obtain analytical insights into this problem, we focus on two one-dimensional settings: a half-line and an interval. We first consider the case with equal particle diffusivities, for which exact results can be obtained for the survival probability and the associated first-encounter time density valid over the full time domain. We also evaluate the moments of the first-encounter time when they exist. We then turn to the case with unequal diffusivities and focus on the long-time behavior of the survival probability. Our results highlight the great impact of boundary effects in diffusion-controlled kinetics even for simple one-dimensional settings, as well as the difficulty of obtaining analytic results as soon as the translational invariance of such systems is broken.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Le Vot
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx) Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - S B Yuste
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx) Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - E Abad
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx) Centro Universitario de Mérida Universidad de Extremadura, E-06800 Mérida, Spain
| | - D S Grebenkov
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (UMR 7643), CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France and Institute of Physics & Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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19
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Abad E, Angstmann CN, Henry BI, McGann AV, Le Vot F, Yuste SB. Reaction-diffusion and reaction-subdiffusion equations on arbitrarily evolving domains. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:032111. [PMID: 33075977 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.032111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Reaction-diffusion equations are widely used as the governing evolution equations for modeling many physical, chemical, and biological processes. Here we derive reaction-diffusion equations to model transport with reactions on a one-dimensional domain that is evolving. The model equations, which have been derived from generalized continuous time random walks, can incorporate complexities such as subdiffusive transport and inhomogeneous domain stretching and shrinking. Inhomogeneously growing domains are frequently encountered in biological phenomena involving stochastic transport, such as tumor growth and morphogen gradient formation. A method for constructing analytic expressions for short-time moments of the position of the particles is developed and moments calculated from this approach are shown to compare favorably with results from random walk simulations and numerical integration of the reaction transport equation. The results show the important role played by the initial condition. In particular, it strongly affects the time dependence of the moments in the short-time regime by introducing additional drift and diffusion terms. We also discuss how our reaction transport equation could be applied to study the spreading of a population on an evolving interface. From a more general perspective, our findings help to mitigate the scarcity of analytic results for reaction-diffusion problems in geometries displaying nonuniform growth. They are also expected to pave the way for further results, including the treatment of first-passage problems associated with encounter-controlled reactions in such domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Abad
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada, Centro Universitario de Mérida, Universidad de Extremadura, 06800 Mérida, Spain
| | - C N Angstmann
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW, Sydney New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | | | | | - F Le Vot
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - S B Yuste
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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20
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Sanchís J, Jiménez-Lamana J, Abad E, Szpunar J, Farré M. Occurrence of Cerium-, Titanium-, and Silver-Bearing Nanoparticles in the Besòs and Ebro Rivers. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:3969-3978. [PMID: 32191837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of anthropogenic nanoparticles (NPs) in the aquatic environment has become an emerging concern in terms of environmental and health safety. In the present study, we assessed the presence of Ag-bearing, Ti-bearing, and Ce-bearing NPs in the Barcelona catchment area, including the Besòs River basin and the Barcelona coast, and in the Ebro River Delta, using single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS). Ti-NPs and Ce-NPs were ubiquitously detected in surface waters, and their presence was related to a high natural background. Concentrations of Ti-NPs ranged from 23.2 × 106 to 298 × 106 Ti-NPs/L, with high concentrations being detected in areas with little anthropogenic pressure, while the presence of nanosilver (17.9 × 106 to 45.1 × 106 Ag-NPs/L) in the analyzed rivers was limited to certain hotspots close to wastewater treatment plants discharge points. The concentrations of Ce-NPs in the river ranged from 18.1 × 106 to 278 × 106 NPs/L, and they were related to the natural occurrence of the mineral Monazite-(Ce). Overall, the concentrations of these nanomaterials in the Barcelonan coast were significantly attenuated by river-sea environmental dilution. Nevertheless, Ce-NPs were eventually detected in some seawater samples with low levels of lanthanum-NPs, suggesting anthropogenic inputs of nanoCeO2, probably from atmospheric deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sanchís
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA- CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- University of Girona, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Esteban Abad
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA- CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2SUPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
| | - Marinella Farré
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA- CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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21
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Sanchís J, Freixa A, López-Doval JC, Santos LHMLM, Sabater S, Barceló D, Abad E, Farré M. Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of C 60 fullerene and C 60 epoxide in biofilms and freshwater snails (Radix sp.). Environ Res 2020; 180:108715. [PMID: 31648070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fullerenes are carbon nanomaterials that have awaken a strong interest due to their adsorption properties and potential applications in many fields. However, there are some gaps of information about their effects and bioconcentration potential in the aquatic biota. In the present work, freshwater biofilms and snails (Radix sp.) were exposed to fullerene C60 aggregates, at concentrations in the low μg/L order, in mesocosms specifically designed to mimic the conditions of a natural stream. The bioconcentration factors of C60 fullerene and its main transformation product, [6,6]C60O epoxide, were studied to the mentioned organisms employing analyses by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Our results show that C60 fullerene and its [6,6]C60O present a low bioconcentration factor (BCF) to biofilms: BCFC60 = 1.34 ± 0.95 L/kgdw and BCFC60O = 1.43 ± 0.72 L/kgdw. This suggests that the sorption of these aggregates to biota may be less favoured than it would be suggested by its hydrophobic character. According to our model, the surface of fullerene aggregates is saturated with [6,6]C60O molecules, which exposes the polar epoxide moieties in the surface of the aggregates and decreases their affinity to biofilms. In contrast, freshwater snails showed a moderate capacity to actively retain C60 fullerenes in their organism (BAFC60 = 2670 ± 3070 L/kgdw; BAFC60O = 1330 ± 1680 L/kgdw), probably through ingestion. Our results indicate that the bioaccumulation of these carbon nanomaterials can be hardly estimated using their respective octanol-water partition coefficients, and that their colloidal properties, as well as the feeding strategies of the tested organism, play fundamental roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sanchís
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA- CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Anna Freixa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; University of Girona, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julio C López-Doval
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; University of Girona, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lúcia H M L M Santos
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; University of Girona, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; University of Girona, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA- CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA- CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA- CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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22
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Schirinzi GF, Llorca M, Seró R, Moyano E, Barceló D, Abad E, Farré M. Trace analysis of polystyrene microplastics in natural waters. Chemosphere 2019; 236:124321. [PMID: 31319300 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods to assess micro-plastics (MPLs) and nano-plastics (NPLs) content in the environment is a central issue for realistic risk assessment studies. However, the quantitative analysis continues being a critical issue, in particular for MPLs from 100 μm down to the nano-sized range in complex environmental samples. This paper evaluates the potential of mass spectrometry for the analysis of MPLs and NPLs. The performance of different techniques including matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS), liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and the ambient ionisation approaches as desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) and direct analysis real-time (DART), were assessed for the study of polystyrene (PS) MPLs and NPLs in natural waters. A method based on LC-HRMS, equipped with an atmospheric pressure photoionisation source (APPI), operated in negative conditions for the quantitative analysis of PS MPLs and NPLs in natural waters, was developed. The chromatographic separation was achieved using an advanced polymer chromatographic (APC) column using toluene isocratic as the mobile phase. The optimal analytical method showed an instrumental limit of detection (ILOD) of 20 pg and methods limits of detection and quantification around 30 pg L-1 and 100 pg L-1, respectively. And, recoveries of 60 and 70% in samples from rivers and the marine coast, respectively. The performance of the new method was proved by the analysis of fortified samples and natural seawater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella F Schirinzi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel Seró
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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23
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Abstract
We study normal diffusive and subdiffusive processes in a harmonic potential (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process) on a uniformly growing or contracting domain. Our starting point is a recently derived fractional Fokker-Planck equation, which covers both the case of Brownian diffusion and the case of a subdiffusive continuous-time random walk (CTRW). We find a high sensitivity of the random walk properties to the details of the domain growth rate, which gives rise to a variety of regimes with extremely different behaviors. At the origin of this rich phenomenology is the fact that the walkers still move while they wait to jump, since they are dragged by the deterministic drift arising from the domain growth. Thus, the increasingly long waiting times associated with the aging of the subdiffusive CTRW imply that, in the time interval between two consecutive jumps, the walkers might travel over much longer distances than in the normal diffusive case. This gives rise to seemingly counterintuitive effects. For example, on a static domain, both Brownian diffusion and subdiffusive CTRWs yield a stationary particle distribution with finite width when a harmonic potential is at play, thus indicating a confinement of the diffusing particle. However, for a sufficiently fast growing or contracting domain, this qualitative behavior breaks down, and differences between the Brownian case and the subdiffusive case are found. In the case of Brownian particles, a sufficiently fast exponential domain growth is needed to break the confinement induced by the harmonic force; in contrast, for subdiffusive particles such a breakdown may already take place for a sufficiently fast power-law domain growth. Our analytic and numerical results for both types of diffusion are fully confirmed by random walk simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Le Vot
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx) Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - S B Yuste
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx) Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - E Abad
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx) Centro Universitario de Mérida Universidad de Extremadura, E-06800 Mérida, Spain
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24
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Balakrishnan V, Abad E, Abil T, Kozak JJ. First-passage properties of mortal random walks: Ballistic behavior, effective reduction of dimensionality, and scaling functions for hierarchical graphs. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:062110. [PMID: 31330722 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.062110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We consider a mortal random walker on a family of hierarchical graphs in the presence of some trap sites. The configuration comprising the graph, the starting point of the walk, and the locations of the trap sites is taken to be exactly self-similar as one goes from one generation of the family to the next. Under these circumstances, the total probability that the walker hits a trap is determined exactly as a function of the single-step survival probability q of the mortal walker. On the nth generation graph of the family, this probability is shown to be given by the nth iterate of a certain scaling function or map q→f(q). The properties of the map then determine, in each case, the behavior of the trapping probability, the mean time to trapping, the temporal scaling factor governing the random walk dimension on the graph, and other related properties. The formalism is illustrated for the cases of a linear hierarchical lattice and the Sierpinski graphs in two and three Euclidean dimensions. We find an effective reduction of the random walk dimensionality due to the ballistic behavior of the surviving particles induced by the mortality constraint. The relevance of this finding for experiments involving travel times of particles in diffusion-decay systems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balakrishnan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036, India
| | - E Abad
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx) Centro Universitario de Mérida, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06800 Mérida, Spain
| | - Tim Abil
- College of Computing and Digital Media DePaul University, 243 South Wabash, Chicago, Illinois 60604-2301, USA
| | - John J Kozak
- Department of Chemistry DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 6604-6116, USA
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Ábalos M, Barceló D, Parera J, Farré ML, Llorca M, Eljarrat E, Giulivo M, Capri E, Paunović M, Milačič R, Abad E. Levels of regulated POPs in fish samples from the Sava River Basin. Comparison to legislated quality standard values. Sci Total Environ 2019; 647:20-28. [PMID: 30077159 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish samples of different species (i.e. rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), barbel (Barbus barbus) and European chub (Squalius cephalus)) were collected from the Sava River Basin for a preliminary investigation of the levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and PFAS as a whole. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, in terms of pg WHO-TEQ/g ww, were below the maximum limit established at the Commission Regulation (EU) No 1259/2011. On the contrary, when DL-PCBs were also included, levels increase up to 11.7 pg WHO-TEQPCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs/g ww in a particular case, with two samples out of a total of ten exceeding the maximum set at this EU Regulation and the EQS established at the European Directive regarding priority substances in the field of water policy (0.0065 ng WHO-TEQPCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs/g ww). A similar trend was also observed for NDL-PCBs, whit the same two samples, from the lower stretch of the river basin, exceeding the maximum limit allowed at the EU Regulation (125 ng/g ww). For PBDEs, levels found in all the samples exceeded the EQS (0.0085 ng/g ww) up to more than a thousand times and 40% of the samples presented PFOS values above the EQS. Data from this study were compared to values reported at the literature for fish from other geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ábalos
- Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Parera
- Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marinel la Farré
- Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Giulivo
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Ettore Capri
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Momir Paunović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Esteban Abad
- Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Sanchís J, Milačič R, Zuliani T, Vidmar J, Abad E, Farré M, Barceló D. Occurrence of C 60 and related fullerenes in the Sava River under different hydrologic conditions. Sci Total Environ 2018; 643:1108-1116. [PMID: 30189528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of nanomaterials in the environment has caught the attention of the scientific because of the uncertainties in their fate, mobility and potential toxic effects. However, few studies have determined experimentally their concentration levels in aquatic systems up to date, which complicates the development of an adequate risk assessment. In the present study, the occurrence of ten fullerenes has been assessed in the Sava River (Southeastern Europe): 27 freshwater samples and 12 sediment samples from 12 sampling points have been analysed during two sampling campaigns. C60 was the most ubiquitous fullerene, with concentrations of 8 pg/l-59 ng/l and 108-895 pg/gdw in water and sediments, respectively. Statistically significant differences existed between the levels in 2014 and 2015, which has been attributed to the extreme hydrologic conditions (severe floods and drought, respectively). C70 fullerene has been detected in most of the samples and the fullerene derivatives [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester and N‑methyl fulleropyrrolidine have been detected eventually, which highlights that nanotechnology research and development activities are responsible for emitting these emerging contaminants to the environment. The role of diverse potential anthropogenic sources (including oil refinery, general industrial activity, river navigation, urban emissions and nanotechnology) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sanchís
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea Zuliani
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Vidmar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institute of Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Abad E, Moyano E. V Reunión Nacional de Dioxinas, Furanos y Compuestos Orgánicos Persistentes Relacionados & VIII Reunión de la Sociedad Española de Espectrometría de Masas. Sci Total Environ 2018; 640-641:41. [PMID: 29857320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Abad
- The Laboratory of Dioxins, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Encarnación Moyano
- Analytical Chemistry Group (Pollutant Analysis), Department of Analytical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona (UB), Av Diagonal 645, E08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Muñoz-Arnanz J, Roscales JL, Vicente A, Ros M, Barrios L, Morales L, Abad E, Jiménez B. Assessment of POPs in air from Spain using passive sampling from 2008 to 2015. Part II: Spatial and temporal observations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. Sci Total Environ 2018; 634:1669-1679. [PMID: 29685685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Time series (2008-2015) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in ambient air from the Spanish Monitoring Program were analyzed. A total of 321 samples were collected seasonally each year in 5 urban and 7 background sites by means of passive air sampling. Air concentrations were higher at urban than background sites (urban vs. background concentration ranges): PCDD/Fs (26.9-1010 vs. 20.0-357 fg/m3), non-ortho PCBs (0.113-3.14 vs. 0.042-2.00 pg/m3) and mono-ortho PCBs (0.644-41.3 vs. 0.500-32.8 pg/m3). Results showed significant decreases from 2009 for non-ortho PCBs and PCDD/Fs as well as for WHO2006-TEQs. These declines were sharper, and sometimes only significant, in urban places resulting in converging levels at urban and background sites for these pollutants at the end of the study period. In contrast, mono-ortho PCBs did not show any significant variation but a steady flat temporal behavior in their concentrations, suggesting the existence of different sources between mono-ortho and non-ortho PCBs. Seasonality was observed for air burdens of all these POPs. PCDD/Fs were mostly measured at higher concentrations in colder than in hot seasons, and the opposite was true for dl-PCBs. Seasonal variations for PCDD/Fs appeared to be related to changes in their sources (e.g. domestic heating, open burning) rather than to temperature per se. In contrast, environmental temperature dependent factors (e.g. increased partitioning into the gas phase) drove seasonal variations in dl-PCBs instead of seasonal changes in their sources. Regarding spatial patterns, significant greater levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were generally found in cities compared to background areas, pointing out the role of densely populated areas as sources for these pollutants in Spain. As proven by our results, long-term monitoring activities are essential to assess and understand temporal behaviors for these POPs, as well as to evaluate the achievement of Stockholm Convention objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose L Roscales
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Vicente
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ros
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Barrios
- Statistics Department, Computing Center (SGAI-CSIC), Pinar 19, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Morales
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Parera J, Aristizabal BH, Martrat MG, Adrados MA, Sauló J, Ábalos M, Abad E. Long-term monitoring programme of polychlorinated dioxins and polychlorinated furans in ambient air of Catalonia, Spain (1994-2015). Sci Total Environ 2018; 633:738-744. [PMID: 29602112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in concentrations of persistent organic pollutants were observed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in a comparison of two consecutive decades ending in December 31, 2015 (n = 413) and compiled from a 48-station long-term air-monitoring network in Catalonia, Spain. Reductions were observed in geometric mean concentration of total PCDD/Fs, decreasing at a rate of 11% yr-1. Results reflect the relative success of improved pollution control measures at industry and traffic locations. At traffic and industrial locations, PCDD/Fs were reduced by around 68% (from 70 to 22 fg I-TEQ/m3) and 66% (from 57 to 19 fg I-TEQ/m3), respectively. The highest concentration of 1196 fg I-TEQ/m3 was observed during the first decade at an industrial location. The highest concentration over the second decade was at a background location during winter (674 fg I-TEQ/m3). Winter observations are generally higher than those recorded in summer, as evident in an 8-year period of moderate PCDD/F levels (<250 fg I-TEQ/m3, n = 143). PCDD/F congener profiles were identified has having less chlorinated PCDD/F, indicating the presence of nearby combustion sources at selected locations. More long-term sampling campaigns, combined with network optimization and integration into a meteorological model, can offer a tool for future PCDD/Fs control measures in not only Catalonia - but also applicable to other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Parera
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - B H Aristizabal
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - M G Martrat
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M A Adrados
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Sauló
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ábalos
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Dept., IDÆA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Sanchís J, Llorca M, Olmos M, Schirinzi GF, Bosch-Orea C, Abad E, Barceló D, Farré M. Metabolic Responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis to Fullerenes in Mesocosm Exposure Experiments. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:1002-1013. [PMID: 29244952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed through the diet to fullerene soot at three concentrations in parallel to a control group. Their metabolomics response was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). The experiments were conducted in marine mesocosms, during 35 days (7 days of acclimatization, 21 days of exposure, and 7 days of depuration). Real conditions were emulated in terms of physicochemical conditions of the habitat. Results confirmed the bioaccumulation of fullerenes, and the metabolome of the exposed organisms revealed significant differences in the concentrations of seven free amino acids in comparison to the control group. An increase in small nonpolar amino acids (e.g., alanine) and branched chain amino acids (leucine and isoleucine) were observed. Also, glutamine concentrations decreased significantly, suggesting the activation of facultative anaerobic energy metabolism. Branched chain amino acids, such as leucine and isoleucine, followed the opposite trend after the highest level of exposure, which can imply hormesis effects. Other significant differences were observed on lipids content, such as the general increase of free fatty acids, i.e., long-chain fatty acids (lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids) when the concentration of exposure was increased. These results were consistent with hypoxia and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sanchís
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mar Olmos
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gabriella F Schirinzi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Bosch-Orea
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Water Research (ICRA) , C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Galbán-Malagón CJ, Hernán G, Abad E, Dachs J. Persistent organic pollutants in krill from the Bellingshausen, South Scotia, and Weddell Seas. Sci Total Environ 2018; 610-611:1487-1495. [PMID: 28898957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) reach Antarctica through atmospheric transport, oceanic currents, and to minor extent, by migratory animals. The Southern Ocean is a net sink for many POPs, with a key contribution of the settling fluxes of POPs bound to organic matter (biological pump). However, little is known about POP transfer through the food web in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic waters, where krill is an important ecological node. In this study, we assessed the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) from the Bellingshausen, South Scotia and Weddell Seas around the Antarctic Peninsula. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PBDEs and PCBs in krill showed a large variability and the average were higher (generally within a factor 3) than those previously reported for eastern Antarctica. This result highlights regional differences related to atmospheric transport and deposition, and also probable regional sources due to human activities. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification factors for PCBs in krill were estimated using previously reported phytoplankton and seawater concentrations for this region. These suggested a near water-krill equilibrium for PCBs, which was not observed for water-phytoplankton partitioning. The estimated removal settling fluxes of PCBs due to the biological pump were several orders of magnitude higher than the estimated fluxes of PCBs transferred from phytoplankton to krill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal J Galbán-Malagón
- Departmento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Fundación MERI, Av. Kennedy 5682, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gema Hernán
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA-CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Abstract
Expanding media are typical in many different fields, e.g., in biology and cosmology. In general, a medium expansion (contraction) brings about dramatic changes in the behavior of diffusive transport properties such as the set of positional moments and the Green's function. Here, we focus on the characterization of such effects when the diffusion process is described by the continuous-time random-walk (CTRW) model. As is well known, when the medium is static this model yields anomalous diffusion for a proper choice of the probability density function (pdf) for the jump length and the waiting time, but the behavior may change drastically if a medium expansion is superimposed on the intrinsic random motion of the diffusing particle. For the case where the jump length and the waiting time pdfs are long-tailed, we derive a general bifractional diffusion equation which reduces to a normal diffusion equation in the appropriate limit. We then study some particular cases of interest, including Lévy flights and subdiffusive CTRWs. In the former case, we find an analytical exact solution for the Green's function (propagator). When the expansion is sufficiently fast, the contribution of the diffusive transport becomes irrelevant at long times and the propagator tends to a stationary profile in the comoving reference frame. In contrast, for a contracting medium a competition between the spreading effect of diffusion and the concentrating effect of contraction arises. In the specific case of a subdiffusive CTRW in an exponentially contracting medium, the latter effect prevails for sufficiently long times, and all the particles are eventually localized at a single point in physical space. This "big crunch" effect, totally absent in the case of normal diffusion, stems from inefficient particle spreading due to subdiffusion. We also derive a hierarchy of differential equations for the moments of the transport process described by the subdiffusive CTRW model in an expanding medium. From this hierarchy, the full time evolution of the second-order moment is obtained for some specific types of expansion. In the case of an exponential expansion, exact recurrence relations for the Laplace-transformed moments are obtained, whence the long-time behavior of moments of arbitrary order is subsequently inferred. Our analytical and numerical results for both Lévy flights and subdiffusive CTRWs confirm the intuitive expectation that the medium expansion hinders the mixing of diffusive particles occupying separate regions. In the case of Lévy flights, we quantify this effect by means of the so-called "Lévy horizon."
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Affiliation(s)
- F Le Vot
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEX), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - E Abad
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEX), Centro Universitario de Mérida and Universidad de Extremadura, E-06800 Mérida, Spain
| | - S B Yuste
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEX), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
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Rivera-Austrui J, Martínez K, Ábalos M, Sales C, Portoles T, Beltran J, Sauló J, Aristizábal BH, Abad E. Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in stack gas emissions by gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:245-249. [PMID: 28735712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-(QqQ)MS/MS) including a soft-ionization through an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source based method was compared with the high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) standard reference method EN1948, for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in stack gas emissions. The stack emission samples were collected, both, by manual method sampling (from 6 to 8h) and by long-term sampling systems (sampling time of several weeks). This work presents the first comparison of GC-(QqQ)MS/MS with APCI source with the European Standard EN1948 technique for stack gas emissions. Sample concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 596pg I-TEQ/Nm3. Comparative results in all investigated samples showed relative errors that were within ±15%. These results make GC-(QqQ)MS/MS with APCI suitable for the quantitative analysis of dioxins in the studied samples and create a real alternative tool to the reference sector GC-HRMS instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rivera-Austrui
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Martínez
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ábalos
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Sales
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - T Portoles
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J Beltran
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J Sauló
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - B H Aristizábal
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Manizales, Colombia
| | - E Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Zubero MB, Eguiraun E, Aurrekoetxea JJ, Lertxundi A, Abad E, Parera J, Goñi-Irigoyen F, Ibarluzea J. Changes in serum dioxin and PCB levels in residents around a municipal waste incinerator in Bilbao, Spain. Environ Res 2017; 156:738-746. [PMID: 28482295 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a great concern in the Basque Country regarding emissions from waste incineration, in particular that of organochlorines (OCs), including dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and their potential effect on human health. In 2005, a municipal solid waste plant (MSWP) started to operate in Bilbao, representing an opportunity to assess the exposure to the aforementioned pollutants among people living at various distances from the plant. In 2006 and 2008, we carried out two cross-sectional studies to quantify and assess changes in levels of these pollutants. The objective of this study was to describe the levels of OCs in the blood serum in 2013 of 127 adults of this prospective cohort, in four centres of population, near to and further away from the MSWP, and to study trends over time since it started to operate. This study shows the levels of OCs have decreased significantly, from 37.2% to 80.1%. Further, levels of OCs in areas near to the MSWP were not found to be higher than those in areas further afield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren B Zubero
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Elena Eguiraun
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Juan J Aurrekoetxea
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; Public Health Department, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Aitana Lertxundi
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Esteban Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Parera
- Laboratory of Dioxins, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fernando Goñi-Irigoyen
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; Public Health Department, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Jesus Ibarluzea
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; Public Health Department, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain.
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Rossetti G, Musiani F, Abad E, Dibenedetto D, Mouhib H, Fernandez CO, Carloni P. Conformational ensemble of human α-synuclein physiological form predicted by molecular simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 18:5702-6. [PMID: 26553504 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04549e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We perform here enhanced sampling simulations of N-terminally acetylated human α-synuclein, an intrinsically disordered protein involved in Parkinson's disease. The calculations, consistent with experiments, suggest that the post-translational modification leads to the formation of a transient amphipathic α-helix. The latter, absent in the non-physiological form, alters protein dynamics at the N-terminal and intramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rossetti
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany. and Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany and Department of Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - F Musiani
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany. and Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA/ISAS), via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy and Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - E Abad
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany. and German Research School for Simulation Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - D Dibenedetto
- German Research School for Simulation Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - H Mouhib
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C O Fernandez
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 27 de Febrero 210 bis, S2002LRK-Rosario, Argentina and Institute for Drug Discovery of Rosario (IIDEFAR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, 27 de Febrero 210 bis, S2002LRK-Rosario, Argentina
| | - P Carloni
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany. and German Research School for Simulation Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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San Martin BV, Pizarro-Aránguiz N, García-Mendoza D, Araya-Jordan C, Maddaleno A, Abad E, Galbán-Malagón CJ. A four-year survey in the farming region of Chile, occurrence and human exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and dioxin -like polychlorinated biphenyls in different raw meats. Sci Total Environ 2016; 573:1278-1286. [PMID: 27387813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For the first time in South America, a four-year survey (2011-2014) was conducted to assess the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in different raw meats (bovine, pork, ovine, chicken, and turkey) sampled from ten of the fifteen regions of Chile. When expressed as pg World Health Organization Toxic Equivalent (WHO-TEQ2005)g-1 fat, the highest PCDD/F values for each species were 0.54 (bovine-2012), 0.27 (pork-2013), 0.23 (ovine-2011), 0.61 (chickens-2013), and 0.34 (turkey-2012). The highest mean dl-PCBs levels were 0.18 (bovine-2011), 0.05 (pork-2014), 0.13 (ovine-2011), 0.1 (chicken-2014), and 0.21 (turkey-2013). Penta- and tetra-chlorinated congeners dominated PCDD/F WHO-TEQ2005 profiles during the survey, while PCB 126 dominated dl-PCBs profiles. Statistically significant interspecies differences were found. Dietary intake was also estimated, and the highest total PCDD/F and dl-PCBs values, found in poultry meat, were 0.09pgWHO-TEQ2005kg-1bwd-1 (2013) for adults and 0.36pgWHO-TEQ2005kg-1bwd-1 (2013) for children. The concentrations and dietary intakes for the studied compounds in raw meat were below international and national maximum permitted limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V San Martin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - N Pizarro-Aránguiz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - D García-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Araya-Jordan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - A Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - E Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDÆA (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C J Galbán-Malagón
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resources, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile.
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Conesa JA, Ortuño N, Abad E, Rivera-Austrui J. Emissions of PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, dioxin like-PCBs and PAHs from a cement plant using a long-term monitoring system. Sci Total Environ 2016; 571:435-443. [PMID: 27405517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to assess the emission of different persistent organic pollutants from a cement plant over a period of one year, under normal operational conditions. Thus, a long-term sampling device was installed in the clinker kiln stack of the cement plant. The factory uses petroleum coke as primary fuel, but also alternative fuels such as solid recovered fuel (SRF), automotive shredder residue (ASR), sewage sludge, waste tires, and meat and bone meal (MBM) wastes, with an energy substitution level of about 40%. Both PCDD/Fs (together with dl-PCBs) and PBDD/Fs were continuously sampled, with a total of ten samples collected in 2-4week periods. Also, PAHs were sampled during one-week periods, in order to evaluate their emissions in three different samples. The emission levels throughout the year were much lower than the set legal limits in all substances, being <10pgI-TEQ/Nm(3) in the case of PCDD/Fs. The data obtained allowed calculation of updated emission factors for the cement sector, which were 8.5ng I-TEQ/ton clinker for PCDD/Fs and 3.2ng WHO-TEQ/ton clinker for PCBs. With respect to the congener distribution, 2,3,7,8-TCDF accounts for 60 to 68% of the total toxicity for PCDD/Fs, and in PBDD/F emissions, a clear predominance of octa-substituted species (both dioxin and furan) was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Conesa
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Nuria Ortuño
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Joan Rivera-Austrui
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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Pemberthy D, Quintero A, Martrat MG, Parera J, Ábalos M, Abad E, Villa AL. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like PCBs in commercialized food products from Colombia. Sci Total Environ 2016; 568:1185-1191. [PMID: 27173454 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) are commonly known as dioxins and are the most toxic members of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because present a variety of health effects especially as promoting agent of growing and transformation of cancer cells. They are bio-accumulate in humans primarily via the diet, specifically by ingestion of foods that have high lipid content which are generally associated with foods of animal origin such as oils and fats and with fishery and dairy products. In Colombia the Ministry of Health and Social Protection which is the entity responsible for surveillance food conditions, has established maximum levels for dioxins and dl-PCBs in oils from animal and vegetable origins. Oils of vegetable and animal origin represent an appreciable intake in the country thus the presence of dioxins and dl-PCBs in these materials is a matter of concern because they can bioaccumulate in fat. In this contribution the levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in olive, soybean, fish oil, butter and shrimp consumed in Colombia were determined using HRGC-HRMS and were compared with the maximum levels permitted in oil samples according to both the Colombian and European regulations. WHO-TEQ concentrations for PCDD/Fs and dioxin like PCBs ranged from 0.24 to 1.710pgWHO-TEQ PCDD/Fg(-1) of fat and from 0.050 to 3.000pgWHO-TEQ PCBg(-1) of fat, respectively. As expected, fish oils and shrimp present the highest WHO-TEQ PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs values followed by butter and soybean oil sample, while the olive oil shows the lowest levels. In general, the vegetable oils show levels below the limits established by both the Colombian and European regulations. The levels from soybean oil found in this study were slightly higher than the threshold established both by the Commission Regulation European Union (EU) and the Colombian legislation, while fish oils showed concentrations above the European regulations. Furthermore, shrimp exhibited values below the maximum concentration levels established by the EU and Colombian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pemberthy
- Environmental Catalysis Research Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering School, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-2, Medellín, Colombia; Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessments and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Quintero
- Environmental Catalysis Research Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering School, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-2, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M G Martrat
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessments and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Parera
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessments and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ábalos
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessments and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Abad
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessments and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A L Villa
- Environmental Catalysis Research Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering School, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-2, Medellín, Colombia.
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Portolés T, Sales C, Abalos M, Sauló J, Abad E. Evaluation of the capabilities of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls in complex-matrix food samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 937:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yuste SB, Abad E, Escudero C. Diffusion in an expanding medium: Fokker-Planck equation, Green's function, and first-passage properties. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:032118. [PMID: 27739760 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.032118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a classical, mesoscopic derivation of the Fokker-Planck equation for diffusion in an expanding medium. To this end, we take a conveniently generalized Chapman-Kolmogorov equation as the starting point. We obtain an analytical expression for the Green's function (propagator) and investigate both analytically and numerically how this function and the associated moments behave. We also study first-passage properties in expanding hyperspherical geometries. We show that in all cases the behavior is determined to a great extent by the so-called Brownian conformal time τ(t), which we define via the relation τ[over ̇]=1/a^{2}, where a(t) is the expansion scale factor. If the medium expansion is driven by a power law [a(t)∝t^{γ} with γ>0], then we find interesting crossover effects in the mixing effectiveness of the diffusion process when the characteristic exponent γ is varied. Crossover effects are also found at the level of the survival probability and of the moments of the first passage-time distribution with two different regimes separated by the critical value γ=1/2. The case of an exponential scale factor is analyzed separately both for expanding and contracting media. In the latter situation, a stationary probability distribution arises in the long-time limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Yuste
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEX), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - E Abad
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEX), Centro Universitario de Mérida Universidad de Extremadura, E-06800 Mérida, Spain
| | - C Escudero
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Yuste SB, Abad E, Baumgaertner A. Anomalous diffusion and dynamics of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in the random-comb model. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:012118. [PMID: 27575088 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.012118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We address the problem of diffusion on a comb whose teeth display varying lengths. Specifically, the length ℓ of each tooth is drawn from a probability distribution displaying power law behavior at large ℓ,P(ℓ)∼ℓ^{-(1+α)} (α>0). To start with, we focus on the computation of the anomalous diffusion coefficient for the subdiffusive motion along the backbone. This quantity is subsequently used as an input to compute concentration recovery curves mimicking fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments in comblike geometries such as spiny dendrites. Our method is based on the mean-field description provided by the well-tested continuous time random-walk approach for the random-comb model, and the obtained analytical result for the diffusion coefficient is confirmed by numerical simulations of a random walk with finite steps in time and space along the backbone and the teeth. We subsequently incorporate retardation effects arising from binding-unbinding kinetics into our model and obtain a scaling law characterizing the corresponding change in the diffusion coefficient. Finally, we show that recovery curves obtained with the help of the analytical expression for the anomalous diffusion coefficient cannot be fitted perfectly by a model based on scaled Brownian motion, i.e., a standard diffusion equation with a time-dependent diffusion coefficient. However, differences between the exact curves and such fits are small, thereby providing justification for the practical use of models relying on scaled Brownian motion as a fitting procedure for recovery curves arising from particle diffusion in comblike systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Yuste
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEX), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - E Abad
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEX), Centro Universitario de Mérida, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06800 Mérida, Spain
| | - A Baumgaertner
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEX), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
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Roscales JL, Vicente A, Muñoz-Arnanz J, Morales L, Abad E, Aguirre JI, Jiménez B. Influence of trophic ecology on the accumulation of dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Mediterranean gulls (Larus michahellis and L. audouinii): A three-isotope approach. Environ Pollut 2016; 212:307-315. [PMID: 26854700 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of pollution caused by severe anthropogenic pressure in the Mediterranean Sea, an important biodiversity hotspot, requires continuous research efforts. Sources of highly toxic chemicals such as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are misunderstood in representative Mediterranean species, which limits our capability to establish proper conservation strategies. In the present study, eggs of Audouin's and yellow-legged gulls (Larus audouinii and L. michahellis) were used to investigate the trophic sources, as measured by δ(13)C, δ(15)N, and δ(34)S, of legacy POPs, in particular, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (no-PCBs), as well as recently-regulated POPs, e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Special attention was paid to the usefulness of rarely-explored δ(34)S ratios in explaining POP exposure in wildlife, and δ(34)S was the isotopic ratio that best explained POP variations among gulls in most cases, thus demonstrating its usefulness for understanding POP exposure in wildlife. Significant relationships between stable isotope signatures and POP concentrations revealed increasing levels of no-PCBs and low halogenated PCDD/Fs and PBDEs in Mediterranean gulls as the consumption of marine resources increases. In contrast, highly chlorinated and brominated congeners appeared to preferentially accumulate in gulls feeding primarily on refuse from dump sites and terrestrial food webs. The use of suitable dietary tracers in the study of POPs in yellow-legged gulls revealed the importance of dump sites as a source of POPs in Mediterranean seabirds, which has not previously been reported. In contrast, the preferential accumulation through marine food webs of low chlorinated PCCD/Fs and no-PCBs, which show the highest toxic equivalents factors (TEFs), led to a significantly greater toxicological concern in Audouin's as compared to yellow-legged gulls. Audouin's gull exposure to POPs appears primarily related to the pelagic food webs commonly exploited by fisheries, highlighting the need for further research given the potential impact on human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Roscales
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Vicente
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Morales
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose I Aguirre
- Department of Zoology and Physic Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, José Antonio Novais 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Avelar AC, Ferreira WM, Pemberthy D, Abad E, Amaral MA. Dioxins, furans, biphenyls, arsenic, thorium and uranium in natural and anthropogenic sources of phosphorus and calcium used in agriculture. Sci Total Environ 2016; 551-552:695-698. [PMID: 26901743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the presence of dioxins, furans and biphenyls, and the inorganic contaminants such as arsenic (As), thorium (Th) and uranium (U) in three main products used in Agriculture in Brazil: feed grade dicalcium phosphate, calcined bovine bone meal and calcitic limestone. The first two are anthropogenic sources of phosphorus and calcium, while calcitic limestone is a natural unprocessed mineral. Regarding to dioxin-like substances, all samples analyzed exhibited dioxins (PCDD) and furans (PCDF) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) concentrations below limit of detection (LOD). In general, achieved is in accordance with regulation in Brazil where is established a maximum limit in limestone used in the citric pulp production (0.50pg WHO-TEQ g(-1)). In addition, reported data revealed very low levels for limestone in comparison with similar materials reported by European legislation. As result for toxic metals, achieved data were obtained using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). On one hand, limestone sample exhibits the largest arsenic concentration. On another hand, dicalcium phosphate exhibited the largest uranium concentration, which represents a standard in animal nutrition. Therefore, it is phosphorus source in the animal feed industry can be a goal of concern in the feed field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Avelar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Veterinary School, Universidad de Federal de Minas Gerais Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627 Campus UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - W M Ferreira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Veterinary School, Universidad de Federal de Minas Gerais Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627 Campus UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - D Pemberthy
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Universidad de Antioquia, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Grupo Catálisis Ambiental, Calle 70 No. 52-2, Medellín, Colombia
| | - E Abad
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M A Amaral
- Department of Animal Sciences, Veterinary School, Universidad de Federal de Minas Gerais Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627 Campus UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Morales L, Gene'rosa Martrat M, Parera J, Bertolero A, Ábalos M, Santos FJ, Lacorte S, Abad E. Dioxins and dl-PCBs in gull eggs from Spanish Natural Parks (2010-2013). Sci Total Environ 2016; 550:114-122. [PMID: 26808402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and biphenyls (PCBs), concretely those so-called as dioxin-like PCBs, in yellow-legged gull eggs (Larus michahellis) collected from five Natural Parks (some of them National Parks) in Spain during the period 2010-2013. PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were detected in all the samples. Due to the proximity to important urban and industrial areas higher concentrations were determined in colonies located in the Northern Mediterranean coast than those found in the Southern Mediterranean or Atlantic colonies where a softer anthropogenic impact occurs. Mean ∑PCDD/F concentrations ranged from 49 to 223pg/g lipid weight (lw) and ∑dl-PCB concentrations varied from 146 to 911ng/g lw. In the Natural Park of the Ebro Delta (Northern Mediterranean coast) two gull species share habitat: yellow-legged and Audouin gull (Larus audouinii). Eggs from both species were collected and PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels compared. The species that feeds exclusively on pelagic fish (L. audouinii) had significantly higher PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels than the scavenger L. michahellis, pointing out the diet-dependent differences in the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants between similar cohabitant breeding species. Finally, mean TEQ values were in general below those considered as critical for toxicological effects in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morales
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Parera
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Bertolero
- Associació Ornitològica Picampall de les Terres de l'Ebre, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuela Ábalos
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Abstract
Motivated by recent experiments, we present here a detailed theoretical analysis of the use of carbon-based conductive tips in scanning tunnelling microscopy. In particular, we employ ab initio methods based on density functional theory to explore a graphitic, an amorphous carbon and two diamond-like tips for imaging with a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM), and we compare them with standard metallic tips made of gold and tungsten. We investigate the performance of these tips in terms of the corrugation of the STM images acquired when scanning a single graphene sheet. Moreover, we analyse the impact of the tip-sample distance and show that it plays a fundamental role in the resolution and symmetry of the STM images. We also explore in depth how the adsorption of single atoms and molecules in the tip apexes modifies the STM images and demonstrate that, in general, it leads to an improved image resolution. The ensemble of our results provides strong evidence that carbon-based tips can significantly improve the resolution of STM images, as compared to more standard metallic tips, which may open a new line of research in scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C González
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France. Departamento de electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, Fuente Nueva & CITIC, Aynadamar E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Ábalos M, Cojocariu CI, Silcock P, Roberts D, Pemberthy DM, Sauló J, Abad E. Meeting the European Commission performance criteria for the use of triple quadrupole GC-MS/MS as a confirmatory method for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in food and feed samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3511-25. [PMID: 26922340 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, European Union (EU) legislation required the use of high-resolution gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) based on magnetic sector analyzers as a standard approach for confirmatory analysis of dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) in feed and food. However, recent technological advances in MS instruments enabled other alternative analytical techniques to meet the same analytical criteria as those requested for HRGC-HRMS. In this sense, triple quadrupoles (GC-MS/MS) can be a realistic alternative for the analysis of dioxins. In this work, the performance of GC-MS/MS technology was evaluated against the criteria demanded by the EU for confirmatory analysis of dioxins and PCBs in food and feed. Thus, the study comprises a number of parameters including chromatographic separation, limit of quantification, linearity, repeatability, and ion ratio precision. Analyses of solvent standards as well as sample extracts (inter-calibration extracts and certified reference materials) were also considered within the scope of this study. Additionally, direct comparisons of the results obtained by GC-MS/MS with those from GC-HRMS were made. The results of this work suggested that GC-MS/MS was highly sensitive and selective for confirmatory analysis of PCDD/Fs and related compounds in food and feed samples and meets all the criteria requested by the European Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ábalos
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian I Cojocariu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tudor Road, Manor Park, Runcorn, Cheshire, WA7 1TA, UK
| | - Paul Silcock
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tudor Road, Manor Park, Runcorn, Cheshire, WA7 1TA, UK
| | - Dominic Roberts
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tudor Road, Manor Park, Runcorn, Cheshire, WA7 1TA, UK
| | - Diana M Pemberthy
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Catalysis Group, University of Antioquia, street 70 No. 52-2, 050001, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jordi Sauló
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Morales L, Dachs J, Fernández-Pinos MC, Berrojalbiz N, Mompean C, González-Gaya B, Jiménez B, Bode A, Ábalos M, Abad E. Oceanic Sink and Biogeochemical Controls on the Accumulation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Biphenyls in Plankton. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:13853-13861. [PMID: 26115052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) were measured in plankton samples from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans collected during the Malaspina circumnavigation cruise. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in plankton averaged 14 and 240 pg gdw(-1), respectively, but concentrations were highly variable. The global distribution of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs was not driven by proximity to continents but significantly correlated with plankton biomass, with higher plankton phase PCDD/F and dl-PCB concentrations at lower biomass. These trends are consistent with the interactions between atmospheric deposition, biomass dilution, and settling fluxes of organic matter in the water column (biological pump), as key processes driving POPs plankton phase concentrations in the global oceans. The application of a model of the air-water-plankton diffusive exchange reproduces in part the influence of biomass on plankton phase concentrations and suggests future modeling priorities. The estimated oceanic sink (Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans) due to settling fluxes of organic matter bound PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs is of 400 and 10,500 kg y(-1), respectively. The atmospheric inputs due to gross diffusive absorption and dry deposition are nearly 3 and 10 times larger for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs, respectively, than the oceanic sink. These observations suggest that the coupling of atmospheric deposition with water column cycling supports and drives the accumulation of dl-PCBs and PCDD/Fs in plankton from the global oligotrophic oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morales
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - María-Carmen Fernández-Pinos
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Naiara Berrojalbiz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Carmen Mompean
- A Coruña Oceanographic Center, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, IEO , A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Belén González-Gaya
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC , Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC , Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Bode
- A Coruña Oceanographic Center, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, IEO , A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Manuela Ábalos
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
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48
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van Bavel B, Geng D, Cherta L, Nácher-Mestre J, Portolés T, Ábalos M, Sauló J, Abad E, Dunstan J, Jones R, Kotz A, Winterhalter H, Malisch R, Traag W, Hagberg J, Ericson Jogsten I, Beltran J, Hernández F. Atmospheric-Pressure Chemical Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC/MS/MS) an Alternative to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) for the Determination of Dioxins. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9047-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bert van Bavel
- MTM
Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Dawei Geng
- MTM
Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Laura Cherta
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaime Nácher-Mestre
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Tania Portolés
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Manuela Ábalos
- MTM
Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
- Laboratory
of Dioxins, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Environmental
Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sauló
- Laboratory
of Dioxins, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Environmental
Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Laboratory
of Dioxins, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Environmental
Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rhys Jones
- Waters Corporation, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Kotz
- EU
Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food, D-79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Winterhalter
- EU
Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food, D-79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Malisch
- EU
Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food, D-79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wim Traag
- RIKILT, Institute of
Food Safety, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessika Hagberg
- MTM
Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ericson Jogsten
- MTM
Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Joaquim Beltran
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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49
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Campos D, Abad E, Méndez V, Yuste SB, Lindenberg K. Optimal search strategies of space-time coupled random walkers with finite lifetimes. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2015; 91:052115. [PMID: 26066127 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.052115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple paradigm for detection of an immobile target by a space-time coupled random walker with a finite lifetime. The motion of the walker is characterized by linear displacements at a fixed speed and exponentially distributed duration, interrupted by random changes in the direction of motion and resumption of motion in the new direction with the same speed. We call these walkers "mortal creepers." A mortal creeper may die at any time during its motion according to an exponential decay law characterized by a finite mean death rate ω(m). While still alive, the creeper has a finite mean frequency ω of change of the direction of motion. In particular, we consider the efficiency of the target search process, characterized by the probability that the creeper will eventually detect the target. Analytic results confirmed by numerical results show that there is an ω(m)-dependent optimal frequency ω=ω(opt) that maximizes the probability of eventual target detection. We work primarily in one-dimensional (d=1) domains and examine the role of initial conditions and of finite domain sizes. Numerical results in d=2 domains confirm the existence of an optimal frequency of change of direction, thereby suggesting that the observed effects are robust to changes in dimensionality. In the d=1 case, explicit expressions for the probability of target detection in the long time limit are given. In the case of an infinite domain, we compute the detection probability for arbitrary times and study its early- and late-time behavior. We further consider the survival probability of the target in the presence of many independent creepers beginning their motion at the same location and at the same time. We also consider a version of the standard "target problem" in which many creepers start at random locations at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Campos
- Grup de Física Estadística, Departament de Física, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - E Abad
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEX), Centro Universitario de Mérida, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06800 Mérida, Spain
| | - V Méndez
- Grup de Física Estadística, Departament de Física, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - S B Yuste
- Departamento de Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEX), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - K Lindenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and BioCircuits Institute, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0340, USA
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50
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Martinez-Zamora MA, Mattioli L, Parera J, Abad E, Coloma JL, van Babel B, Galceran MT, Balasch J, Carmona F. Increased levels of dioxin-like substances in adipose tissue in patients with deep infiltrating endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:1059-68. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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