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Chen W, Ge P, Deng M, Liu X, Lu Z, Yan Z, Chen M, Wang J. Toxicological responses of A549 and HCE-T cells exposed to fine particulate matter at the air-liquid interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:27375-27387. [PMID: 38512571 PMCID: PMC11052810 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can enter the human body in various ways and have adverse effects on human health. Human lungs and eyes are exposed to the air for a long time and are the first to be exposed to PM2.5. The "liquid immersion exposure method" has some limitations that prevent it from fully reflecting the toxic effects of particulate matter on the human body. In this study, the collected PM2.5 samples were chemically analyzed. An air-liquid interface (ALI) model with a high correlation to the in vivo environment was established based on human lung epithelial cells (A549) and immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T). The VITROCELL Cloud 12 system was used to distribute PM2.5 on the cells evenly. After exposure for 6 h and 24 h, cell viability, apoptosis rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, expression of inflammatory factors, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage were measured. The results demonstrated significant dose- and time-dependent effects of PM2.5 on cell viability, cell apoptosis, ROS generation, and DNA damage at the ALI, while the inflammatory factors showed dose-dependent effects only. It should be noted that even short exposure to low doses of PM2.5 can cause cell DNA double-strand breaks and increased expression of γ-H2AX, indicating significant genotoxicity of PM2.5. Increased abundance of ROS in cells plays a crucial role in the cytotoxicity induced by PM2.5 exposure These findings emphasize the significant cellular damage and genotoxicity that may result from short-term exposure to low levels of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wankang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Pengxiang Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Minjun Deng
- Ningxia Meteorological Service Center, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhenyu Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhansheng Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Safiarian M, Ugboya A, Khan I, Marichev KO, Grant KB. New Insights into the Phototoxicity of Anthracene-Based Chromophores: The Chloride Salt Effect†. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1002-1020. [PMID: 37347986 PMCID: PMC10354805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the causes underlying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phototoxicity is an essential step in understanding the harmful effects of these compounds in nature. Toward this end, we have studied the DNA interactions and photochemistry of N1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride in the presence and absence of NaF, KF, NaCl, KCl, NaBr, KBr, NaI, and KI (350 nm hν, pH 7.0). Exposing pUC19 plasmid to UV light in solutions containing 400 mM KCl formed significantly more direct strand breaks in DNA compared to no-salt control reactions. In contrast, NaCl increased DNA damage moderately, while the sodium(I) and potassium(I) fluoride, bromide, and iodide salts generally inhibited cleavage (I- > Br- > F-). A halide anion-induced heavy-atom effect was indicated by monitoring anthracene photodegradation and by employing the hydroxyl radical (•OH) probe hydroxyphenyl fluorescein (HPF). These studies revealed that among no-salt controls and the eight halide salts, only NaCl and KCl enabled the anthracene to photosensitize the production of high levels of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pre-irradiation of N1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride at 350 nm increased the amounts of chloride salt-induced •OH detected by HPF in subsequent anthracene photoactivation experiments. Taking into consideration that •OH and other highly reactive ROS are extremely short-lived, this result suggests that the pre-irradiation step might lead to the formation of oxidized anthracene photoproducts that are exceedingly redox-active. The fluorometric probes HPF and Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green revealed that KCl concentrations ranging from 150 to 400 mM and from 100 to 400 mM, respectively, enhanced N1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride photosensitized •OH and singlet oxygen (1O2) production over no-salt controls. Considering the relatively high levels of Na+, K+, and Cl- ions that exist in the environment and in living organisms, our findings may be relevant to the phototoxic effects exhibited by anthracenes and other polycyclic hydrocarbons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imran Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kostiantyn O. Marichev
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kathryn B. Grant
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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Onduka T, Mochida K. Toxicity and Environmental Risk Assessment of Polycarbamate and Its Main Components to Marine Algae and Crustaceans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044183. [PMID: 36835593 PMCID: PMC9959205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycarbamate is commonly used as an antifoulant coating on fishing nets in Japan. Although its toxicity to freshwater organisms has been reported, its toxicity to marine organisms is currently unknown. We conducted algal growth inhibition and crustacean immobilization tests to assess the effects of polycarbamate on marine organisms. We also evaluated the acute toxicity of the main components of polycarbamate, namely, dimethyldithiocarbamate and ethylenebisdithiocarbamate, to algae, which are the most sensitive tested organisms to polycarbamate. The toxicities of dimethyldithiocarbamate and ethylenebisdithiocarbamate partially explain that of polycarbamate. To assess the primary risk, we derived the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for polycarbamate in a probabilistic manner using species sensitivity distributions. The 72 h no observed effect concentration (NOEC) of polycarbamate to the alga Skeletonema marinoi-dohrnii complex was 0.45 μg/L. The toxicity of dimethyldithiocarbamate may have contributed up to 72% of the toxicity observed for polycarbamate. The fifth percentile of hazardous concentration (HC5) derived from the acute toxicity values was 0.48 μg/L. Comparison of previously reported environmental polycarbamate concentrations in Hiroshima Bay, Japan, to the PNEC estimated using the minimum NOEC and HC5 suggest that polycarbamate currently poses a high ecological risk. Therefore, reducing the risk by restricting polycarbamate use is necessary.
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Panagopoulos A, Balalas T, Mitrakas A, Vrazas V, Katsani KR, Koumbis AE, Koukourakis MI, Litinas KE, Fylaktakidou KC. 6-Nitro-Quinazolin-4(3H)-one Exhibits Photodynamic Effects and Photodegrades Human Melanoma Cell Lines. A Study on the Photoreactivity of Simple Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:826-836. [PMID: 33386640 DOI: 10.1111/php.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photochemo and photodynamic therapies are minimally invasive approaches for the treatment of cancers and powerful weapons for competing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Synthetic and naturally occurring quinazolinones are considered privileged anticancer and antibacterial agents, with several of them to have emerged as commercially available drugs. In the present study, applying a single-step green microwave irradiation mediated protocol we have synthesized eleven quinazolinon-4(3H)-ones, from cheap readily available anthranilic acids, in very good yields and purity. These products were irradiated in the presence of pBR322 plasmid DNA under UVB, UVA and visible light. Four of the compounds proved to be very effective DNA photocleavers, at low concentrations, being time and concentration dependent as well as pH independent. Participation of reactive oxygen species was related to the substitution of quinazolinone derivatives. 6-Nitro-quinazolinone in combination with UVA irradiation was found to be in vitro photodestructive for three cell lines; glioblastoma (U87MG and T98G) and mainly melanoma (A-375). Thus, certain appropriately substituted quinazolinones may serve as new lead photosensitizers for the development of promising biotechnological applications and as novel photochemo and photodynamic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Panagopoulos
- Laboratory of Organic, Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Thomas Balalas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Achilleas Mitrakas
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace/University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vassilios Vrazas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Virology, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Katerina R Katsani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Virology, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Alexandros E Koumbis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael I Koukourakis
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace/University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos E Litinas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina C Fylaktakidou
- Laboratory of Organic, Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Li R, Wang X, Wang B, Li J, Song Y, Luo B, Chen Y, Zhang C, Wang H, Xu D. Gestational 1-nitropyrene exposure causes gender-specific impairments on postnatal growth and neurobehavioral development in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:123-129. [PMID: 31082575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP), a typical nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is widely distributed in the environment and is well known for its mutagenic effects. Recently, we found that gestational 1-NP exposure induced fetal growth restriction. In this study, we further evaluated the effect of in utero 1-NP exposure on postnatal growth and neurobehavioral development in the offspring. Pregnant mice were administered with 1-NP (10 μg/kg) by gavage daily in late pregnancy (GD13-GD17). The body weight of each offspring was measured from PND1 to 12 weeks postpartum. Exploration and anxiety related activities were detected by open-field test at 6 weeks postpartum. Learning and memory were assessed by Morris Water Maze at 7 weeks postpartum. And depressive-like behaviors were estimated by sucrose preference test at 10 weeks postpartum. Significant body weight reduction was observed in 1-NP-exposed female offspring at PND1, PND14 and PND21 while the lower body weight was only found at PND1 for 1-NP-exposed male offspring. Exploration and anxiety activities at puberty, and depressive-like behavior in adulthood were not disturbed in offspring prenatally exposed to 1-NP. Interestingly, spatial learning and memory ability at puberty was impaired in females but not in males prenatally exposed to 1-NP. These findings suggest that gestational 1-NP exposure delays postnatal growth and impaired neurobehavioral development in a gender-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Basic Medical College, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xilu Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jian Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yaping Song
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Biao Luo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yuanhua Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Li R, Wang X, Wang B, Li J, Song Y, Luo B, Chen Y, Zhang C, Wang H, Xu D. Gestational 1-nitropyrene exposure causes fetal growth restriction through disturbing placental vascularity and proliferation. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:252-258. [PMID: 30223130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) is a widely distributed pollutant in the environment and is best known for its mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of 1-NP exposure in different gestational stages on the pregnant outcomes. Pregnant mice were administered with 1-NP by gavage daily in early (GD1-GD6), middle (GD7-GD12) or late pregnancy (GD13-GD17), respectively. We found that gestational 1-NP exposure had no effect on implantation sites per litter, preterm delivery and fetal death. Interestingly, mice exposed to 1-NP in late pregnancy showed a significant reduction in fetal weight and crown-rump length. Correspondingly, placental weight and diameter were markedly reduced in dams exposed to 1-NP in late pregnancy. Additional experiment showed maternal 1-NP exposure in late pregnancy reduced blood sinusoid area of placental labyrinthine region in a dose-dependent manner. Although gestational 1-NP exposure had little effect on placental cell apoptosis, as determined by the TUNEL assay, the rate of Ki67-positive cell, a marker of cell proliferation, was reduced in placental labyrinthine region of mice exposed to 1-NP in late pregnancy. These findings provide evidence that gestational 1-NP exposure induces fetal growth restriction in a stage-dependent manner. Placenta is a toxic target in the process of 1-NP-induced fetal growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xilu Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jian Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yaping Song
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Biao Luo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuanhua Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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