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Zhang H, Wang H, Cao X, Chen M, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Huang M, Xia L, Wang Y, Li T, Zheng D, Luo Y, Sun S, Zhao X, Sun X. Unveiling Cutting-Edge Developments in Electrocatalytic Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312746. [PMID: 38198832 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The excessive enrichment of nitrate in the environment can be converted into ammonia (NH3) through electrochemical processes, offering significant implications for modern agriculture and the potential to reduce the burden of the Haber-Bosch (HB) process while achieving environmentally friendly NH3 production. Emerging research on electrocatalytic nitrate reduction (eNitRR) to NH3 has gained considerable momentum in recent years for efficient NH3 synthesis. However, existing reviews on nitrate reduction have primarily focused on limited aspects, often lacking a comprehensive summary of catalysts, reaction systems, reaction mechanisms, and detection methods employed in nitrate reduction. This review aims to provide a timely and comprehensive analysis of the eNitRR field by integrating existing research progress and identifying current challenges. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the research progress achieved using various materials in electrochemical nitrate reduction, elucidates the underlying theoretical mechanism behind eNitRR, and discusses effective strategies based on numerous case studies to enhance the electrochemical reduction from NO3 - to NH3. Finally, this review discusses challenges and development prospects in the eNitRR field with an aim to guide design and development of large-scale sustainable nitrate reduction electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316004, China
| | - Haijian Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316004, China
| | - Xiqian Cao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316004, China
| | - Mengshan Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316004, China
| | - Yuelong Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650092, China
| | - Yingtang Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316004, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Lu Xia
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Tingshuai Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Dongdong Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Yongsong Luo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Shengjun Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650092, China
| | - Xuping Sun
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
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Zhu H, Tang Y, Wang JJ, Sun T, Wang M, Wang J, Tan Y, Wang J. Accelerating electrosynthesis of ammonia from nitrates using coupled NiO/Cu nanocomposites. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2184-2187. [PMID: 38295377 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05928f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a nanocomposite electrocatalyst with coupled Cu and NiO, showing a high Faraday efficiency of 97% and excellent ammonia production rate (450 mg h-1 cm-2) for nitrate reduction. In situ UV-vis spectroscopic studies confirmed that the synergy between NiO and Cu could avoid NO2- enrichment and promote tandem nitrate reduction to ammonia synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
| | - Yanfeng Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jiacheng Jayden Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
| | - Tongming Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Minmin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yongwen Tan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
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Su JF, Ahmad MS, Kuan WF, Chen CL, Rasheed T. Electrochemical nitrate reduction over bimetallic Pd-Sn nanocatalysts with tunable selectivity toward benign nitrogen. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141182. [PMID: 38211795 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Nitrate is recognized as a highly impactful water contaminant among various pollutants in water. To address the ever-growing demand for water purification, this work investigates the bimetallic palladium (Pd) and tin (Sn) catalysts, which are electrochemically deposited on stainless steel mesh support (Pd-Sn/SS) for the selective conversion of harmful nitrate (NO3-) into benign nitrogen (N2) gas. Results indicate that the bimetallic composition in Pd-Sn/SS electrodes substantially influenced the reaction route for nitrate reduction as well as the performance of nitrate transformation and nitrogen selectivity. It is found that the electrode prepared from Pd:Sn = 1:1 (mole ratio) demonstrates an outstanding nitrate conversion of 95%, nitrogen selectivity of 88%, and nitrogen yield of 82%, which outperform many reported values in the literature. The electrochemically synthesized bimetallic electrode proposed herein enables a new insight for promoting the reactivity and selectivity of nitrate reduction in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn Fang Su
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation), New Taipei City, 23600, Taiwan; Center for Sustainability and Energy Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Sheraz Ahmad
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Kuan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation), New Taipei City, 23600, Taiwan; Center for Sustainability and Energy Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan; College of Environment and Resources, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Lung Chen
- Center for Sustainability and Energy Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan.
| | - Tahir Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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Morales-Figueroa C, Linares-Hernández I, Martínez-Miranda V, Teutli-Sequeira EA, Castillo-Suárez LA, Garduño-Pineda L. Electro-galvanic alkalization and treatment of rainwater to obtain drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37490626 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2241618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Rainwater Electro-Galvanic Alkalization (EGA) was performed using copper and magnesium (1:1) electrode. Efficiently removal of pollutants without external energy consumption was carried out, in addition essential ions were dosed for alkalization of rainwater. The optimal system conditions were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM) by considering the following operating variables: flow rate and concentration of the supporting electrolyte (NaCl and CaCl2). Furthermore, the maximum efficiency of nitrate, ammoniacal nitrogen, colour, and turbidity removal was evaluated. The results showed that the response variables were mainly sensitive to the type of supporting electrolyte used and the flow rate. Under experimental conditions of 0.009 M (NaCl) and 20 mL min-1, the removal rate was 74.19%, 72.49%, and 81.43% for nitrates, colour, and turbidity, respectively, and the lowest concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen (0.99 mg L - 1 ) was obtained. The kinetic models for nitrate and colour were fitted to zero-order models with k = 0.33 mg L - 1 mi n - 1 and k = 0.933 Pt - Co , respectively. In addition, turbidity was fitted to a first-order model ( k = 0.1661 mi n - 1 ) , and ammoniacal nitrogen was fitted to a second-order model ( k = 0.0217 L m g - 1 mi n - 1 ) . The concentration increases of minerals such as Ca and Mg, which rises the rainwater alkalinity after treatment (pH shift from 6.1 to 8.91), was determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Morales-Figueroa
- Facultad de Química, Unidad Colón, Toluca de Lerdo, México
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Unidad San Cayetano, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Ivonne Linares-Hernández
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Unidad San Cayetano, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Verónica Martínez-Miranda
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Unidad San Cayetano, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | | | - Luis Antonio Castillo-Suárez
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Unidad San Cayetano, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
- Advanced Oxidation Processes Department, Cátedras COMECYT, Toluca, México
| | - Laura Garduño-Pineda
- Analytics Chemistry Department, Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Jocotitlán (TESJo), Jocotitlán, México
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Fang JY, Fan JL, Liu SB, Sun SP, Lou YY. Copper-Based Electrocatalysts for Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114000. [PMID: 37297134 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is a highly important industrial chemical used as fuel and fertilizer. The industrial synthesis of NH3 relies heavily on the Haber-Bosch route, which accounts for roughly 1.2% of global annual CO2 emissions. As an alternative route, the electrosynthesis of NH3 from nitrate anion (NO3-) reduction (NO3-RR) has drawn increasing attention, since NO3-RR from wastewater to produce NH3 can not only recycle waste into treasure but also alleviate the adverse effects of excessive NO3- contamination in the environment. This review presents contemporary views on the state of the art in electrocatalytic NO3- reduction over Cu-based nanostructured materials, discusses the merits of electrocatalytic performance, and summarizes current advances in the exploration of this technology using different strategies for nanostructured-material modification. The electrocatalytic mechanism of nitrate reduction is also reviewed here, especially with regard to copper-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jin-Long Fan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sheng-Bo Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Sheng-Peng Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yao-Yin Lou
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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6
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Chen KL, Ahmad MS, Chen CL. Enhanced nitrate reduction over functionalized Pd/Cu electrode with tunable conversion to nitrogen and sodium hydroxide recovery. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161849. [PMID: 36716879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Development of heteroatomic electrocatalysts with a particular geometric structure for wastewater denitrification remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we reported the fabrication of a series of PdCu electrodes with Pd electrodeposition times varying from 60 s to 360 s. Physiochemical and electrochemical techniques were used to analyze the structure, morphology and activity of as prepared catalytic electrodes. XRD data revealed the formation of a PdCu alloy, while a reduced particle sizes (ca. 5.3 nm) and a uniform distribution of Pd over Cu was demonstrated by TEM. The XPS measurement indicated the presence of redox (Pd0 and Cu+2) states hence demonstrating the formation of a PdCu alloy. A nitrate removal efficiency of ~98 %, N2 selectivity ~86 % with an alkali recovery of 335 mM was obtained over Pd/Cu 180 s at 0.68 mA cm-2. Enhanced nitrate reducibility and extended durability reveal the viability of a novel electrocatalytic and electrodialysis system for degrading NO3- in water, as well as a system for efficiently recovering liquid alkali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ling Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Sheraz Ahmad
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
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7
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Wang H, Huang J, Cai J, Wei Y, Cao A, Liu B, Lu S. In Situ/Operando Methods for Understanding Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction Reaction. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300169. [PMID: 37035954 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
With the development of industrial and agricultural, a large amount of nitrate is produced, which not only disrupts the natural nitrogen cycle, but also endangers public health. Among the commonly used nitrate treatment techniques, the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (eNRR) has attracted extensive attention due to its mild conditions, pollution-free nature, and other advantages. An in-depth understanding of the eNRR mechanism is the prerequisite for designing highly efficient electrocatalysts. However, some traditional characterization tools cannot comprehensively and deeply study the reaction process. It is necessary to develop in situ and operando techniques to reveal the reaction mechanism at the time-resolved and atomic level. This review discusses the eNRR mechanism and summarizes the possible in situ techniques used in eNRR. A detailed introduction of various in situ techniques and their help in understanding the reaction mechanism is provided. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities in this research area are discussed and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jinmeng Cai
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ang Cao
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Baozhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Begum H, Islam MN, Ben Aoun S, Safwan JA, Shah SS, Aziz MA, Hasnat MA. Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate ions in neutral medium at coinage metal-modified platinum electrodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:34904-34914. [PMID: 36525190 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is a water-soluble toxic pollutant that needs to be excluded from the environment. For this purpose, several electrochemical studies have been conducted but most of them focused on the nitrate reduction reaction (NRR) in alkaline and acidic media while insignificant research is available in neutral media with Pt electrode. In this work, we explored the effect of three coinage metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) on Pt electrode for the electrochemical reduction of nitrate in neutral solution. Among the three electrodes, Pt-Cu exhibited the best catalytic activity toward NRR, whereas Pt-Au electrode did not show any reactivity. An activity order of Pt-Cu > Pt-Ag > Pt-Au was observed pertaining to NRR. The Pt-Ag electrode produces nitrite ions by reducing nitrate ions ([Formula: see text]. Meanwhile, at Pt-Cu electrode, nitrate reduction yields ammonia via both direct ([Formula: see text] and indirect ([Formula: see text] reaction pathways depending on the potential. The cathodic transfer coefficients were estimated to be ca. 0.40 and ca. 0.52, while the standard rate constants for nitrate reduction were calculated as ca. 2.544 × 10-2 cm.s-1 and ca. 1.453 × 10-2 cm.s-1 for Pt-Cu and Pt-Ag electrodes, respectively. Importantly, Pt-Cu and Pt-Ag electrodes execute NRR in the neutral medium between their respective Hydrogen-Evolution Reaction (HER) and Open-Circuit Potential (OCP), implying that on these electrodes, HER and NRR do not compete and the latter is a corrosion-free process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayra Begum
- Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nurnobi Islam
- Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Sami Ben Aoun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, PO Box 30002, Al-Madinah, Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamil A Safwan
- Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Shaheen Shah
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5040, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5047, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Abdul Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5040, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Hasnat
- Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
- Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Agargaon, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
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9
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Shen Z, Fang M, Gao Y, Shi J, Peng J, Jiang K. Preparing Pd/Sn modified nickel foam electrode for nitrate removal from aqueous solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114141. [PMID: 35995216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate pollution in ground water and surface water has been becoming a worldwide problem that poses a great challenge to steady water ecosystem and human health. Electrochemical reduction is a promising way to remove nitrate from water because of advantages. We prepared Pd/Sn modified nickel foam (NF) electrode according to a two-step electrodeposition method. The prepared NF-Pd/Sn electrode showed a micromorphology like "Karst Fengcong" with peaks, saddles and nadirs intertwined with each other. Pd0 and Sn0 were detected on the NF-Pd/Sn electrode and the mass ratio of Pd/Sn was 4.3/1. The NF-Pd/Sn electrode showed the highest reaction rate (kobs: 0.543 h-1) and removal efficiency (94%) under the condition of 100 mg N/L, 0.05 mol/L Na2SO4 and -1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl sat. KCl. The highest N2-selectivity (100%) was reached under the condition of 100 mg N/L, 0.05 mol/L NaCl and -1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl sat. KCl. The microstructure of NF-Pd/Sn electrode like "Karst Fengcong" could provide large specific surface area and more active sites for nitrate adsorption and electrocatalytic reduction in aqueous solution. The adsorption and the reduction reaction of nitrate on the surface of NF-Pd/Sn could increase the electric current response in the test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhui Shen
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Menghao Fang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Jialu Shi
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Jianbiao Peng
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
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10
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Cao X, Shi Y, He W, An T, Chen X, Zhang Z, Liu F, Zhao Y, Zhou P, Chen C, He J, He W. Impacts of anthropogenic groundwater recharge (AGR) on nitrate dynamics in a phreatic aquifer revealed by hydrochemical and isotopic technologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156187. [PMID: 35618121 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although anthropogenic groundwater recharge (AGR) can either elevate or decline the concentration of nitrate in the phreatic aquifer with high hydraulic conductivity, the long-term impact of AGR on nitrate dynamics in the phreatic aquifer and its reason is seldom disclosed. In this study, the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes (δ2H-H2O and δ18O-H2O) combined with mixing stable isotope analysis in R (MixSIAR) were used to group the study area into the dominant area of AGR by surface water (AGRSW) and the dominant area of natural groundwater recharged by precipitation (NGRP). Hydrochemical parameters and multiple stable isotopes, including δ2H-H2O, δ18O-H2O, δ15N-NO3-, δ18O-NO3-, and δ13C-DIC, were applied to explore the impacts of AGR on the concentration, biogeochemical processes, and main sources of nitrate. The results showed that AGR by surface water with low nitrate content can reduce nitrate pollution in groundwater. The characteristic of δ18O-NO3- value revealed that nitrification was the primary biogeochemical process of nitrogen in groundwater. AGR may enhance nitrification as indicated by the δ18O-NO3- value closer to the nitrification theoretical line. Dual nitrate stable isotopes and MixSIAR revealed that chemical fertilizer (CF), soil nitrogen (SN), and surface water (SW) contributed 10.88%, 49.92%, and 27.64% to nitrate in AGRSW groundwater, respectively, which was significantly different from their contributions to NGRP groundwater (p < 0.05). Notably, AGR significantly increased the contribution of SW but decreased the contribution of CF and SN in groundwater. This study provided a basis and guidance for groundwater quality assessment and pollution control in the phreatic aquifer with high hydraulic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Wei He
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Tongyan An
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xiaorui Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhanhao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cuibai Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiangtao He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
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Wu T, Hu J, Wan Y, Qu X, Zheng S. Synergistic effects boost electrocatalytic reduction of bromate on supported bimetallic Ru-Cu catalyst. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129551. [PMID: 35999744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bromate is a commonly identified carcinogenic and genotoxic disinfection byproduct in water. In the present work, bimetallic Ru-Cu catalyst supported on carbon nanotube (RuCu/CNT) was prepared and the structural properties of the catalysts were characterized. The results show that the presence of Ru enhances the dispersion and reduction of Cu particles in the RuCu/CNT catalyst in comparison with the monometallic Cu catalyst supported on CNT (Cu/CNT). For electrocatalytic reaction on Cu/CNT, bromate is reduced on metallic Cu surface via a redox process. For Ru/CNT, highly active H* radicals are generated on metallic Ru surface via the Volmer process and are used for bromate reduction. As for the RuCu/CNT, bromate is reduced through two main pathways, including direct redox reaction on metallic Cu and indirect reduction by active H* radicals on Ru surface. Accordingly, RuCu/CNT exhibits the highest catalytic activity, ascribed to the synergistic effect between metallic Ru and Cu. Furthermore, the bimetallic catalyst displays much higher catalytic efficiency as compared with previously reported results. The pH, initial bromate concentration, in-situ electrochemical reduction of the electrodes and working potential have strong impacts on the removal efficiency of bromate on RuCu/CNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jiajia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yuqiu Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shourong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Xu H, Ma Y, Chen J, Zhang WX, Yang J. Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate - a step towards a sustainable nitrogen cycle. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2710-2758. [PMID: 35274646 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00857a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate enrichment, which is mainly caused by the over-utilization of fertilisers and industrial sewage discharge, is a major global engineering challenge because of its negative influence on the environment and human health. To solve this serious problem, many technologies, such as the activated sludge method, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, adsorption, and electrodialysis, have been developed to reduce the nitrate levels in water bodies. However, the applications of these traditional techniques are limited by several drawbacks, such as a long sludge retention time, slow kinetics, and undesirable by-products. From an environmental perspective, the most promising nitrate reduction technology is enabled to convert nitrate into benign N2, and features low cost, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness. Recently, electrocatalytic nitrate reduction has been proven by satisfactory research achievements to be one of the most promising methods among these technologies. This review provides a comprehensive account of nitrate reduction using electrocatalysis methods. The fundamentals of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction, including the reaction mechanisms, reactor design principles, product detection methods, and performance evaluation methods, have been systematically summarised. A detailed introduction to electrocatalytic nitrate reduction on transition metals, especially noble metals and alloys, Cu-based electrocatalysts, and Fe-based electrocatalysts is provided, as they are essential for the accurate reporting of experimental results. The current challenges and potential opportunities in this field, including the innovation of material design systems, value-added product yields, and challenges for products beyond N2 and large-scale sewage treatment, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Wei-Xian Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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Song N, Chen Z, Shi J, Shi D, Gu L. Performance and mechanism of chelating resin (TP-207) supported Pd/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles in selective reduction of nitrate by using ZVI (zero valent iron) as reductant. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lan Y, Luo H, Ma Y, Hua Y, Liao T, Yang J. Synergy between copper and iron sites inside carbon nanofibers for superior electrocatalytic denitrification. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10108-10115. [PMID: 34060572 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01489g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing low-cost electrocatalysts for the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) with superior performance is of great significance for wastewater treatment. Herein, we synthesized bimetal Cu/Fe nanoparticles encased in N-doped carbon nanofibers (Cu/Fe@NCNFs) through simple electrospinning followed by a pyrolysis reduction strategy. Metallic copper is beneficial for reducing nitrate to nitrite, and the existence of Fe is conducive to convert nitrate and nitrite into nitrogen. Additionally, the nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers also facilitate the adsorption of nitrate, and the continuous and complete fiber structure enhances the stability of the catalyst and prevents the corrosion of the active sites. Therefore, the synergetic effect of bimetal Cu/Fe and N-doped carbon fiber plays a key role in promoting the efficiency of nitrate reduction. The obtained Cu/Fe@NCNF catalyst exhibits a satisfactory nitrate conversion efficiency of 76%, removal capacity of 5686 mg N g-1 Cu/Fe and nitrogen selectivity of 94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
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Ye W, Zhang W, Hu X, Yang S, Liang W. Efficient electrochemical-catalytic reduction of nitrate using Co/AC 0.9-AB 0.1 particle electrode. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139245. [PMID: 32408042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a composite particle electrode (Co/ACx-ABy) was proposed using cobalt as the catalyst, active carbon (AC) as the carrier, and acetylene black (AB) as the conductor. The proposed particle electrodes were applied in a continuous three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical reactor. Based upon the removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) and the corresponding energy consumption, the optimum mass ratio of AC to AB was determined to be 0.9:0.1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive system (EDS)-mapping revealed the presence of metal particles on the surface of Co/AC0.9-AB0.1 electrode. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed that Co/AC0.9-AB0.1 contained three valence states of Co, namely Co0, Co2+, and Co3+. Additionally, batch experiments showed that 95% of TN removal was achieved under the current of 0.4 A, pH of 7, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 60 min and the initial TN of 20 mg/L. The addition of Cl- was obviously beneficial to the removal of TN, whereas HCO3-, PO43-, CO32-, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) inhibited the removal of TN. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve and the atomic H detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) demonstrated that nitrate was directly reduced by Co0 ions and indirectly reduced by H radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Ye
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinxin Hu
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenyan Liang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Shen Z, Liu D, Peng G, Ma Y, Li J, Shi J, Peng J, Ding L. Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate in water using Cu/Pd modified Ni foam cathode: High nitrate removal efficiency and N2-selectivity. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Electrochemical removal of nitrate using a nanosheet structured Co3O4/Ti cathode: Effects of temperature, current and pH adjusting. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Liu F, Liu K, Li M, Hu S, Li J, Lei X, Liu X. Fabrication and characterization of a Ni-TNTA bimetallic nanoelectrode to electrochemically remove nitrate from groundwater. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:560-568. [PMID: 30797165 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel Ni-TiO2 nanotube array (Ni-TNTA) bimetallic nanometer electrode was developed. The electrode fabrication method was optimized, and the Ni-TNTA bimetallic nanoelectrode was used to efficiently remove nitrate from groundwater. The Ni-TNTA bimetallic nanoelectrode was prepared via an electrochemical method, chemical bath deposition method and calcining method. When the current density was 30 mA cm-2 after 90 min of electrolysis, the removal rate of nitrate was as high as 93.4%, whereas the removal rate of a TiO2 nanoelectrode made via the traditional method was only 56.0%. Under the same conditions, the newly developed Ni-TNTA bimetallic nanoelectrode increased the removal rate of nitrate by 66.8%. The results showed that the removal rate of nitrate was the highest when the Ni-TNTA bimetallic nanoelectrode was prepared with a 10 min chemical bath and calcination at 500 °C. The effect of the electrode on the removal rate of nitrate was investigated for different current densities, initial concentrations, temperature and pH. When the solution was alkaline, the removal efficiency of nitrate improved. When the current density and temperature increased, the removal rate of nitrate accordingly increased. However, as the initial concentration of the solution increased, the removal rate of nitrate decreased. An IrO2 electrode was used as the anode, the Ni-TNTA bimetallic nanoelectrode was used as the cathode, and 0.3 g L-1 NaCl was added into the solution. The removal rate of nitrate was 89.6% after 90 min of electrolysis and barely produced nitrite or ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Kaiwang Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Senchang Hu
- School of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, PR China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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