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Vicente ED, Calvo AI, Alves C, Blanco-Alegre C, Candeias C, Rocha F, Sánchez de la Campa A, Fraile R. Residential combustion of coal: Effect of the fuel and combustion stage on emissions. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139870. [PMID: 37633612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide coal is still used for household heating purposes not only because it is available and cheap but also due to behavioural issues. Regional variability in fuels and combustion appliances make accurate emission estimates from this source hard to achieve. In the present study, gaseous (CO, VOCs, SO2 and NOX) and particulate matter (TSP) emission factors (EFs) were determined for Spanish household coal combustion covering three commercial coals and distinct combustion stages and mimicking usage patterns in real households. TSP samples were analysed to determine water-soluble inorganic ions, metal(loid)s, and organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC). Additionally, the morphology of the emitted particles was also characterised. CO (3.43-169 g kg-1), NOX (1.29-6.00 g kg-1) and SO2 (8.96-22.3 g kg-1) EFs showed no trend regarding the combustion stage or coal type tested. On the other hand, VOC, TSP and EC EFs were higher for the ignition/devolatilisation combustion stage, regardless of the fuel tested. TSP EFs (0.085-1.08 g kg-1) increased with increasing coal volatile matter while the opposite trend was recorded for VOC emissions (0.045-3.39 gC kg-1). TSP carbonaceous matter was dominated by EC while OC represented a small fraction of the particulate mass emitted (less than 8 %wt.). Inorganic compounds composed an important fraction of the TSP samples. Sulphate particulate mass fractions (8.66-22.9 %wt.) appeared to increase with coal S-content. Coal combustion released particles with diverse morphologies, including silicate-rich particles, ferro- and glassy-spheres. This study provides novel emission factors to update emission inventories of residential coal combustion. Additionally, detailed chemical profiles were obtained for source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Vicente
- Department of Physics, University of León, León, 24071, Spain; Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - A I Calvo
- Department of Physics, University of León, León, 24071, Spain
| | - C Alves
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - C Blanco-Alegre
- Department of Physics, University of León, León, 24071, Spain
| | - C Candeias
- Department of Geosciences, Geobiosciences, Geotechnologies and Geoengineering Research Centre (GeoBioTec), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F Rocha
- Department of Geosciences, Geobiosciences, Geotechnologies and Geoengineering Research Centre (GeoBioTec), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Sánchez de la Campa
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry - CIQSO, University of Huelva, E21071, Huelva, Spain; Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - R Fraile
- Department of Physics, University of León, León, 24071, Spain
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Sharma K, Kumar P, Sharma J, Thapa SD, Gupta A, Rajak R, Baruah B, Prakash A, Ranjan RK. Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with fine aerosols in ambient atmosphere of high-altitude urban environment in Sikkim Himalaya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161987. [PMID: 36740072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds are ubiquitous in ambient air due to their persistence, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. Gangtok being one of the cleanest cities in India located in Eastern Himalayan region, witnesses high developmental activities with enhanced urbanization affecting the ambient air quality. The present study aims to measure PM2.5 and PAHs in the ambient atmosphere of the Sikkim Himalaya to understand the influence of natural and anthropogenic activities on aerosol loading and their chemical characteristics. The PM2.5 samples were collected and analysed for the duration from Jan 2020 to Feb 2021.The seasonal mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs were observed to be high during autumn and low during summer season. Overall, the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 was found higher than the prescribed limit of World Health Organization and National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The concentration of the 16 individual PAHs were found to be highest during autumn season (55.26 ± 37.15 ng/m3). Among the different PAHs, the annual mean concentration of fluorene (3.29 ± 4.07 ng/m3) and naphthalene (1.15 ± 3.76 ng/m3) were found to be the highest and lowest, respectively. The Molecular Diagnostic Ratio (MDR) test reveals higher contribution from heavy traffic activities throughout the winter and autumn seasons. The other possible sources identified over the region are fossil fuel combustion, and biomass burning. The multivariate statistical analysis (Multifactor Principal Component Analysis) also indicates a strong association between PM2.5 /PAHs and meteorological variables across the region in different seasons. The precipitation and wind pattern during the study period suggests that major contribution of the PM2.5 and PAHs were from local sources, with minimal contribution from long-range transport. The findings are important for comprehending the trends of PAH accumulation over a high-altitude urban area, and for developing sustainable air quality control methods in the Himalayan region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Sharma
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Jayant Sharma
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Satkar Deep Thapa
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Aparna Gupta
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Rajeev Rajak
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | | | - Amit Prakash
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
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Martens P, Czech H, Orasche J, Abbaszade G, Sklorz M, Michalke B, Tissari J, Bizjak T, Ihalainen M, Suhonen H, Yli-Pirilä P, Jokiniemi J, Sippula O, Zimmermann R. Brown Coal and Logwood Combustion in a Modern Heating Appliance: The Impact of Combustion Quality and Fuel on Organic Aerosol Composition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5532-5543. [PMID: 36976662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Residential heating with solid fuels is one of the major drivers for poor air quality in Central and Eastern Europe, and coal is still one of the major fuels in countries, such as Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. In this work, emissions from a single-room heater fueled with brown coal briquettes (BCBs) and spruce logs (SLs) were analyzed for signatures of inorganic as well as semivolatile aromatic and low-volatile organic constituents. High variations in organic carbon (OC) emissions of BCB emissions, ranging from 5 to 22 mg MJ-1, were associated to variations in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, ranging from 900 to 1900 mg MJ-1. Residential BCB combustion turned out to be an equally important source of levoglucosan, an established biomass burning marker, as spruce logwood combustion, but showed distinct higher ratios to manosan and galactosan. Signatures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted by BCB combustion exhibited defunctionalization and desubstitution with increasing combustion quality. Lastly, the concept of island and archipelago structural motifs adapted from petroleomics is used to describe the fraction low-volatile organic compounds in particulate emissions, where a transition from archipelago to island motifs in relation with decreasing CO emissions was observed in BCB emissions, while emissions from SL combustion exhibited the island motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Martens
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock D-18059, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock D-18059, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Tine Bizjak
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Heikki Suhonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock D-18059, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
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4
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Shi R, Yuan Z, Yang L, Huang D, Ma H. Integrated assessment of volatile organic compounds from industrial biomass boilers in China: emission characteristics, influencing factors, and ozone formation potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:9852-9864. [PMID: 36063268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Industrial biomass boilers (IBBs) are widely promoted in China as a type of clean energy. However, they emit large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the emission characteristics and the underlying factors are largely unknown due to the sampling difficulties. In this study, three wood pellet-fueled and two wood residue-fueled IBBs were selected to investigate the characteristics of VOC emissions and to discover their underlying impacting factors. The emission factor of VOCs varied from 21.6 ± 2.8 mg/kg to 286.2 ± 10.8 mg/kg for the IBBs. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were the largest group, contributing to 30.3 - 73.6% of the VOC emissions. Significant differences were revealed in the VOC source profiles between wood pellet-fueled and wood residue-fueled IBBs. Operating load, excess air, furnace temperature, and fuel type were identified as the primary factors influencing VOC emissions. The excess air coefficient should be limited below 3.5, roughly corresponding to the operating load of 62% and furnace temperature of 630 °C, to effectively reduce VOC emissions. VOC emissions also showed great differences in different combustion phases, with the ignition phase having much greater VOC emissions than the stable combustion and the ember phases. The ozone formation potential (OFP) ranged from 4.3 to 31.2 mg/m3 for the IBBs, and the wood residue-fueled IBBs yielded higher OFP than the wood pellet-fueled ones. This study underscored the importance of OVOCs in IBB emissions, and reducing OVOC emissions should be prioritized in formulating control measures to mitigate their impacts on the atmospheric environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidan Shi
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zibing Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Leifeng Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Daojian Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Hui Ma
- Beijing Goldwind Smart Energy Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
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Pilková Z, Hiller E, Filová L, Jurkovič Ľ. Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in roadside soils at traffic light intersections (Bratislava, Slovakia): concentrations, sources and influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3473-3492. [PMID: 34613560 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Combustion of fossil fuels is the most important source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment. Cities are typical of many human activities which are dependent on fossil fuels (road and railway transport, heat generation, waste incineration and industry) on a small area, leading to high concentrations of PAHs in urban air, dust and soil. The aim of this study was to determine the possible influence of urban traffic on the accumulation of sixteen priority PAHs in soils (n = 132 at two soil depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) taken at intersections (n = 37) with different traffic volumes and road ages. Variable concentrations of the sum of PAHs (∑16PAH) ranging from 188 to 21,950 μg/kg with a mean and median of 3021 μg/kg and 1930 μg/kg were recorded, respectively. Concentrations of PAHs positively correlated with soil organic carbon content (TOC) (rSpearman = 0.518; p < 0.001). Statistically significant positive correlations between ∑16PAH concentrations and traffic volume/road age were found in this study (rSpearman = 0.689/0.619; p < 0.001), while ∑16PAH concentration decreased with increasing distance from the road edge and was statistically lower at a soil depth of 10-20 cm than at 0-10 cm (p < 0.05). Multivariate statistical methods (principal component analysis and cluster analysis) applied to log-ratio transformed data (clr) to decrease the constant sum constraint coupled with positive matrix factorisation (PMF) modelling pointed to the dominance of pyrogenic emission sources, with 62.1% traffic-related (petrol and diesel emissions, liquid fuel and motor oil spills, and tyre wear) according to PMF results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Pilková
- Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Edgar Hiller
- Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Lenka Filová
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina 1, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Jurkovič
- Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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6
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Ren H, Su P, Kang W, Ge X, Ma S, Shen G, Chen Q, Yu Y, An T. Heterologous spatial distribution of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the primary influencing factors in three industrial parks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119912. [PMID: 35961570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generated from industrial processes are highly spatially heterologous, with limited quantitative studies on their main influencing factors. The present study evaluated the soil PAHs in three types of industrial parks (a petrochemical industrial park, a brominated flame retardant manufacturing park, and an e-waste dismantling park) and their surroundings. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs in the parks were 340-2.43 × 103, 26.2-2.63 × 103, and 394-2.01 × 104 ng/g, which were significantly higher than those in the surrounding areas by 1-2 orders of magnitude, respectively. The highest soil PAH contamination was observed in the e-waste dismantling park. Nap can be considered as characteristic pollutant in the petrochemical industrial park, while Phe in the flame retardant manufacturing park and e-waste dismantling park. Low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 rings) predominated in the petrochemical industrial park (73.0%) and the surrounding area of brominated flame retardant manufacturing park (80.3%). However, high molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings) were enriched in the other sampling sites, indicating distinct sources and determinants of soil PAHs. Source apportionment results suggested that PAHs in the parks were mainly derived from the leakage of petroleum products in the petroleum manufacturing process and pyrolysis or combustion of fossil fuels. Contrarily, the PAHs in the surrounding areas could have been derived from the historical coal combustion and traffic emissions. Source emissions, wind direction, and local topography influenced the PAH spatial distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Ren
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Peixin Su
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Kang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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Byčenkienė S, Pashneva D, Uogintė I, Pauraitė J, Minderytė A, Davulienė L, Plauškaitė K, Skapas M, Dudoitis V, Touqeer G, Andriejauskiene J, Araminienė V, Dzenajavičienė EF, Sicard P, Gudynaitė-Franckevičienė V, Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė I, Pedišius N, Lemanas E, Vonžodas T. Evaluation of the anthropogenic black carbon emissions and deposition on Norway spruce and silver birch foliage in the Baltic region. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112218. [PMID: 34655608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates potential influence of urban trees on black carbon (BC) removal by Norway spruce and silver birch along with the BC formation, mass concentration in air, and source apportionment. The main sources of BC in urban areas are transport, household and industry. BC concentrations monitored in urban background station in Vilnius (Lithuania) showed that biomass burning was a significant contributor to BC emissions even during warm period of the year. Therefore, BC emission levels were determined for the most common biomass fuels (mixed wood pellets, oak, ash, birch and spruce firewood) and two types of agro-biomass (triticale and rapeseed straw pellets) burned in modern and old heating systems. The highest emissions were obtained for biomass fuels especially birch firewood. BC aerosol particles produced by the condensation mechanism during the combustion processes were found in all samples taken from the leaf surface. The short-term effect of BC exposure on photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b; and carotenoids) in the foliage of one-year-old Norway spruce and silver birch seedlings was evaluated by the experiment carried out in the phytotron greenhouse. The seedlings showed different short-term responses to BC exposure. All treatments applied in the phytotron greenhouse resulted in lower chlorophyll content in spruce foliage compared to natural conditions but not differed for birch seedlings. However, the exposure of BC particles on the spruce and birch seedlings in the phytotron increased the content of photosynthetic pigments compared to the control seedlings in the phytotron. Overall, urban trees can help improve air quality by reducing BC levels through dry deposition on tree foliage, and needle-like trees are more efficient than broad-leaved trees in capturing BC. Nevertheless, a further study could assess the longer-term effects of BC particles on tree biochemical and chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steigvilė Byčenkienė
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Daria Pashneva
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Uogintė
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Julija Pauraitė
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agnė Minderytė
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lina Davulienė
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Plauškaitė
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Martynas Skapas
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vadimas Dudoitis
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gill Touqeer
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jelena Andriejauskiene
- SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Valda Araminienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto av. 1, Akademija, Kėdainiai distr., Lithuania.
| | | | | | | | | | - Nerijus Pedišius
- Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos str. 3, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Egidijus Lemanas
- Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos str. 3, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Vonžodas
- Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos str. 3, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Atmospheric Deposition of Benzo[a]pyrene: Developing a Spatial Pattern at a National Scale. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), an indicator of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere, is an important ambient air pollutant with significant human health and environmental effects. In the Czech Republic (CR), BaP, together with aerosol and ambient ozone, ranks (with respect to limit value exceedances and resulting population exposure) among the most problematic air pollutants. The aim of this study is to develop atmospheric deposition patterns of BaP in three years, namely 2012, 2015 and 2019, reflecting different BaP ambient levels. With respect to the available measurements, we accounted for dry deposition fluxes, neglecting wet contribution. We assumed, nevertheless, that the real atmospheric deposition is dominated by dry pathways in our conditions, which is supported by measurements from the rural site of Košetice. The dry deposition spatial pattern was constructed using an inferential approach, with two input layers, i.e., annual mean ambient air BaP concentrations, and deposition velocity of 0.89 cm·s−1. Though our results show an overall decrease in BaP loads over the years, the BaP deposition fluxes, in particular in the broader Ostrava region, remain very high. The presented maps can be considered an acceptable approximation of total BaP deposition and are useful for further detailed analysis of airborne BaP impacts on the environment.
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Zhang H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Bai P, Hayakawa K, Zhang L, Tang N. Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emitted from Open Burning and Stove Burning of Biomass: A Brief Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073944. [PMID: 35409624 PMCID: PMC8998094 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate global warming and achieve carbon neutrality, biomass has become a widely used carbon-neutral energy source due to its low cost and easy availability. However, the incomplete combustion of biomass can produce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are harmful to human health. Moreover, increasing numbers of wildfires in many regions caused by global warming have greatly increased the emissions of PAHs from biomass burning. To effectively mitigate PAH pollution and health risks associated with biomass usage, the concentrations, compositions and influencing factors of PAH emissions from biomass burning are summarized in this review. High PAH emissions from open burning and stove burning are found, and two- to four-ring PAHs account for a higher proportion than five- and six-ring PAHs. Based on the mechanism of biomass burning, biomass with higher volatile matter, cellulose, lignin, potassium salts and moisture produces more PAHs. Moreover, burning biomass in stoves at a high temperature or with an insufficient oxygen supply can increase PAH emissions. Therefore, the formation and emission of PAHs can be reduced by pelletizing, briquetting or carbonizing biomass to increase its density and burning efficiency. This review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of PAH pollution from biomass burning, providing prospective insight for preventing air pollution and health hazards associated with carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Pengchu Bai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (N.T.); Tel.: +81-76-234-4942 (L.Z.); +81-76-234-4455 (N.T.)
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (N.T.); Tel.: +81-76-234-4942 (L.Z.); +81-76-234-4455 (N.T.)
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10
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Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Novel Bituminous Coal Pellet Combustion in an Automatic Heating Stove. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coal is China’s dominant energy source, among which bituminous coal is the most extensive and plentiful. Using bituminous coal resources to design a low-emission household fuel is very important for rural poverty areas. In this work, a new type of bituminous coal pellet (BCP) fuel using an automatic prototype pellet stove was designed for the first time. This study mainly shows the emission characteristic results of BCPs and some comparisons with other commercial solid fuels. Fuel property, PM2.5 morphology, and ash characteristics of the novel fuel were also assessed. In terms of fuel properties, BCPs had a cold compressive strength of 637.2 N, a heating value of 22.26 MJ/kg, and many fine pores in the cross-section for air entry. The real-time emissions of BCPs were stable during combustion. The emission factors of PM2.5 and CO of BCPs were 1.36–2.29 g/kg and 11.1–18.0 g/kg, which were significantly lower than those of bituminous chunk and bituminous briquette (p < 0.05). PM2.5 and CO reduced emissions by 83–90% and 61–76%, respectively, compared with raw coal chunk. According to the chemical composition and morphological characteristics, the PM2.5 from BCP combustion can be divided into fine particulates, molten char particles, and char fragmentation. The ash from BCPs had a higher melting temperature (over 1300 °C), with removable ash agglomeration. Overall, the results presented in this study highlight that turning bituminous coal into pellets and burning them in automatic stoves could noticeably reduce PM2.5 and CO emissions, effectively improving rural air quality.
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11
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Jaiswal KK, Kumar V, Vlaskin MS, Nanda M. Impact of pyrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) pollutant on metabolites and lipid induction in microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana (UUIND6) to produce renewable biodiesel. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131482. [PMID: 34273690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon), an anthropogenic organic pollutant prevalent in various ecological units, receives more attention for bioremediation and energy transformation using microalgae. In this study, we have used pyrene pollutant (50-500 ppm) to evaluate the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of Chlorella sorokiniana and the impact on metabolites as well as the induction of lipid biosynthesis to produce renewable biodiesel. Pyrene concentration at 230 ppm (IC50) caused half-maximum inhibition for the 96 h incubation. The harvest in the stationary stage (day 16) for C. sorokiniana revealed a biomass generation of 449 ± 7 mg L-1 and 444 ± 8 mg L-1 dcw in the control medium and pyrene IC50 medium, respectively. An insignificant decline in biomass generation (1.2%) was observed due to the stress effect of the pyrene IC50 medium on metabolic biosynthesis. Although contrary to biomass generation, IC50 of pyrene assisted to induce lipid biosynthesis in C. sorokiniana. The improvement in lipid biosynthesis was observed as ~24% higher in pyrene IC50 compared to the control medium. The chemical composition of the microalgae biomass, metabolites, and lipids was examined using FTIR spectra. The extracted lipid was transesterified to produce biodiesel via methanolic-H2SO4 catalysis. The renewable biodiesel obtained was evaluated using FTIR and 1H NMR spectra. The transformation efficiency of the lipid of C. sorokiniana in biodiesel was calculated as ~81%. This research offers the incentive in lipid biosynthesis in microalgae cells using pyrene for the production of renewable and sustainable ecological biofuels along with bioremediation of pyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Jaiswal
- Algae Research and Bio-energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India; Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail S Vlaskin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13/2 Izhorskaya St, Moscow, 125412, Russia.
| | - Manisha Nanda
- Department of Biotechnology, Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
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12
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Variny M, Jediná D, Rimár M, Kizek J, Kšiňanová M. Cutting Oxygen Production-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Improved Compression Heat Management in a Cryogenic Air Separation Unit. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910370. [PMID: 34639670 PMCID: PMC8508159 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen production in cryogenic air separation units is related to a significant carbon footprint and its supply in the medicinal sphere became critical during the recent COVID-19 crisis. An improved unit design was proposed, utilizing a part of waste heat produced during air pre-cooling and intercooling via absorption coolers, to reduce power consumption. Variable ambient air humidity impact on compressed air dryers’ regeneration was also considered. A steady-state process simulation of a model 500 t h−1 inlet cryogenic air separation unit was performed in Aspen Plus® V11. Comparison of a model without and with absorption coolers yielded an achievable reduction in power consumption for air compression and air dryer regeneration by 6 to 9% (23 to 33 GWh year−1) and a favorable simple payback period of 4 to 10 years, both depending on air pressure loss in additional heat exchangers to be installed. The resulting specific oxygen production decrease amounted to EUR 2–4.2 t−1. Emissions of major gaseous pollutants from power production were both calculated by an in-house developed thermal power plant model and adopted from literature. A power consumption cut was translated into the following annual greenhouse gas emission reduction: CO2 16 to 30 kilotons, CO 0.3 to 2.3 tons, SOx 4.7 to 187 tons and NOx 11 to 56 tons, depending on applied fossil fuel-based emission factors. Considering a more renewable energy sources-containing energy mix, annual greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 50 to over 80%, varying for individual pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Variny
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.J.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dominika Jediná
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Miroslav Rimár
- Department of Process Technique, Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies with a Seat in Presov, Technical University of Kosice, Bayerova 1, 080 01 Presov, Slovakia; (M.R.); (J.K.)
| | - Ján Kizek
- Department of Process Technique, Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies with a Seat in Presov, Technical University of Kosice, Bayerova 1, 080 01 Presov, Slovakia; (M.R.); (J.K.)
| | - Marianna Kšiňanová
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.J.); (M.K.)
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13
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Křůmal K, Mikuška P, Horák J, Hopan F, Kuboňová L. Influence of boiler output and type on gaseous and particulate emissions from the combustion of coal for residential heating. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130402. [PMID: 33839387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study describes gaseous and particulate emissions from the combustion of two types of coal (hard and brown) in three types of boilers (one modern-type and two old-type boilers) used for residential heating. The importance of the heat outputs (nominal and two reduced outputs) for the emission of pollutants was also studied. Three outputs (95-108%, 58-73% and 26-50%) covered the expected operation of these boilers in real households under different outdoor air temperatures in the winter. Gaseous components (NOx, SO2, CO, CO2, OGC) and particulate organic compounds (n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes) were determined in the emissions. In general, the emission factors (EFs) of the products of incomplete combustion were higher from the combustion of coal in old-type boilers than from that in the modern-type boilers. The EFs of particulate matter varied between 11.6 and 17.0 g kg-1 (hard coal, the oldest-type boiler), and 0.290 and 0.544 g kg-1 (brown coal, the modern-type boiler). The trends between the EFs of particulate organic compounds and the outputs of boilers were observed only with the automatic boiler (modern-type boiler). Similar trends for old-type boilers were not observed, probably due to the high instability of the combustion process as a result of the old construction of these boilers. Diagnostic ratios of the PAHs and the homohopane index, used for source apportionment of particulate matter in ambient air, were calculated. While the calculated homohopane indexes were similar to those reported in the literature, the calculated diagnostic ratios for PAHs related to coal combustion were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Křůmal
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Mikuška
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horák
- Energy Research Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - František Hopan
- Energy Research Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kuboňová
- Energy Research Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
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14
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Du W, Wang J, Zhuo S, Zhong Q, Wang W, Chen Y, Wang Z, Mao K, Huang Y, Shen G, Tao S. Emissions of particulate PAHs from solid fuel combustion in indoor cookstoves. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145411. [PMID: 33524679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Residential solid fuel combustion is a major emission source of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in most developing countries, including China; however, accurate estimates of PAH emissions are often challenged by limited real-world emission factors (EFs) under field conditions, which can hardly be repeated in laboratory-controlled tests. In this study, a series of field measurements was conducted to determine the emissions of 28 PAHs from different fuel-stove combinations. A total of 14 fuel-stove combinations were studied. The total EFs of 28 PAHs (EFPAH28), on the basis of fuel mass, ranged from 20.7 to 535 mg/kg, with relatively lower EFs for coal than for biomass. Biomass burning in gasifier stoves had lower PAH EFs and fewer toxic PAH species than biomass burning in traditional brick stoves. Fuel type was a significant factor affecting PAH emissions, while stove difference had a relatively smaller influence. Much higher EFs were found from these field tests than from the idealized laboratory tests, which indicated significant underestimation in inventories based on the laboratory-based EFs. Biomass and coal had different profiles, with larger intra-fuel variations in coal than those in biomass. Highly variable values of some, though not all, commonly used isomer ratios indicated substantial biases in source apportionment relying on single or simple ratios without correction, and the MCE was found to be significantly corrected with some ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shaojie Zhuo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, P.R. China, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Qirui Zhong
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhenglu Wang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Ye Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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15
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Mahmoud M, Ramadan M, Naher S, Pullen K, Olabi AG. The impacts of different heating systems on the environment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142625. [PMID: 33077224 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of the environmental impacts of most heating systems drawing together published literature on the subject, not previously available. Here, a comparison between the different systems such as coal, wood, oil, natural gas, heat pump, geothermal and solar energy is provided in terms of their environmental impact. The most important parameters considered are the emission rate and toxicity. This places the coal-fired system as the worst among all heating systems regarding the impacts on the environment. On the other hand, renewable energy sources are the most preferred sources decreasing total emissions and air pollution. In order to make a comparison between the different systems, the emissions that must be taken into consideration are CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, PMs, N2O, CH4, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaser Mahmoud
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, UK; Lebanese International University, PO Box 146404, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Ramadan
- International University of Beirut, PO Box 146404, Beirut, Lebanon; FCLAB, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Belfort cedex, France.
| | - Sumsun Naher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, UK
| | - Keith Pullen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, UK
| | - Abdul-Ghani Olabi
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Mechanical Engineering and Design, Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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16
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Muzyka R, Chrubasik M, Pogoda M, Sajdak M. Chemometric analysis of air pollutants in raw and thermally treated coals - Low-emission fuel for domestic applications, with a reduced negative impact on air quality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 281:111787. [PMID: 33385899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emission of pollutants into the air during the combustion of solid fuels in households is still a significant problem in many European Union countries, including Poland. These emissions are a significant source of many air pollutants formed during incomplete combustion and has been identified as one of the leading environmental risk factors for these populations. One of the solutions is to utilise thermally processed solid fuels. This article discusses the concentrations of pollutants emitted as a result of the combustion of conventional fuels and new low-emission fuel in out-of-class heaters. To gain better insight into the relationships between fuel type and flue gas quality, chemometric methods and variance analysis were used. Principal component analysis confirmed that the fuel type significantly influences the level of dust emissions and the total organic carbon and sum of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the dust. Clustering analysis identified how the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons correlate with the amounts of dust and total organic carbon and showed that this correlation is proportional to the size of the molecule and consequently the number of aromatic rings. The use of low-emission fuel as a solid fuel in households, as our analyses have shown, can reduce the concentrations of dust, total organic carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by up to 50 times, thereby reducing air pollutants in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksana Muzyka
- Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, 1 Zamkowa St. 41-803, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Maciej Chrubasik
- Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, 1 Zamkowa St. 41-803, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pogoda
- Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, 1 Zamkowa St. 41-803, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marcin Sajdak
- Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, 1 Zamkowa St. 41-803, Zabrze, Poland.
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17
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Advances in Biomass Co-Combustion with Fossil Fuels in the European Context: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-combustion of biomass-based fuels and fossil fuels in power plant boilers, utility boilers, and process furnaces is a widely acknowledged means of efficient heat and power production, offering higher power production than comparable systems with sole biomass combustion. This, in combination with CO2 and other greenhouse gases abatement and low specific cost of system retrofit to co-combustion, counts among the tangible advantages of co-combustion application. Technical and operational issues regarding the accelerated fouling, slagging, and corrosion risk, as well as optimal combustion air distribution impact on produced greenhouse gases emissions and ash properties, belong to intensely researched topics nowadays in parallel with the combustion aggregates design optimization, the advanced feed pretreatment techniques, and the co-combustion life cycle assessment. This review addresses the said topics in a systematic manner, starting with feed availability, its pretreatment, fuel properties and combustor types, followed by operational issues, greenhouse gases, and other harmful emissions trends, as well as ash properties and utilization. The body of relevant literature sources is table-wise classified according to numerous criteria pertaining to individual paper sections, providing a concise and complex insight into the research methods, analyzed systems, and obtained results. Recent advances achieved in individual studies and the discovered synergies between co-combusted fuels types and their shares in blended fuel are summed up and discussed. Actual research challenges and prospects are briefly touched on as well.
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18
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Kaushal D, Bamotra S, Yadav S, Chatterjee S, Tandon A. Particulate bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over Dhauladhar region of the north-western Himalayas. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128298. [PMID: 33297240 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A systematic yearlong study was carried out in Dhauladhar region of the North-Western Himalayas to investigate dynamics in the composition and concentration of particulate bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source(s) activity. PM10 samples were collected for 24 h, once every week during January 2015-January 2016, at an urban mid-altitude site (Dharamshala) and a rural low-altitude site (Pohara). PAHs were identified and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV-detector. Seasonal average concentration of total PAHs followed a pattern: Summer > Winter > Autumn > Spring in the region. Seasonal average values of molecular diagnostic ratios indicated significant contribution from non-traffic (biomass burning and coal combustion) sources also during winter and spring season, whereas, traffic emissions (gasoline and diesel) were the dominant source at both the locations throughout the year in the region. The Principal Component Analysis deciphered a) emissions from gasoline driven vehicles b) diesel engine exhaust emissions c) biomass/wood burning source d) coal combustion and e) waste incineration and burning of oil/tar as major sources of PAHs in the region. Annual mean values of total Benzo(a)Pyrene Equivalent were much higher than 1 ng.m-3 over both the locations indicating higher lung cancer risk to the people living in this part of the Himalayas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kaushal
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India
| | - Sarita Bamotra
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (RahyaSuchani), Samba, Jammu (J&K), 181143, India
| | - Subhankar Chatterjee
- Bioremediation and Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Temporary Academic Block-Shahpur, District-Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Ankit Tandon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India.
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19
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Zhou Y, Zi T, Lang J, Huang D, Wei P, Chen D, Cheng S. Impact of rural residential coal combustion on air pollution in Shandong, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127517. [PMID: 32758768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rural residential coal combustion (RRCC) for household heating is a potentially important source of air pollution. However, little research has been done on the environmental impacts of RRCC. This study therefore investigated the impacts of RRCC on air pollution based on detailed household heating data obtained from intensive face-to-face interviews in Shandong province, China. The total contributions and specific contributions of coal, stoves, and coal-stove combinations to air pollution were simulated using the WRF-CAMx-PSAT model. The RRCC for heating had a considerable impact on air pollution, contributing 36.1, 9.1, and 16.1% of atmospheric SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 in winter, respectively. Different coal-stove combinations had different impacts on air pollution and mitigation efficiencies. The combination of bituminous coal and advanced coal stoves was the dominant contributor to air pollution, comprising 60.3-68.8% of the total RRCC contribution to different air pollutants. Sensitivity analyses indicated that bituminous coal burnt in a traditional stove had the highest mitigation efficiency (0.67 μg·m-3/10 kt) for atmospheric PM2.5 pollution, 4.1 times higher than that of anthracite briquette coal burnt in advanced coal stoves. Moreover, although RRCC is a near-surface emission source, it contributed considerably to regional pollution. Non-local RRCC emissions accounted for 21.8-74.6, 15.5-72.3, and 35.3-79.9% of the total contribution to SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 in different cities, respectively. The findings of this study improve understanding on the environmental impacts of rural emissions and can provide scientific support for the formulation of effective air pollution mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Teng Zi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jianlei Lang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Dawei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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Rybicki M, Marynowski L, Bechtel A, Simoneit BRT. Variations in δ 13C values of levoglucosan from low-temperature burning of lignite and biomass. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:138991. [PMID: 32470716 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan, an anhydrosaccharide, is commonly used as an organic tracer for biomass burning, but has also been identified from coal smoke particulate matter (PM) including lignites. Here we showed that stable carbon isotope analysis specifically of levoglucosan may be one possible way to determine the relative contributions from coal combustion versus biomass burning sources. PM samples were collected from low-temperature burning/smoldering of Miocene lignites from Poland and basket willow (Salix viminalis L.) representative of biomass. The calculated levoglucosan δ13C values of xylites varied from -23.6 to -21.6‰, while for detritic coal samples they ranged from -24.2 to -23.1‰, with means of -22.7 and -23.7‰, respectively. The calculated levoglucosan δ13C value of basket willow wood was -27.1‰. Values of willow wood mixtures with xylite varied from -25.8 to -23.4‰ (with an increasing proportion of xylite), while values of mixtures of willow and detritic coal ranged from -26.9 to -24.6‰ (with an increasing proportion of detritic coal). The δ13C values for the mixtures changed proportionally to the contents of individual components with R2 = 0.88 and 0.89 for willow with xylite and detritic coal, respectively. The hopanoid distributions characteristic for low-temperature lignite/peat burning, with a predominance of 22R-α,β-homohopane, ββ-hopanes and hopenes, as well as low or very low values of the homohopane index, were observed in smoke PM from most lignite samples and absent in the basket willow sample. Thus, the relatively high content of hopanes (with the occurrence of 22R-α,β-homohopane, ββ-hopanes and hopenes) in atmospheric PM samples can be treated as additional tracers of lignite combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Rybicki
- University of Silesia, Faculty of Natural Science, Institute of Earth Sciences, Będzińska Str. 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Leszek Marynowski
- University of Silesia, Faculty of Natural Science, Institute of Earth Sciences, Będzińska Str. 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Achim Bechtel
- Montanuniversität Leoben, Department of Applied Geosciences and Geophysics, Peter-Tunner-Str. 5, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernd R T Simoneit
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Characterization and Source Identification of Elements and Water-Soluble Ions in Submicrometre Aerosols in Brno and Šlapanice (Czech Republic). ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Submicrometre aerosol particles (particulate matter, PM1) were collected in two Czech cities (Brno and Šlapanice) during week campaigns in winter and summer of 2009 and 2010. The aerosols were analysed for 14 elements and 12 water-soluble ions using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and ion chromatography techniques. The average PM1 mass concentration was 14.4 and 20.4 µg m−3 in Brno and Šlapanice, respectively. Most of the analysed elements and ions exhibit distinct seasonal variability with higher concentrations in winter in comparison to summer. The determined elements and ions together accounted for about 29% of total PM1 mass, ranging between 16% and 44%. Ion species were the most abundant components in collected aerosols, accounting for 27.2% of mass of PM1 aerosols, and elements accounted for 1.8% of mass of PM1 aerosols. One-day backward trajectories were calculated using the Hysplit model to analyse air masses transported towards the sampling sites. The Pearson correlation coefficients between individual PM1 components and PM1 mass and air temperature were calculated. To identify the main aerosol sources, factor analysis was applied. Six factors were identified for each locality. The following sources of PM1 particles were identified in Brno: a municipal incinerator, vehicle exhausts, secondary sulphate, a cement factory, industry and biomass burning. The identified sources in Šlapanice were as follows: a combustion source, coal combustion, a cement factory, a municipal incinerator, vehicle exhausts and industry.
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Rybicki M, Marynowski L, Simoneit BRT. Composition of organic compounds from low-temperature burning of lignite and their application as tracers in ambient air. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126087. [PMID: 32062555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan, a product from thermal decomposition of cellulose, is widely known as an organic tracer of biomass burning, but has also been reported from coal smoke particulate matter (PM) including lignites. This study provides direct evidence that levoglucosan is generated not only during low-temperature burning/smoldering of xylite, but also from other lignite types including detritic and detroxylitic brown coals from Poland. Moreover, only trace amounts of mannosan and galactosan have been detected in PM of lignite smoke. The hopanes in lignite smoke PM comprise the thermodynamically unstable ββ-hopanes and hopenes, with values of the homohopane index 22S/(22S + 22R) ranging from 0.02 to 0.12. This is characteristic for immature organic matter, and combined with the presence of anhydrosaccharides can be used as tracers for lignite combustion in ambient air. Furthermore, almost all Miocene lignite smoke PM samples contain α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols, and prist-1-ene. This is the first report of the occurrence of all four tocopherol isomers in the geological record (in lignite extracts) and in lignite smoke PM samples. Lower α-tocopherol is observed for the lignite burn-test samples than in the corresponding lignite extracts, probably due to partial chain degradation to prist-1-ene during combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Rybicki
- Instutute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska Str. 60, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Leszek Marynowski
- Instutute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska Str. 60, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Bernd R T Simoneit
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Abstract
Based on an analysis of related core papers and reports, this review presents a historical perspective on ambient air pollution and ambient air quality development in the modern-day Czech Republic (CR) over the past seven decades, i.e., from the 1950s to the present. It offers insights into major air pollution problems, reveals the main hot spots and problematic regions and indicates the principal air pollutants in the CR. Air pollution is not presented as a stand-alone problem, but in the wider context of air pollution impacts both on human health and the environment in the CR. The review is arranged into three main parts: (1) the time period until the Velvet Revolution of 1989, (2) the transition period of the 1990s and (3) the modern period after 2000. Obviously, a major improvement in ambient air quality has been achieved since the 1970s and 1980s, when air pollution in the former Czechoslovakia culminated. Nevertheless, new challenges including fine aerosol, benzo[a]pyrene and ground-level ozone, of which the limit values are still vastly exceeded, have emerged. Furthermore, in spite of a significant reduction in overall emissions, the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, in particular, remains high in some regions.
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Pang Y, Zhang B, Xing D, Shang J, Chen F, Kang H, Chu C, Li B, Wang J, Zhou L, Su X, Han B, Ning J, Li P, Ma S, Su D, Zhang R, Niu Y. Increased risk of carotid atherosclerosis for long-term exposure to indoor coal-burning pollution in rural area, Hebei Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113320. [PMID: 31610505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Smoky coal burning is a predominant manner for heating and cooking in most rural areas, China. Air pollution is associated with the risk of atherosclerosis, however, the link between indoor air pollution induced by smoky coal burning and atherosclerosis is not very clear. Therefore, we designed a cross-sectional study to evaluate the association of long-term exposure to smoky coal burning pollutants with the risk of atherosclerosis. 426 and 326 participants were recruited from Nangong, China and assigned as the coal exposure and control group according to their heating and cooking way, respectively. The indoor air quality (PM2.5, CO, SO2) was monitored. The association between coal burning exposure and the prevalence of atherosclerosis was evaluated by unconditional logistic regression analysis, adjusted for confounding factors. The inflammatory cytokines mRNAs (IL-8, SAA1, TNF-α, CRP) expression in whole blood were examined by qPCR. People in the coal exposure group had a higher risk of carotid atherosclerosis compared with the control (risk ratio [RR], 1.434; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.063 to 1.934; P = 0.018). The association was stronger in smokers, drinkers and younger (<45 years old) individuals. The elevation of IL-8 (0.24, 95%CI, 0.06-0.58; P < 0.05), CRP (0.37, 95%CI, 0.05-0.70; P < 0.05), TNF-α (0.41, 95%CI, 0.14-0.67; P < 0.01) mRNAs expression in whole blood were positively related to coal exposure. Our results suggested long-term exposure to smoky coal burning emissions could increase the risk of carotid atherosclerosis. The potential mechanism might relate that coal burning emissions exposure induced inflammatory cytokines elevation which had adverse effects on atherosclerotic plaque, and then promoted the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Pang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Boyuan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Dongmei Xing
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, Nangong Jinan Great Wall Hospital, Nangong 051800, PR China
| | - Jinmei Shang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, Nangong Jinan Great Wall Hospital, Nangong 051800, PR China
| | - Fengge Chen
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050000, PR China
| | - Hui Kang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Chen Chu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Binghua Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, Nangong Jinan Great Wall Hospital, Nangong 051800, PR China
| | - Lixiao Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Xuan Su
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Jie Ning
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Shitao Ma
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Dong Su
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
| | - Yujie Niu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
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Long-Term Trends in PAH Concentrations and Sources at Rural Background Site in Central Europe. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10110687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An increased burden due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is a long-term air quality problem in Central and Eastern Europe. Extensive PAH monitoring has been implemented at the National Atmospheric Observatory Košetice (NAOK), a rural background site in the Czech Republic, as a representative for Central Europe. Data from NAOK are used for evaluation of PAH concentration trends and source apportionment. In total, concentrations of 14 PAHs in particulate matter (PM10) and in the gas phase between 2006 and 2016 were evaluated. The highest concentrations were measured at the beginning of the study period in 2006. Mean annual concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene, for example, showed a weak, however statistically significant decreasing trend. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to determine the sources of PAHs at NAOK, with three factors resolved. The probable origin areas of PMF factors were identified by the conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF) and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) methods. The NAOK is affected by local sources of PAHs, as well as by regional and long-range transport. The PAH concentrations correlate negatively with industrial production and traffic intensity. High PAH emissions have been linked to local heating, suggesting that the planned replacement of obsolete combustion sources in the households could improve the overall air quality situation, not only with respect to PAHs.
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