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Behera D, Krishnakumar S, Anoop A. Occurrence, distribution and sources of petroleum contamination in reef-associated sediments of the Gulf of Mannar, India. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 196:115576. [PMID: 37813061 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of saturated hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was assessed in superficial sediment samples collected from Mandapam island groups, Gulf of Mannar, India. The hydrocarbon distribution pattern and the n-alkane indices (e.g., carbon preference index (CPI) and natural n-alkanes ratio (NAR)) were deployed to differentiate between the biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Petroleum pollution was indicated by the pristane/phytane ratio close to 1. Presence of a prominent unresolved complex mixture (UCM) as well as hopane concentrations further supported this assertion. The evaluation of petrogenic sources of contamination were also comprehended by various diagnostic ratios of PAHs. The sites associated with shipping activities, tourism, and located near the mainland and accessible portions of the islands exhibited high petroleum contamination. Correlation analysis underlines the significance of combining petroleum-specific marker compounds and diagnostic ratios to improve the assessment of human influence on marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptimayee Behera
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector-81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - S Krishnakumar
- Department of Geology, Malankara Catholic college, Mariyagiri, Kaliakkavilai, Kanyakumari 629153, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ambili Anoop
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector-81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India.
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2
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Iakovides M, Sciare J, Mihalopoulos N. Simple multi-residue analysis of persistent organic pollutants and molecular tracers in atmospheric samples. MethodsX 2023; 10:102224. [PMID: 37251654 PMCID: PMC10209013 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a simple, selective and sensitive analytical method to quantitatively determine a wide range of halogenated persistent organic pollutants and molecular tracers in atmospheric samples. Identification and quantification was carried out by high-resolution gas chromatography, hyphenated with low-resolution mass spectrometry operating in electron impact (EI) and electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) mode. Optimization on a number of instrumental parameters was conducted to obtain ultra-trace detection limits, in the range of few fg/m3 for organohalogen compounds. Repeatability and reproducibility of the method was thoroughly evaluated. The analysis was validated with standard reference materials and successfully applied to actual atmospheric samples. The proposed multi-residue method provides a precise, affordable and practical procedure of sample analysis for environmental research laboratories with conventional instrumentation on a routine basis.•A simple combination of alumina, florisil and silica gel adsorbents was applied to sufficiently isolate polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, long chain n-alkanes, hopanes and steranes.•Full elution was achieved in two successive fractions, using small volumes of n-hexane and n-hexane/dichloromethane to recover all target substances.•To maximize analytical response, optimization was applied for three operating parameters in ECNI mode: i) ion source temperature; ii) emission current; and iii) electron energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas Iakovides
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Str., Aglantzia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Str., Aglantzia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Str., Aglantzia 2121, Cyprus
- Chemistry Department, University of Crete, Heraklion Crete 71003, Greece
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
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3
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Lu Z, Chen Z, Liu Y, Xu Y, Wen Z, Ding K, Tian Y. A small-scale neutral alumina column chromatography method for carbon isotope determination of hopanes in crude oils or rock extracts. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463729. [PMID: 36587588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a small-scale column chromatography method for separating hopanes in crude oil or rock extracts using neutral alumina as a solid phase adsorbent and a Pasteur pipette as a separation device. Three oil samples were selected to study the effect of solid phase adsorbent type and column length on the separation of hopanes. The oil samples were eluted with mixed reagents (V hexane: V petroleum ether = 8:2) and collected at intervals of 0.5 ml. Ten Fractions were collected and tested for the compounds using GC-MS. A quantitative approach was used to reveal distribution characteristics of compounds in each eluted Fraction. Experimental results showed that 100-200 um neutral alumina exhibited significant differences in the adsorptive capacity of biomarkers from oil samples and rock extracts. The elution order of the biomarkers in the chromatographic column (the length is 180 mm) was n-alkanes, steranes and hopanes. The separation of hopanes could be realized by collecting the eluted Fractions 4 and 5. Compared with the urea complexation, the purity of hopanes separated by column chromatography was higher. The concentration of n-alkanes (nC16-nC34) could be reduced from 1.99 to 4.83 mg/ml to 0.79-0.94 mg/ml, and the content of steranes can be reduced from the original 12% to 0.45%. Residual n-alkanes and steranes were not visible in the GC-MS detection. The Total Ion Chromatography (TIC) of hopanes was consistent with the distribution characteristics of the m/z191 mass chromatogram. The isolated hopanes could meet the detection requirements of isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The C29Ts/C29αβ ratio of hopanes decreased gradually from 1.63 to 0.73 as the column length increased. It is speculated that the variation of the C29Ts/C29αβ ratio is not only affected by maturity but also by the oil and gas migration. This method is a new attempt in the field of compound purification and can be widely used in the study of stable carbon isotopes of hopanes monomeric hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongdeng Lu
- College of Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Geochemistry and Environment in Hubei Province (Yangtze University), Wuhan, Hubei 430100, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Geochemistry and Environment in Hubei Province (Yangtze University), Wuhan, Hubei 430100, China
| | - Yaohui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Geochemistry and Environment in Hubei Province (Yangtze University), Wuhan, Hubei 430100, China
| | - Zhigang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Geochemistry and Environment in Hubei Province (Yangtze University), Wuhan, Hubei 430100, China
| | - Kangle Ding
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434100, China
| | - Yongjing Tian
- Division of Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434100, China
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Yin F, He Z, Song Z, Su P, Zhang L, Feng D, Yang T. The fingerprint stability of the biomarker hopanes and steranes in soot emissions from in-situ burning of oil. Sci Total Environ 2022; 839:156273. [PMID: 35643145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of emissions is an important concern of in-situ burning (ISB) of spilled oils. In particular, the heavy soot originated from ISB can negatively impact the atmospheric environment. To track the behavior of ISB soot, the conservative biomarkers, such as hopanes and steranes, can be potentially used. In this study, the stability of chemical fingerprints of hopanes and steranes in the ISB soot were investigated based on the burning of two different types of oils, including one ultra-light condensate (i.e., surrogate Sanchi condensate) and one heavy oil. The results indicate that the chromatographic patterns and diagnostic ratios of hopanes and steranes in the ISB soot emissions almost remain identical to their corresponding source oils, proving the various oil source identification of ISB soot can be realized. This work attempts to provide novel insights into the application of biomarkers in the management of ISB emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yin
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Zhiwei He
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Zhibo Song
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Penghao Su
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Daolun Feng
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Tao Yang
- East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Shanghai 201206, PR China.
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5
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Kawatsu Y, Masih J, Ohura T. Occurrences and Potential Sources of Halogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with PM 2.5 in Mumbai, India. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:312-320. [PMID: 34529871 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Occurrences of chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs and BrPAHs, respectively) in fine aerosol particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter were investigated in urban and suburban sites in Mumbai, India; and the possible sources from association with indicators, such as hopanes, steranes, and trace elements are discussed. The mean concentrations of total ClPAHs and BrPAHs were 0.54 and 0.25 ng/m3 in the urban site and 0.16 and 0.02 ng/m3 in the suburban site during the campaign, respectively. The variations in total Cl-/BrPAH concentrations showed a similar trend between the urban and suburban sites, whereas the composition profiles varied in each air sample. The relationships between the concentrations among individual compounds in the urban site suggest that dominant sources of Cl-/BrPAHs could be common to PAHs but not in the suburban site. Principal component analysis using the data set of certain compounds showed that Cl-/BrPAH concentrations in urban and suburban sites are occasionally driven by specific sources of either coal combustion or traffic emissions. In contrast, most air samples during the campaign could be attributed to a mix of those sources. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:312-320. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kawatsu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jamson Masih
- Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Mumbai, India
| | - Takeshi Ohura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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6
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Arekhi M, Terry LG, John GF, Clement TP. Environmental fate of petroleum biomarkers in Deepwater Horizon oil spill residues over the past 10 years. Sci Total Environ 2021; 791:148056. [PMID: 34119781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The long-term fate of three groups of petroleum biomarker compounds (terpanes, steranes, and triaromatic steranes) was investigated in the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill residues collected from Alabama (USA) beaches over the past 10 years. This is the first study to investigate the long-term fate of these three groups of petroleum biomarkers in DWH oil spill samples over 10 years. We employed the highly recalcitrant C30 αβ-hopane as an internal biomarker to quantify the degradation levels of different biomarker compounds, and also to estimate the overall weathering levels of DWH oil spill residues. The data show that four lower molecular weight tricyclic terpanes (TR21, TR22, TR23, and TR24), three lower molecular weight steranes (S21, S22, and C27), and all triaromatic steranes degraded over the 10-year study period. All other terpanes (including hopanes) and steranes remained recalcitrant. There have been contradicting literature data on the degradation levels of homohopanes, and this field study demonstrates that all the homohopanes remained recalcitrant after 10 years of natural weathering. Our data also show that despite some degradation, the relative diagnostic ratios of the biomarkers remained stable for all three groups of biomarkers over the 10-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieh Arekhi
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Leigh G Terry
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Gerald F John
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - T Prabhakar Clement
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA..
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7
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Pang SY, Suratman S, Tay JH, Mohd Tahir N. Investigation of aliphatic hydrocarbons in core sediments of Brunei Bay, East Malaysia. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 171:112736. [PMID: 34325152 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in three sediment cores from Brunei Bay was investigated in order to understand their sources and the biogeochemical processes of these hydrocarbons. The total concentrations of C15 to C37n-alkanes ranged from 0.70 to 16.5 μg g-1. Traces of hopanes with C29-C31 carbon homologs were detected in the study area. The carbon preference index (CPI15-37) ranged from 1.23 to 3.42 coupled with the natural n-alkane ratio (NAR19-32) ratios (1.52 to 5.34), and the presence of unresolved complex mixtures and hopanes, suggested slight contamination by anthropogenic hydrocarbons, presumably derived from activities along the coasts. The presence of C27 trisnorhopene and diploptene, as well as their association with long-chain and short-chain n-alkanes, revealed a depositional environment of organic matter in the sediment cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee Yun Pang
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Suhaimi Suratman
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Joo Hui Tay
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Mohd Tahir
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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8
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Křůmal K, Mikuška P, Horák J, Hopan F, Kuboňová L. Influence of boiler output and type on gaseous and particulate emissions from the combustion of coal for residential heating. Chemosphere 2021; 278:130402. [PMID: 33839387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study describes gaseous and particulate emissions from the combustion of two types of coal (hard and brown) in three types of boilers (one modern-type and two old-type boilers) used for residential heating. The importance of the heat outputs (nominal and two reduced outputs) for the emission of pollutants was also studied. Three outputs (95-108%, 58-73% and 26-50%) covered the expected operation of these boilers in real households under different outdoor air temperatures in the winter. Gaseous components (NOx, SO2, CO, CO2, OGC) and particulate organic compounds (n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes) were determined in the emissions. In general, the emission factors (EFs) of the products of incomplete combustion were higher from the combustion of coal in old-type boilers than from that in the modern-type boilers. The EFs of particulate matter varied between 11.6 and 17.0 g kg-1 (hard coal, the oldest-type boiler), and 0.290 and 0.544 g kg-1 (brown coal, the modern-type boiler). The trends between the EFs of particulate organic compounds and the outputs of boilers were observed only with the automatic boiler (modern-type boiler). Similar trends for old-type boilers were not observed, probably due to the high instability of the combustion process as a result of the old construction of these boilers. Diagnostic ratios of the PAHs and the homohopane index, used for source apportionment of particulate matter in ambient air, were calculated. While the calculated homohopane indexes were similar to those reported in the literature, the calculated diagnostic ratios for PAHs related to coal combustion were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Křůmal
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Mikuška
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horák
- Energy Research Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - František Hopan
- Energy Research Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kuboňová
- Energy Research Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
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Kumar M, Boski T, González-Vila FJ, de la Rosa JM, González-Pérez JA. Discerning natural and anthropogenic organic matter inputs to salt marsh sediments of Ria Formosa lagoon (South Portugal). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:28962-28985. [PMID: 32424762 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sedimentary organic matter (OM) origin and molecular composition provide useful information to understand carbon cycling in coastal wetlands. Core sediments from threors' Contributionse transects along Ria Formosa lagoon intertidal zone were analysed using analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS) to determine composition, distribution and origin of sedimentary OM. The distribution of alkyl compounds (alkanes, alkanoic acids and alkan-2-ones), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), lignin-derived methoxyphenols, linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), steranes and hopanes indicated OM inputs to the intertidal environment from natural-autochthonous and allochthonous-as well as anthropogenic. Several n-alkane geochemical indices used to assess the distribution of main OM sources (terrestrial and marine) in the sediments indicate that algal and aquatic macrophyte derived OM inputs dominated over terrigenous plant sources. The lignin-derived methoxyphenol assemblage, dominated by vinylguaiacol and vinylsyringol derivatives in all sediments, points to large OM contribution from higher plants. The spatial distributions of PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons) showed that most pollution sources were mixed sources including both pyrogenic and petrogenic. Low carbon preference indexes (CPI > 1) for n-alkanes, the presence of UCM (unresolved complex mixture) and the distribution of hopanes (C29-C36) and steranes (C27-C29) suggested localized petroleum-derived hydrocarbon inputs to the core sediments. Series of LABs were found in most sediment samples also pointing to domestic sewage anthropogenic contributions to the sediment OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- CIMA, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Puerto Real, 11519, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Tomasz Boski
- CIMA, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - José Mª de la Rosa
- IRNAS - CSIC. MOSS Group, Avda. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
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Rybicki M, Marynowski L, Simoneit BRT. Composition of organic compounds from low-temperature burning of lignite and their application as tracers in ambient air. Chemosphere 2020; 249:126087. [PMID: 32062555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan, a product from thermal decomposition of cellulose, is widely known as an organic tracer of biomass burning, but has also been reported from coal smoke particulate matter (PM) including lignites. This study provides direct evidence that levoglucosan is generated not only during low-temperature burning/smoldering of xylite, but also from other lignite types including detritic and detroxylitic brown coals from Poland. Moreover, only trace amounts of mannosan and galactosan have been detected in PM of lignite smoke. The hopanes in lignite smoke PM comprise the thermodynamically unstable ββ-hopanes and hopenes, with values of the homohopane index 22S/(22S + 22R) ranging from 0.02 to 0.12. This is characteristic for immature organic matter, and combined with the presence of anhydrosaccharides can be used as tracers for lignite combustion in ambient air. Furthermore, almost all Miocene lignite smoke PM samples contain α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols, and prist-1-ene. This is the first report of the occurrence of all four tocopherol isomers in the geological record (in lignite extracts) and in lignite smoke PM samples. Lower α-tocopherol is observed for the lignite burn-test samples than in the corresponding lignite extracts, probably due to partial chain degradation to prist-1-ene during combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Rybicki
- Instutute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska Str. 60, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Leszek Marynowski
- Instutute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska Str. 60, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Bernd R T Simoneit
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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López-Huerta FA, Nieto-Camacho A, Morales-Flores F, Hernández-Ortega S, Chávez MI, Méndez Cuesta CA, Martínez I, Espinoza B, Espinosa-García FJ, Delgado G. Hopane-type triterpenes from Cnidoscolus spinosus and their bioactivities. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103919. [PMID: 32417524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the aerial parts of Cnidoscolus spinosus resulted in the isolation of relatively infrequent hopane-type triterpenes, 3β-acetoxy-hop-22(29)-ene (1), first reported here as natural product, together with 3-oxo-hop-22(29)-ene (2), and 3β-hydroxy-hop-22(29)-ene (3). β-Amyrin palmitate and three phytosterols were also characterized. The structures of the compounds were established using spectroscopic methods, and those of 1 and 2 were confirmed by crystallographic analysis. Selected biological activities for the isolated hopane-type triterpenes were tested through a series of assays for determining the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, α-glucosidase inhibition and antiparasitic activities. Compounds 1-3 did not show cytotoxic activity, compound 1 displayed an important inhibitory effect in the mouse ear induced inflammation assay, and significantly inhibited the yeast α-glucosidase activity in vitro and in silico. Additionally, compounds 2 and 3 showed marginal activities against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania mexicana. Therefore, the bioactivities of hopane-type triterpenes deserve further investigation, particularly their anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola A López-Huerta
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Antonio Nieto-Camacho
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Félix Morales-Flores
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Simón Hernández-Ortega
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Isabel Chávez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Méndez Cuesta
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Bertha Espinoza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Espinosa-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ex Hacienda de San José de la Huerta 58190, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Delgado
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Křůmal K, Mikuška P, Horák J, Hopan F, Krpec K. Comparison of emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants from the combustion of biomass and coal in modern and old-type boilers used for residential heating in the Czech Republic, Central Europe. Chemosphere 2019; 229:51-59. [PMID: 31075702 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of emissions from old-type (an overfire boiler, a boiler with down-draft combustion) and modern-type (an automatic and a gasification boiler) boilers was compared. The boilers were operated with different fuels (brown and hard coal, wet and dry wood, wood pellets and brown coal briquettes) with reduced output (40-60%). The emissions were characterized by the contents of gaseous components (NOx, SO2, CO, CO2, OGC); and particulate organic compounds (alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, saccharides), including organic markers (monosaccharide anhydrides, diterpenoids, methoxyphenols, hopanes), which are used for source apportionment of particulate matter in ambient air. In general, emissions of the products of incomplete combustion (CO, particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) were higher from the combustion of solid fuels in old-type boilers than from that in modern-type boilers. The modern-type (especially automatic) boilers were the most environmentally friendly. The highest concentrations of particulate matter (81.6-89.4 g kg-1) and particulate organic compounds (sum of PAHs: 225-275 mg kg-1) including organic markers were found in emissions from old-type (overfire) boilers, especially with the combustion of brown and hard coal. Characteristic ratios of selected organic compounds/markers applied for source identification were calculated. Computed characteristic ratios for monosaccharide anhydrides (biomass combustion) agreed with values in the literature. Homohopane indexes, frequently used for identification of coal combustion, and other characteristic ratios for PAHs, were different from the literature data. In our opinion, characteristic ratios for PAHs are not suitable for use in source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Křůmal
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Mikuška
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horák
- Energy Research Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - František Hopan
- Energy Research Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Krpec
- Energy Research Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
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Garcia MR, Cattani AP, da Cunha Lana P, Figueira RCL, Martins CC. Petroleum biomarkers as tracers of low-level chronic oil contamination of coastal environments: A systematic approach in a subtropical mangrove. Environ Pollut 2019; 249:1060-1070. [PMID: 31146312 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum biomarkers (hopanes, terpanes and steranes) are frequently assessed in estuarine sediments as tracers of oil input. In order to compare distinct patterns of hydrocarbon accumulation in mudflats, salt marsh and mangrove, sediments from two transects (control and impacted areas) were sampled in Paranaguá Bay, SW Atlantic. Concentrations of n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and petroleum biomarkers (hopanes, terpanes and steranes) were determined, as well as bulk parameters (TOC, grain size and δ13C). N-alkanes concentrations were similar between control and impacted sites (respectively, 3.03 ± 1.20 μg g-1 and 4.11 ± 3.02 μg g-1) and reflected a high biogenic input. Conversely, PAHs and petroleum biomarker concentrations were three to six times higher in impacted site than the control site (respectively, 60.4 ± 23.3 ng g-1 and 22.0 ± 25.0 ng g-1 for PAHs and 197.7 ± 51.8 ng g-1 and 40.2 ± 32. ng g-1 for hopanes). Despite these differences, concentrations were lower than those reported for highly impacted areas worldwide. Diagnostic ratios and hydrocarbon parameters (e.g. total PAHs and total petroleum biomarkers) helped to distinguish human impact in the ecological zones, suggesting different sources and/or levels of weathering, confirmed by ANOVA tests. TOC played a fundamental role to the concentration of hydrocarbons, showing similar distributions along the transects. Petroleum biomarkers could clearly indicate the preferential sites of deposition and assign different levels of anthropic contamination by hydrocarbons, thus providing clear information about the chronic petroleum pollution in coastal sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Reback Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
| | - André Pereira Cattani
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo da Cunha Lana
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Rubens César Lopes Figueira
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
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Rosell-Melé A, Moraleda-Cibrián N, Cartró-Sabaté M, Colomer-Ventura F, Mayor P, Orta-Martínez M. Oil pollution in soils and sediments from the Northern Peruvian Amazon. Sci Total Environ 2018; 610-611:1010-1019. [PMID: 28847095 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oil has been extracted from the Northern Peruvian Amazon for over four decades. However, few scientific studies have assessed the impacts of such activities in the environment and health of indigenous communities in the region. We have investigated the occurrence of petrogenic hydrocarbon pollution in soils and sediments from areas favoured as hunting or fishing grounds by local indigenous inhabitants. The study was conducted in one of the most productive oil blocks in Peru, located in the headwaters of the Amazon river. Soils and river sediments, in the vicinity of oil extraction and processing infrastructure, contained an oil pollution signature as attested by the occurrence of hopanes and steranes. Given the lack of any other significant source of oil pollution in the region, the sources of hydrocarbons are likely to be the activities of the oil industry in the oil block, from voluntary discharges or accidental spills. Spillage of produced water was commonplace until 2009. Moreover, petrogenic compounds were absent in control samples in sites far removed from any oil infrastructure in the oil block. Our findings suggest that wildlife and indigenous populations in this region of the Amazon are exposed to the ingestion of oil polluted soils and sediments. The data obtained supports previous claims that the local spillage of oil and produced waters in the water courses in the Corrientes and Pastaza basins could have eventually reached the main water course of the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Rosell-Melé
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Núria Moraleda-Cibrián
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mar Cartró-Sabaté
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ferran Colomer-Ventura
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pedro Mayor
- Dept. Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; FUNDAMAZONIA, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, CEP 66077-901, Brazil
| | - Martí Orta-Martínez
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands; Instituto de Geografía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
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15
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Shirneshan G, Bakhtiari AR, Memariani M. Identification of sources of tar balls deposited along the Southwest Caspian Coast, Iran using fingerprinting techniques. Sci Total Environ 2016; 568:979-989. [PMID: 27369093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2012, a significant number of tar balls occurred along the Southwest coasts of the Caspian Sea (Iran). Several oil fields of Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Iran might be sources of oil spills and lead to the formation of these tar balls. For source identification, 6 tar ball samples were collected from the Southwest beaches of the Caspian Sea and subjected to fingerprint analysis based on the distribution of the source-specific biomarkers of pentacyclic tri-terpanes and steranes. Comparing the diagenic ratios revealed that the tar balls were chemically similar and originated from the same source. Results of double ratio plots (e.g., C29/C30 versus ∑C31-C35/C30 and C28 αββ/(C27 αββ+C29 αββ) versus C29 αββ/(C27 αββ+C28 αββ)) in the tar balls and oils from Iran, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan indicated that the tar balls might be the result of spills from Turkmenistan oil. Moreover, principle component analysis (PCA) using biomarker ratios on the tar balls and 20 crude oil samples from different wells of Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan oils showed that the tar balls collected at the Southwest beaches are highly similar to the Turkmenistan oil but one of the Azerbaijan oils (from Bahar field oils) was found to be also slightly close to the tar balls. The weathering characterizations based on the presence of UCM (unresolved complex mixture) and low/high molecular weight ratios (L/H) of alkanes and PAHs indicated the tar ball samples have been significantly influenced by natural weathering processes such as evaporation, photo-degradation and biodegradation. This is the first study of its kind in Iran to use fingerprinting for source identification of tar balls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golshan Shirneshan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Memariani
- Geosciences Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Fu P, Ho SSH, Ho KF, Liu F, Zou S, Wang S, Lai S. Non-polar organic compounds in marine aerosols over the northern South China Sea: Influence of continental outflow. Chemosphere 2016; 153:332-339. [PMID: 27023121 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Filter samples of total suspended particle (TSP) collected during a cruise campaign over the northern South China Sea (SCS) from September to October 2013 were analyzed for non-polar organic compounds (NPOCs) as well as organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble ions. A total of 115 NPOCs species in groups of n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), iso-/antiso-alkanes, hopanes, steranes, methylalkanes, branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes and phthalates were detected. The characteristics of NPOCs in marine TSP samples were investigated to understand the sources from the Asian continent and other regions. The concentrations of total NPOCs ranged from 19.8 to 288.2 ng/m(3) with an average of 87.9 ng/m(3), which accounted for 0.8-1.7% (average 1.0%) of organic matter (OM). n-Alkanes was the predominant group, accounting for 43.1-79.5%, followed by PAHs (5.5-44.4%) and hopanes (1.6-11.4%). We found that primary combustion (biomass burning/fossil fuel combustion) was the dominant source for the majority of NPOCs (89.1%). Biomass burning in southern/southeastern China via long-range transport was proposed to be a major contributor of NPOCs in marine aerosols over the northern SCS, suggested by the significant correlations between nss-K(+) and NPOCs groups as well as the analysis of air mass back-trajectory and fire spots. For the samples with strong continental influence, the strong enhancement in concentrations of n-alkanes, PAHs, hopanes and steranes were attributed to fossil fuel (coal/petroleum) combustion. In addition, terrestrial plants waxes were another contributor to NPOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pathway, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Fobang Liu
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shichun Zou
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Blanco-Zubiaguirre L, Arrieta N, Iturregui A, Martinez-Arkarazo I, Olivares M, Castro K, Olazabal MA, Madariaga JM. Focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction for the determination of organic biomarkers in beachrocks. Ultrason Sonochem 2015; 27:430-439. [PMID: 26186864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Beachrocks are consolidated coastal sedimentary formations resulting mainly from the relative rapid cementation of beach sediments by different calcium carbonate polymorphs. Although previous works have already studied the elemental composition and the mineral phases composing these cements, few of them have focused their attention on the organic matter present therein. This work describes an extraction methodology based on focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE), followed by analysis using large volume injection (LVI) in a programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to determine organics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and biomarkers (hopanes), which can increase and confirm the information obtained so far. This goal has been achieved after the optimization of the main parameters affecting the extraction procedure, such as, extraction solvent, FUSLE variables (amplitude, extraction time and pulse time) and also variables affecting the LVI-PTV (vent time, injection speed and cryo-focusing temperature). The developed method rendered results comparable to traditional extraction methods in terms of accuracy (77-109%) and repeatability (RSD<23%). Finally, the analyses performed over real beachrock samples from the Bay of Biscay (Northern Spain) revealed the presence of the 16 EPA priority PAHs, as well as some organic biomarkers which could increase the knowledge about such beachrock formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Blanco-Zubiaguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - N Arrieta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Iturregui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - I Martinez-Arkarazo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - M Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - K Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - M A Olazabal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - J M Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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18
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Han F, Cao J, Peng L, Bai H, Hu D, Mu L, Liu X. Characteristics of hopanoid hydrocarbons in ambient PM₁₀ and motor vehicle emissions and coal ash in Taiyuan, China. Environ Geochem Health 2015; 37:813-829. [PMID: 26362677 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hopanoid hydrocarbon content in ambient particulate matter (PM) of less than or equal to 10 μm aerodynamic diameter (PM10) was sampled at seven sites representative of different functional districts, and measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 17α(H),21β(H)-hopane (C30αβ) and 17α(H),21β(H)-30-norhopane (C29αβ) were dominant in all samples. Hopanes in motor vehicle emissions from various fuel-type engines (gasoline, diesel and natural gas) and coal ash were qualitatively measured, and the amount of C30αβ was about two to three times greater than that of C29αβ. Distinct seasonal variations (winter/summer differences) were observed at higher concentrations (45.54-108.29 ng/m(3)) of total hopanes in winter and lower (2.59-28.26 ng/m(3)) in summer. There were also clear spatial variations of hopanes in Taiyuan, with samples with greater hopane concentrations in downtown areas, but less in summer. The spatial distribution reversed in winter. Distributions and relative abundances of selected hopanes from PM10 and source emissions indicated that in summer, vehicle exhaust was the dominant fossil fuel combustion source (C30αβ was >C29αβ), and that the contribution of coal combustion was slightly greater at suburban sites. However, the contribution of coal combustion sources increased significantly at all sites in winter, especially in suburban areas, where C29αβ exceeded C30αβ. Hopanoid indexes revealed a classification of vehicle exhaust and coal combustion emissions in PM10. The results imply that during rapid urbanization, it is crucial to strengthen the construction of infrastructure such as central heating in new city districts and to increase the use of natural gas instead of residential coal burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiling Bai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Mu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
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19
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Huang L, Bohac SV, Chernyak SM, Batterman SA. Effects of fuels, engine load and exhaust after-treatment on diesel engine SVOC emissions and development of SVOC profiles for receptor modeling. Atmos Environ (1994) 2015; 102:229-238. [PMID: 25709535 PMCID: PMC4335681 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust emissions contain numerous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for which emission information is limited, especially for idling conditions, new fuels and the new after-treatment systems. This study investigates exhaust emissions of particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and sterane and hopane petroleum biomarkers from a heavy-duty (6.4 L) diesel engine at various loads (idle, 600 and 900 kPa BMEP), with three types of fuel (ultra-low sulfur diesel or ULSD, Swedish low aromatic diesel, and neat soybean biodiesel), and with and without a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF). Swedish diesel and biodiesel reduced emissions of PM2.5, Σ15PAHs, Σ11NPAHs, Σ5Hopanes and Σ6Steranes, and biodiesel resulted in the larger reductions. However, idling emissions increased for benzo[k]fluoranthene (Swedish diesel), 5-nitroacenaphthene (biodiesel) and PM2.5 (biodiesel), a significant result given the attention to exposures from idling vehicles and the toxicity of high-molecular-weight PAHs and NPAHs. The DOC + DPF combination reduced PM2.5 and SVOC emissions during DPF loading (>99% reduction) and DPF regeneration (83-99%). The toxicity of diesel exhaust, in terms of the estimated carcinogenic risk, was greatly reduced using Swedish diesel, biodiesel fuels and the DOC + DPF. PAH profiles showed high abundances of three and four ring compounds as well as naphthalene; NPAH profiles were dominated by nitro-naphthalenes, 1-nitropyrene and 9-nitroanthracene. Both the emission rate and the composition of diesel exhaust depended strongly on fuel type, engine load and after-treatment system. The emissions data and chemical profiles presented are relevant to the development of emission inventories and exposure and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stanislav V. Bohac
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sergei M. Chernyak
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stuart A. Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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20
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Huang L, Chernyak SM, Batterman SA. PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), nitro-PAHs, and hopane and sterane biomarkers in sediments of southern Lake Michigan, USA. Sci Total Environ 2014; 487:173-86. [PMID: 24784742 PMCID: PMC4101084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PAHs in the Great Lakes basin are of concern due to their toxicity and persistence in bottom sediments. Their nitro derivatives, nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), which can have stronger carcinogenic and mutagenic activity than parent PAHs, may follow similar transport routes and also are accumulated in sediments. Limited information exists regarding the current distribution, trends and loadings of these compounds, especially NPAHs, in Lake Michigan sediments. This study characterizes PAHs, NPAHs, and biomarkers steranes and hopanes in surface sediments collected at 24 offshore sites in southern Lake Michigan. The ΣPAH14 (sum of 14 compounds) ranged from 213 to 1,291 ng/g dry weight (dw) across the sites, levels that are 2 to 10 times lower than those reported 20 to 30 years earlier. Compared to consensus-based sediment quality guidelines, PAH concentrations suggest very low risk to benthic organisms. The ΣNPAH5 concentration ranged from 2.9 to 18.6 ng/g dw, and included carcinogenic compounds 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene. ΣSterane6 and ΣHopane5 concentrations ranged from 6.2 to 36 and 98 to 355 ng/g dw, respectively. Based on these concentrations, Lake Michigan is approximately receiving 11, 0.16, 0.25 and 3.6 metrictons per year (t/yr) of ΣPAH14, ΣNPAH5, ΣSterane6 and ΣHopane5, respectively. Maps of OC-adjusted concentrations display that concentrations decline with increasing off-shore distance. The major sources of PAHs and NPAHs are pyrogenic in nature, based on diagnostic ratios. Using chemical mass balance models, sources were apportioned to emissions from diesel engines (56 ± 18%), coal power plants (27 ± 14%), coal-tar pavement sealants (16 ± 11%), and coke ovens (7 ± 12%). The biomarkers identify a combination of petrogenic and biogenic sources, with the southern end of the lake more impacted by petroleum. This first report of NPAH levels in sediments of Lake Michigan reveals several carcinogenic compounds at modest concentrations, and a need for further work to assess potential risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sergei M Chernyak
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stuart A Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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