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Xie J, Latif J, Yang K, Wang Z, Zhu L, Yang H, Qin J, Ni Z, Jia H, Xin W, Li X. A state-of-art review on the redox activity of persistent free radicals in biochar. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121516. [PMID: 38552490 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Biochar-bound persistent free radicals (biochar-PFRs) attract much attention because they can directly or indirectly mediate the transformation of contaminants in large-scale wastewater treatment processes. Despite this, a comprehensive top-down understanding of the redox activity of biochar-PFRs, particularly consumption and regeneration mechanisms, as well as challenges in redox activity assessment, is still lacking. To tackle this challenge, this review outlines the identification and determination methods of biochar-PFRs, which serve as a prerequisite for assessing the redox activity of biochar-PFRs. Recent developments concerning biochar-PFRs are discussed, with a main emphasis on the reaction mechanisms (both non-free radical and free radical pathways) and their effectiveness in removing contaminants. Importantly, the review delves into the mechanism of biochar-PFRs regeneration, triggered by metal cations, reactive oxygen species, and ultraviolet radiations. Furthermore, this review thoroughly explores the dilemma in appraising the redox activity of biochar-PFRs. Components with unpaired electrons (particular defects and metal ions) interfere with biochar-PFRs signals in electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. Scavengers and extractants of biochar-PFRs also inevitably modify the active ingredients of biochar. Based on these analyses, a practical strategy is proposed to precisely determine the redox activity of biochar-PFRs. Finally, the review concludes by presenting current gaps in knowledge and offering suggestions for future research. This comprehensive examination aims to provide new and significant insights into the redox activity of biochar-PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xie
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Junaid Latif
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kangjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huiqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zheng Ni
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Wang Xin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot 010022, China
| | - Xing Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot 010022, China
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Alfei S, Pandoli OG. Biochar-Derived Persistent Free Radicals: A Plethora of Environmental Applications in a Light and Shadows Scenario. TOXICS 2024; 12:245. [PMID: 38668468 PMCID: PMC11054495 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) is a carbonaceous material obtained by pyrolysis at 200-1000 °C in the limited presence of O2 from different vegetable and animal biomass feedstocks. BC has demonstrated great potential, mainly in environmental applications, due to its high sorption ability and persistent free radicals (PFRs) content. These characteristics enable BC to carry out the direct and PFRs-mediated removal/degradation of environmental organic and inorganic contaminants. The types of PFRs that are possibly present in BC depend mainly on the pyrolysis temperature and the kind of pristine biomass. Since they can also cause ecological and human damage, a systematic evaluation of the environmental behavior, risks, or management techniques of BC-derived PFRs is urgent. PFRs generally consist of a mixture of carbon- and oxygen-centered radicals and of oxygenated carbon-centered radicals, depending on the pyrolytic conditions. Here, to promote the more productive and beneficial use of BC and the related PFRs and to stimulate further studies to make them environmentally safer and less hazardous to humans, we have first reviewed the most common methods used to produce BC, its main environmental applications, and the primary mechanisms by which BC remove xenobiotics, as well as the reported mechanisms for PFR formation in BC. Secondly, we have discussed the environmental migration and transformation of PFRs; we have reported the main PFR-mediated application of BC to degrade inorganic and organic pollutants, the potential correlated environmental risks, and the possible strategies to limit them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Omar Ginoble Pandoli
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Rua Marquês de São Vincente 225, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil
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Hu S, Xu C, Xie Y, Ma L, Niu Q, Han G, Huang J. Metagenomic insights into the diversity of 2,4-dichlorophenol degraders and the cooperation patterns in a bacterial consortium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168723. [PMID: 38008322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenol, which is largely employed in herbicides and industrial production, is frequently detected in ecosystems and poses risks to human health and environmental safety. Microbial communities are thought to perform better than individual strains in the complete degradation of organic contaminants. However, the synergistic degradation mechanisms of the microbial consortia involved in 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation are still not widely understood. In this study, a bacterial consortium named DCP-2 that is capable of degrading 2,4-dichlorophenol was obtained. Metagenomic analysis, cultivation-dependent functional verification, and co-occurrence network analysis were combined to reveal the primary 2,4-dichlorophenol degraders and the cooperation patterns in the consortium DCP-2. Metagenomic analysis showed that Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, and Pigmentiphaga were the primary degraders for the complete degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol. Thirty-nine phylogenetically diverse bacterial genera, such as Brucella, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Allochromatium and Bosea, were identified as keystone taxa for 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation by keystone taxa analysis of the co-occurrence networks. In addition, a stable synthetic consortium of isolates from DCP-2 was constructed, consisting of Pseudomonas sp. DD-13 and Brucella sp. FZ-1; this synthetic consortium showed superior degradation capability for 2,4-dichlorophenol in both mineral salt medium and wastewater compared with monoculture. The findings provide valuable insights into the practical bioremediation of 2,4-dichlorophenol-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Chuangchuang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Yanghe Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Lu Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Qingfeng Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Guomin Han
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China.
| | - Junwei Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China.
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Chang M, Zhang G, Mao X, Li Y, Wang J, Wang L. Efficient activation of peroxodisulfate by novel bionic iron-encapsulated biochar: The key roles of electron transfer pathway and reactive oxygen species evolution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130204. [PMID: 36308934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel iron-encapsulated biochar (Fe@BC) was prepared using the biomass cultivated with an iron-containing solution. The iron in Fe@BC showed the phase change from Fe3O4 to α-Fe, and to CFe15.1, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature (500-900 °C), and a graphene shell formed on the surface of Fe@BC. In addition, the signals assigned to the π-π* shake up, pyridinic N, graphitic N, and defects of Fe@BC were found to be stronger as the pyrolysis temperature increased. The F4@B9 sample, which was prepared at 900 °C, exhibited an excellent performance (98.01 %) to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol. Electron paramagnetic resonanceand chemical quenching experiments revealed that reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) including sulfate radical (•SO4-), hydroxyl radical (•OH), superoxide radical (•O2-), and singlet oxygen (1O2) existed in the F4@B9/PDS system. Furthermore, the micro-electrolysis process facilitated the generation of •O2- (12.35 %) and 1O2 (6.49 %) compared with the pure PDS system. Density functional theory revealed that, for the F4@B9-activated PDS process, the graphene shell of F4@B9 served as catalytic active sites as well. According to the correlation analysis, the iron specie of CFe15.1 was more favorable for the generation of ROS than α-Fe. Also, π-π* shake up, pyridinic N, graphitic N, and defects participated in the PDS activation. This study provides a new method for the preparation of high-performance catalysts from naturally grown biomass with high iron contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiaoshu Wang
- School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Ming Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Gen Zhang
- School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xuhui Mao
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Ye Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China.
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Wang W, Wang Z, Li K, Liu Y, Xie D, Shan S, He L, Mei Y. Enhanced adsorption of aqueous chlorinated aromatic compounds by nitrogen auto-doped biochar produced through pyrolysis of rubber-seed shell. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:631-646. [PMID: 34516358 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1980829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of chlorinated aromatic compounds (CACs) on pristine biochar was often limited. Surface modification can greatly improve the adsorption capacity of biochar. In this work, by pyrolysis activation of rubber-seed shell wastes, nitrogen auto-doped biochar (RSS-NBC) was synthesized and used for purifying CACs-containing wastewater. Systematic characterization results showed that after proper treatment, the as-prepared RSS-NBC had high specific surface area, abundant surface oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups, and nano-scale pore structure. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted with using three typical CACs probing pollutants, i.e. 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,4-DCBA). The adsorption experiments results showed that the maximum adsorption amounts of 1, 2-DCB, 2,4-DCP, and 2,4-DCBA could reach 2284, 1921, and 1142 mg/g at 298.15 K. Moreover, 90% of the equilibrium adsorption amount can be reached within 0.5 h. The adsorption kinetic results showed that the adsorption processes of the three CACs followed the pseudo-second-order rate model and were dominated by chemisorption. Also, the adsorption isotherms of 1, 2-DCB and 2, 4-DCP belonged to the Freundlich model and were valid for multilayer adsorption, while the adsorption of 2,4-DCBA followed Langmuir model and single-layer adsorption. The thermodynamics data indicated that the spontaneous adsorption process of 1, 2-DCB and 2, 4-DCP was endothermic while that of 2,4-DCBA was exothermic. After 5 cycles of adsorption-regeneration, the removal efficiency of RSS-NBC particles still remained more than 80% for the three typical CACs, indicating that it could be reused as an effective and retrievable adsorbent in the treatment of CACs-containing effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Delong Xie
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyun Shan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang He
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Mei
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming, People's Republic of China
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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Electrocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol by a 3DG-PbO2 powdered anode: Experimental and theoretical insights. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liang X, Zhao Y, Guo N, Yang Q. Heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate by Co3O4 loaded biochar for efficient degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Liu Q, Jiang S, Su X, Zhang X, Cao W, Xu Y. Role of the biochar modified with ZnCl 2 and FeCl 3 on the electrochemical degradation of nitrobenzene. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:129966. [PMID: 33662731 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Zn/Fe-modified biochar on nitrobenzene (NB) removal during the electrolysis was investigated in this study. Both the Fe and Zn-modified biochar enhanced the NB adsorption compared with the un-modified biochar due to their greater specific surface area and more abundant surface function groups, respectively. The electrolysis under 2-11 V with the assist of both Fe/Zn-modified biochar achieved effective NB removal (>93%). The removal rate under 2 V using Zn/Fe-modified biochar (∼94%) was higher than that of the un-modified biochar (∼80%), whereas the removal was similar for those under 5, 8 and 11 V. The NB removal under 2 and 5 V was attributed to both adsorption and electrochemical decomposition of NB molecules. Electrolysis under 5 V by Fe-modified biochar had a higher degree of NB mineralisation than that using un-modified and Zn-modified biochar. This was likely that the Fe-modified biochar exhibited higher electrocatalytic properties, facilitating the further NB mineralisation. The ∙OH played significant roles in the degradation of NB by Fe-modified and un-modified biochar but did not significantly participated for the test using Zn-modified biochar. This was possibly because the Zn-modified biochar could adsorb greater amounts of ∙OH into the inner pores of Zn-modified biochar via its greater porosity and specific surface area, which may prevent the contact between ∙OH and NB molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shiqi Jiang
- School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xintong Su
- School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Weimin Cao
- College of Science, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Yunfeng Xu
- School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
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Fan G, Zhou D, Zhang Z, Ai Y, Zhang W, Shi G, Tong F, Liu L, Chen W, Li J, Gao Y. Effect of two-dimensional electric field on the growth and cadmium uptake of Sedum plumbizincicola. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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