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Abdelbar NM, Ahmed MA, Mohamed AA. A novel layered double hydroxide-based ternary nanocomposite for the effective photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B. RSC Adv 2024; 14:14523-14538. [PMID: 38708119 PMCID: PMC11064889 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00685b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants is a green and effective route of wastewater treatment. Zinc oxide was initially used for this purpose; however, calcined zinc/chromium layered double hydroxide (ZnCr-LDO) and cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdSQDs)-based nanocomposites proved as superior alternatives. Herein, we report a green sonochemical method for the sol-gel fabrication of novel CdSQDs@ZnCr-LDO/ZnO ternary nanocomposite that exhibited exceptional photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B dye (RhB), in wastewaters, under UV-A-irradiation. The features of the ternary nanocomposite were investigated using various physicochemical techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, XPS, BET, zeta potential, DRS, and PL measurements. The RhB dye % removal was 38.02, 40.2, and 98% using pristine ZnO, ZnCr-LDO and the ternary CdSQDs@ZnCr-LDO/ZnO-based nanomaterials, respectively, reflecting the superior ternary nanocomposite's photocatalytic activity that made it an excellent competitor to commonly reported photocatalysts. Additionally, an investigation was carried out to determine the key reactive species in the photocatalytic degradation of RhB, considering both scavenger's type and concentration. The prevailing mechanism was found to be the reductive photodegradation pathway. Furthermore, several models were utilized to describe the kinetics of photocatalytic performance of the ternary nanocomposite and a typical Z-scheme type-II photocatalytic heterojunction mechanism was inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader M Abdelbar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University Abbassia Cairo-11566 Egypt +2 01093730196
- Higher Institute of Engineering, Automotive Technology and Energy New Heliopolis Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University Abbassia Cairo-11566 Egypt +2 01093730196
| | - Ashraf A Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University Abbassia Cairo-11566 Egypt +2 01093730196
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2
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Naciri Y, Ghazzal MN, Paineau E. Nanosized tubular clay minerals as inorganic nanoreactors for energy and environmental applications: A review to fill current knowledge gaps. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 326:103139. [PMID: 38552380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Modern society pays further and further attention to environmental protection and the promotion of sustainable energy solutions. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is widely recognized as one of the most economically viable and ecologically sound technologies to combat environmental pollution and the global energy crisis. One challenge is finding a suitable photocatalytic material for an efficient process. Inorganic nanotubes have garnered attention as potential candidates due to their optoelectronic properties, which differ from their bulk equivalents. Among them, clay nanotubes (halloysite, imogolite, and chrysotile) are attracting renewed interest for photocatalysis applications thanks to their low production costs, their unique physical and chemical properties, and the possibility to functionalize or dope their structure to enhance charge-carriers separation into their structure. In this review, we provide new insights into the potential of these inorganic nanotubes in photocatalysis. We first discuss the structural and morphological features of clay nanotubes. Applications of photocatalysts based on clay nanotubes across a range of photocatalytic reactions, including the decomposition of organic pollutants, elimination of NOx, production of hydrogen, and disinfection of bacteria, are discussed. Finally, we highlight the obstacles and outline potential avenues for advancing the current photocatalytic system based on clay nanotubes. Our aim is that this review can offer researchers new opportunities to advance further research in the field of clay nanotubes-based photocatalysis with other vital applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Naciri
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR8000, Institut de Chimie Physique, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Mohamed Nawfal Ghazzal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR8000, Institut de Chimie Physique, Orsay 91405, France.
| | - Erwan Paineau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay 91405, France.
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3
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Naciri Y, Ahdour A, Benhsina E, Hamza MA, Bouziani A, Hsini A, Bakiz B, Navío JA, Ghazzal MN. Ba 3(PO 4) 2 Photocatalyst for Efficient Photocatalytic Application. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2024; 8:2300257. [PMID: 38223895 PMCID: PMC10784198 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Barium phosphate (Ba3(PO4)2) is a class of material that has attracted significant attention thanks to its chemical stability and versatility. However, the use of Ba3(PO4)2 as a photocatalyst is scarcely reported, and its use as a photocatalyst has yet to be reported. Herein, Ba3(PO4)2 nanoflakes synthesis is optimized using sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. The as-prepared Ba3(PO4)2 powders are investigated using physicochemical characterizations, including XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, DRS, J-t, LSV, Mott-Schottky, and EIS. In addition, DFT calculations are performed to investigate the band structure. The oxidation capability of the photocatalysts is investigated depending on the synthesis method using rhodamine B (RhB) as a pollutant model. Both Ba3(PO4)2 samples prepared by the sol-gel and hydrothermal methods display high RhB photodegradation of 79% and 68%, respectively. The Ba3(PO4)2 obtained using the sol-gel process exhibits much higher stability under light excitation after four regeneration cycles. The photocatalytic oxidation mechanism is proposed based on the active species trapping experiments where O2 •‒ is the most reactive species. The finding shows the promising potential of Ba3(PO4)2 photocatalysts and opens the door for further investigation and application in various photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Naciri
- Institut de Chimie PhysiqueUMR 8000 CNRSUniversité Paris‐SaclayOrsay91405France
| | - Ayoub Ahdour
- Laboratory of Materials and EnvironmentFaculty of SciencesIbn Zohr UniversityB.P 8106AgadirMorocco
| | - Elhassan Benhsina
- Materials Science CenterFaculty of SciencesMohammed V University in RabatRabatB.P:8007Morocco
| | - Mahmoud Adel Hamza
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceAin Shams UniversityAbbasiaCairo11566Egypt
- Department of ChemistrySchool of PhysicsChemistry and Earth SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSA5005Australia
| | - Asmae Bouziani
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkara06800Turkey
| | - Abdelghani Hsini
- National Higher School of Chemistry (NHSC)University Ibn TofailBP. 133Kenitra14000Morocco
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering (LAMPE)Faculty of ScienceIbn Tofail UniversityBP 133Kenitra14000Morocco
| | - Bahcine Bakiz
- Laboratory of Materials and EnvironmentFaculty of SciencesIbn Zohr UniversityB.P 8106AgadirMorocco
- Materials Science CenterFaculty of SciencesMohammed V University in RabatRabatB.P:8007Morocco
| | - Jose Antonio Navío
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de SevillaCentro Mixto Universidad de Sevilla‐CSICAmérico Vespucio 49Sevilla41092Spain
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Shoaib M, Naz MY, Shukrullah S, Munir MA, Irfan M, Rahman S, Ghanim AAJ. Dual S-Scheme Heterojunction CdS/TiO 2/g-C 3N 4 Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Production and Dye Degradation Applications. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43139-43150. [PMID: 38024725 PMCID: PMC10652378 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated a ternary CdS/TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction for degrading synthetic dyes and hydrogen production from aqueous media through visible light-initiated photocatalytic reactions. CdS, TiO2, and g-C3N4 were combined in different mass ratios through a simple hydrothermal method to create CdS/TiO2/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts. The prepared heterojunction catalysts were investigated by using FTIR, XRD, EDX, SEM, and UV-visible spectroscopy analysis for their crystal structures, functional groups, elemental composition, microtopography, and optical properties. The rhodamine B dye was then degraded by using fully characterized photocatalysts. The maximum dye degradation efficiency of 99.4% was noted in these experiments. The evolution rate of hydrogen from the aqueous solution with the CdS/TiO2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst remained 2910 μmol·h-1·g-1, which is considerably higher than those of g-C3N4, CdS, CdS/g-C3N4, and g-C3N4/TiO2-catalyzed reactions. This study also proposes a photocatalytic activity mechanism for the tested ternary CdS/TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib
- Department
of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Naz
- Department
of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Shukrullah
- Department
of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Munir
- Department
of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University Saudi Arabia, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University Saudi Arabia, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
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Panthi G, Park M. Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Zinc Oxide-Based Z-Scheme and S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts for the Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15021. [PMID: 37834469 PMCID: PMC10573564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241915021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a metal-free polymer semiconductor, has been recognized as an attractive photocatalytic material for environmental remediation because of its low band gap, high thermal and photostability, chemical inertness, non-toxicity, low cost, biocompatibility, and optical and electrical efficiency. However, g-C3N4 has been reported to suffer from many difficulties in photocatalytic applications, such as a low specific surface area, inadequate visible-light utilization, and a high charge recombination rate. To overcome these difficulties, the formation of g-C3N4 heterojunctions by coupling with metal oxides has triggered tremendous interest in recent years. In this regard, zinc oxide (ZnO) is being largely explored as a self-driven semiconductor photocatalyst to form heterojunctions with g-C3N4, as ZnO possesses unique and fascinating properties, including high quantum efficiency, high electron mobility, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and a simple synthetic procedure. The synergistic effect of its properties, such as adsorption and photogenerated charge separation, was found to enhance the photocatalytic activity of heterojunctions. Hence, this review aims to compile the strategies for fabricating g-C3N4/ZnO-based Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunction photocatalytic systems with enhanced performance and overall stability for the photodegradation of organic pollutants. Furthermore, with reference to the reported system, the photocatalytic mechanism of g-C3N4/ZnO-based heterojunction photocatalysts and their charge-transfer pathways on the interface surface are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Panthi
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Mira Park
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
- Woosuk Institute of Smart Convergence Life Care (WSCLC), Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
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6
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Hamza MA, Rizk SA, Ezz-Elregal EEM, El-Rahman SAA, Ramadan SK, Abou-Gamra ZM. Photosensitization of TiO 2 microspheres by novel Quinazoline-derivative as visible-light-harvesting antenna for enhanced Rhodamine B photodegradation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12929. [PMID: 37558660 PMCID: PMC10412568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Water pollution is one of the global threats severely affecting our planet and human health. Organic textile dyes are one of the common organic water pollutants that are presentient to degradation by traditional physical methods. Semiconductor-assisted photocatalysis is considered a green, efficient, and sustainable technology for wastewater treatment. To maximize the efficient utilization of solar radiation, it is of pivotal significance to explore novel organic molecules to be employed as efficient dye sensitizers for wide-bandgap semiconductors to extend their performance to the Visible-light region. Hence, in this work, we are proposing the design and synthesis of novel structures of QAD molecule as a dye photosensitizer with extended visible light absorptivity due to the extended π-π/n-π conjugations, to promote the performance of TiO2 nanoparticles to the visible-light region and enhance the charge separation. The physicochemical characterizations confirmed the successful synthesis of QAD, TiO2, and QAD/TiO2 samples with the proposed structures. The anchoring of QAD molecules on the surface of TiO2 caused a substantial improvement in the optical characteristics of TiO2 as well as overcoming its common drawbacks by decreasing its bandgap energy to 2.6 eV, a remarkable reduction of PL intensity indicating reducing the e-h recombination and enhancing the charge separation, and creation of efficient visible light-harvesting antenna in the range of 400-600 nm. Besides, the QAD/TiO2 sample achieved a 3-fold enhancement in the observed rate constant of the photodegradation of Rhodamine B dye compared to the bare TiO2. The parameters affecting the photodegradation process were optimized and the sample displayed outstanding stability after 4 consecutive cycles. Finally, the effect of the scavengers was investigated and [Formula: see text] was proposed to be the most reactive species and the mechanism of the enhancement was suggested based on the electron injection from the QAD's HOMO level to the TiO2's CB. Finally, this work opens the door for various studies for the investigation of the proposed structures or similar structures in various photocatalytic/biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Adel Hamza
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sameh A Rizk
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Sayed K Ramadan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zeinab M Abou-Gamra
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Garg AK, Singh B, Naskar S, Prajapati RK, Dalal C, Sonkar SK. Melamine-Formaldehyde Polymer-Based Nanocomposite for Sunlight-Driven Photodegradation of Multiple Dyes and Their Mixture. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37494146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium sulfide (CdS)-decorated, cross-linked melamine-formaldehyde polymer-based nanocomposite (MFP-CdS) has been synthesized. MFP-CdS is utilized here as a photoactive material for the photodegradation of six model organic dyes and their mixture in an aqueous medium in the presence of sunlight. The half-life values from the kinetic study of multiple dyes strongly support the importance of sunlight on the fast degradation of all six dyes compared to bulb light and control (dark) conditions. A comparative 1H NMR analysis of the dyes and their degraded products has been performed to support the breakdown of the aromatic framework of organic dyes using MFP-CdS in sunlight. The mechanisms involved in the photodegradation of dyes have been investigated based on radical trapping studies that support the significant involvement of superoxide radicals along with holes. Moreover, the dye removal efficiency using MFP-CdS from real industrial wastewater samples is evaluated via the external spiking of organic dyes and their mixture in unknown industrial effluents where they showed similar photodegradation results. Based on the high recyclability of MFP-CdS, these are used for multiple cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Kumari Garg
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Buta Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sourenjit Naskar
- Quality Control Department (M.D.), Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Jaipur 303904, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajneesh Kumar Prajapati
- Centre for Nanosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chumki Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, JECRC University, Jaipur 303905, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Applied Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Delhi 110040, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Sonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
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Nadikatla SK, Chintada VB, Gurugubelli TR, Koutavarapu R. Review of Recent Developments in the Fabrication of ZnO/CdS Heterostructure Photocatalysts for Degradation of Organic Pollutants and Hydrogen Production. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114277. [PMID: 37298752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have recently paid a lot of attention to semiconductor photocatalysts, especially ZnO-based heterostructures. Due to its availability, robustness, and biocompatibility, ZnO is a widely researched material in the fields of photocatalysis and energy storage. It is also environmentally beneficial. However, the wide bandgap energy and quick recombination of the photoinduced electron-hole pairs of ZnO limit its practical utility. To address these issues, many techniques have been used, such as the doping of metal ions and the creation of binary or ternary composites. Recent studies showed that ZnO/CdS heterostructures outperformed bare ZnO and CdS nanostructures in terms of photocatalytic performance when exposed to visible light. This review largely concentrated on the ZnO/CdS heterostructure production process and its possible applications including the degradation of organic pollutants and hydrogen evaluation. The importance of synthesis techniques such as bandgap engineering and controlled morphology was highlighted. In addition, the prospective uses of ZnO/CdS heterostructures in the realm of photocatalysis and the conceivable photodegradation mechanism were examined. Lastly, ZnO/CdS heterostructures' challenges and prospects for the future have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kumar Nadikatla
- Chemistry Division, Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam 532127, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Babu Chintada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam 532127, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Thirumala Rao Gurugubelli
- Physics Division, Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam 532127, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindranadh Koutavarapu
- Department of Robotics Engineering, College of Mechanical and IT Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Abdo DM, El-Shazly AN, Medici F. Recovery of Valuable Materials from End-of-Life Photovoltaic Solar Panels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2840. [PMID: 37049133 PMCID: PMC10095681 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of end-of-life (EOL) photovoltaic solar panels has become a relevant environmental issue as they are considered to be a hazardous electronic waste. On the other hand, enormous benefits are achieved from recovering valuable metals and materials from such waste. Eventually, physical and chemical processing will become the most important stages during the recycling process. A physical treatment including crushing, grinding, and screening was achieved, and it was observed that a fine fraction of -0.25 mm had the maximum percentage of the required materials. Moreover, the optimum chemical treatment conditions were adjusted to reach the maximum recovery of silver, aluminum, and silicon. The synthesis of silicon oxide, silver oxide, alunite, and K-Alum from leachant solution was performed through a simple route. The structural and morphological properties of the prepared materials were defined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Magdy Abdo
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 87, Helwan, Cairo 11421, Egypt
| | - Ayat Nasr El-Shazly
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 87, Helwan, Cairo 11421, Egypt
| | - Franco Medici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
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Elfarargy RG, Saleh MA, Abodouh MM, Hamza MA, Allam NK. Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanoheterostructures as Novel Platforms for the Electrochemical Sensing of the Chemotherapeutic and Immunomodulator Agent MTX. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:51. [PMID: 36671888 PMCID: PMC9856071 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report on the electrochemical determination of one the most effective and widely used chemotherapeutic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulator agents, methotrexate (MTX), using low-cost, green, and facile one-pot prepared graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN ) nanosheets. The g-CN nanosheets have been characterized utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and density functional theory (DFT). In comparison to the bare carbon paste electrode (CPE), the g-CN -modified electrode showed a spectacular enhancement in the electrochemical oxidation and detection abilities of MTX. The proposed material exhibits very low limits of detection (12.45 nM) and quantification (41.5 nM), while possessing a wide linear range of 0.22-1.11 μM and 1.11-27.03 μM under optimized conditions at pH 7.0. Due to the ease of preparation of g-CN, it can be adopted for the cost-effective detection of MTX in industrial and clinical analyses.
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11
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Synthesis of Highly Efficient (0D/1D) Z-Scheme CdS-NPs@ZnO-NRs Visible-Light-Driven Photo(electro)catalyst for PEC Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Removal of Tetracycline. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we synthesized the cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NPs) coated zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO-NRs) core-shell like CdS-NPs@ZnO-NRs heterojunction for photo(electro)chemical applications. The CdS-NPs and ZnO-NRs were synthesized through a simple hydrothermal path. The physicochemical and optoelectronic properties of the as-prepared catalysts are characterized by various spectroscopy techniques, such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, VB-XPS, DRS, and PL. The photocatalytic performances of the CdS-NPs@ZnO-NRs catalyst were evaluated by photodegradation of tetracycline (TC) in aqueous media under visible-light irradiation, which demonstrated 94.07 % of removal (k’ = 0.0307 min−1) within 90 min. On the other hand, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-oxidation/oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) was performed, which resulted in the photocurrent density of 3.002 mA/cm2 and overpotential (at 2 mA/cm2) of 171 mV (vs RHE) in 1.0 M KOH under AM 1.5G illumination. The reactive species scavenging experiment demonstrates the significant contributions of photogenerated holes towards TC removal. Furthermore, the Z-scheme CdS-NPs@ZnO-NRs core-shell heterojunction exhibits high efficiency, recyclability, and photostability, demonstrating that the CdS-NPs@ZnO-NRs is a robust photo(electro)catalyst for visible-light PEC applications.
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12
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Polymeric organic–inorganic C3N4/ZnO high-performance material for visible light photodegradation of organic pollutants. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution by ingenious construction of isotype heptazine/triazine based porous carbon nitride heterojunction. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Pham TH, Myung Y, Van Le Q, Kim T. Visible-light photocatalysis of Ag-doped graphitic carbon nitride for photodegradation of micropollutants in wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134626. [PMID: 35436454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on graphitic carbon nitride (C3N4) modified with silver to investigate its visible-light-driven photocatalysis for decomposition of micropollutants in wastewater. Various characterization methods were conducted to examine the physico-chemical properties of Ag-doped C3N4 (Ag-C3N4) photocatalyst. The results from structural, morphological, and surface chemical analysis indicated that C3N4 was successfully doped with Ag. Photoluminescence and transient photocurrent density studies revealed that the recombination rate of electron-hole pairs was reduced, leading to the enhancement of photocatalytic activities of the photocatalyst. Ag-C3N4 showed high photocatalytic performance for photodegradation of our target micropollutant, bisphenol A (BA). It could completely remove BA in 1 h with kinetic constant 6.2 times higher than that of the undoped C3N4 photocatalyst. Recycling test and the assessment of the photocatalyst in wastewater further confirmed the excellent stability and applicability of the Ag-C3N4 photocatalyst. This work could provide a new solution to the practical application of photocatalyts for the degradation of micropollutants in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Huong Pham
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
| | - Yusik Myung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - TaeYoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea.
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15
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Lee JH, Lee Y, Bathula C, Kadam AN, Lee SW. A zero-dimensional/two-dimensional Ag-Ag 2S-CdS plasmonic nanohybrid for rapid photodegradation of organic pollutant by solar light. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133973. [PMID: 35181435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the two synthesis strategies are employed for rational design of 0D/2DAg-Ag2S-CdS heterojunctions towards photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) under simulated solar light. As the first strategy, a ternary Ag-Ag2S-CdS nanosheet (NS) heterojunction was fabricated via combined cation exchange and photo-reduction (CEPR) method (Ag-Ag2S-CdS/CEPR). The second strategy employed coprecipitation (CP) method (Ag-Ag2S-CdS/CP). Strikingly, SEM, TEM and HR-TEM images are manifested the first strategy is beneficial for retaining the original thickness (20.2 nm) of CdS NSs with a dominant formation of metallic Ag, whereas the second strategy increases the thickness (33.4 nm) of CdS NSs with a dominant formation of Ag2S. The Ag-Ag2S-CdS/CEPR exhibited 1.8-fold and 3.5-fold enhancement in photocatalytic activities as compared to those of Ag-Ag2S-CdS/CP and bare CdS NSs, respectively. This enhanced photocatalytic activity could be ascribed to fact that the first strategy produces a high-quality interface with intimate contact between the Ag-Ag2S-CdS heterojunctions, resulting in enhanced separation of photo-excited charge carriers, extended light absorption, and enriched active-sites. Furthermore, the degradation efficiency of Ag-Ag2S-CdS/CEPR was significantly reduced to ∼5% in the presence of BQ (•O2- scavenger), indicating that •O2- is the major active species that can decompose MO dye under simulated solar light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyeok Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong-Dong, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam City, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, South Korea
| | - Yechan Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong-Dong, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam City, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, South Korea
| | - Chinna Bathula
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhijit N Kadam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong-Dong, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam City, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, South Korea.
| | - Sang-Wha Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong-Dong, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam City, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, South Korea.
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16
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Wang J, Song Y, Zuo C, Li R, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Wu B. Few-layer porous carbon nitride anchoring Co and Ni with charge transfer mechanism for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 625:722-733. [PMID: 35772202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The low specific surface area and low charge transfer efficiency of conventional graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) are the main obstacles to its application in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. In this paper, graphite carbon nitride was protonated by phosphoric acid (H3PO4), and a new few-layer porous carbon nitride was prepared by intercalation polymerization with doping bimetal in the cavity of g-C3N4. Under visible light irradiation, the CO formation rate of Co/Ni co-doped g-C3N4 can reach 13.55 μmol g-1 h-1, which was 3.9 times higher than that of g-C3N4 (3.49 μmol g-1 h-1). The density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the addition of Co and Ni in the cavity of g-C3N4 can induce bimetallic synergistic regulation of the electronic structure, thus improving the separation efficiency of charges and visible light capture ability of g-C3N4. Our work has great reference value for designing and synthesizing novel bimetallic co-doped g-C3N4 photocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Youchao Song
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Changjiang Zuo
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Rui Li
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yuming Zhou
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Bo Wu
- Multiscale Computational Materials Facility, Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350100, China.
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17
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Koutavarapu R, Reddy CV, Syed K, Reddy KR, Saleh TA, Lee DY, Shim J, Aminabhavi TM. Novel Z-scheme binary zinc tungsten oxide/nickel ferrite nanohybrids for photocatalytic reduction of chromium (Cr (VI)), photoelectrochemical water splitting and degradation of toxic organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127044. [PMID: 34523469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple hydrothermal approach was demonstrated for synthesizing a coupled NiFe2O4-ZnWO4 nanocomposite, wherein one-dimensional ZnWO4 nanorods were inserted into two-dimensional NiFe2O4 nanoplates. Herein, we evaluated the photocatalytic removal of Cr(VI), and degradation of tetracycline (TC) and methylene blue (MB) by the nanocomposite, as well as its ability to split water. The ZnWO4 nanorods enriched the synergistic interactions, upgraded the solar light fascination proficiency, and demonstrated outstanding detachment and migration of the photogenerated charges, as confirmed by a transient photocurrent study and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Compared to pristine NiFe2O4 and ZnWO4, the NiFe2O4-ZnWO4 nanocomposite exhibited a higher Cr(VI) reduction (93.5%) and removal of TC (97.9%) and MB (99.6%). Radical trapping results suggested that hydroxyl and superoxide species are dominant reactive species, thereby facilitating the Z-scheme mechanism. Furthermore, a probable photocatalytic mechanism was projected based on the experimental results. The photoelectrochemical analysis confirmed that NiFe2O4-ZnWO4 exhibited minor charge-transfer resistance and large photocurrents. We propose a novel and efficient approach for designing a coupled heterostructured nanocomposites with a significant solar light ability for ecological conservation and water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindranadh Koutavarapu
- Department of Robotics and Intelligent Machine Engineering, College of Mechanical and IT Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ch Venkata Reddy
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kamaluddin Syed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vignan's Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam 530049, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kakarla Raghava Reddy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Tawfik A Saleh
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, B.O. Box: 346, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dong-Yeon Lee
- Department of Robotics and Intelligent Machine Engineering, College of Mechanical and IT Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesool Shim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India.
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18
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Efficient solar-light photocatalytic H2 evolution of Mn0.5Cd0.5S coupling with S,N-codoped carbon. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Kaushik J, Kumar V, Tripathi KM, Sonkar SK. Sunlight-promoted photodegradation of Congo red by cadmium-sulfide decorated graphene aerogel. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132225. [PMID: 34547561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a simpler-viable methodology for the surface decoration of pear fruit derived graphene aerogel (GA) via cadmium sulfide (CdS) has been presented. GA can be easily synthesized from bio-mass, which provide an economic advantage. Surface decoration via CdS imparts photocatalytic activities in functionalized graphene aerogels (f-GA). CdS-f-GA is being explored here as a photocatalyst for the degradation of a toxic azo dye named Congo red in the presence of sunlight. The rate and mechanism associated with photodegradation were analyzed by performing kinetics and radical trap-based quenching experiments. Nuclear magnetic resonance and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses of the control and photodegraded products were performed to ensure the degradation of the organic framework of Congo red. Additionally, the real-life applicability of CdS-f-GA was also analyzed by degrading the dye in different types of industrial samples (via the method of external spiking), which can advance its practical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaidev Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, India
| | - Vishrant Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kumud Malika Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy, Visakhapatnam, 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Sumit Kumar Sonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, India.
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20
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li Zhao W, hua Gao Y, Zhang D. Hydrothermal synthesis of spherical g-C3N4 and CdS composite photocatalyst with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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A critical review on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based composites for environmental remediation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Fang L, Jiang R, Zhang Y, Munthali RM, Huang X, Wu X, Liu Z. Enhanced photocatalytic activity for 4-nitrophenol degradation using visible-light-driven In2S3/α-Fe2O3 composite. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Flower-Like Dual-Defective Z-Scheme Heterojunction g-C 3N 4/ZnIn 2S 4 High-Efficiency Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Degradation of Mixed Pollutants. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102483. [PMID: 34684924 PMCID: PMC8539809 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with a porous nano-structure, nitrogen vacancies, and oxygen-doping was prepared by the calcination method. Then, it was combined with ZnIn2S4 nanosheets containing zinc vacancies to construct a three-dimensional (3D) flower-like Z-scheme heterojunction (pCN-N/ZIS-Z), which was used for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and the degradation of mixed pollutants. The constructed Z-scheme heterojunction improved the efficiency of photogenerated charges separation and migration, and the large surface area and porous characteristics provided more active sites. Doping and defect engineering can change the bandgap structure to improve the utilization of visible light, and can also capture photogenerated electrons to inhibit recombination, so as to promote the use of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in the photocatalytic redox process. Heterojunction and defect engineering synergized to form a continuous and efficient conductive operation framework, which achieves the hydrogen production of pCN-N/ZIS-Z (9189.8 µmol·h-1·g-1) at 58.9 times that of g-C3N4 (155.9 µmol·h-1·g-1), and the degradation rates of methyl orange and metronidazole in the mixed solution were 98.7% and 92.5%, respectively. Our research provides potential ideas for constructing a green and environmentally friendly Z-scheme heterojunction catalyst based on defect engineering to address the energy crisis and environmental restoration.
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24
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In situ fabrication of a novel S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyts Bi2O3/P-C3N4 to enhance levofloxacin removal from water. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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25
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Enhanced performance of lanthanum orthoferrite/chitosan nanocomposites for adsorptive photocatalytic removal of Reactive Black 5. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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El-Shazly AN, El-Sayyad GS, Hegazy AH, Hamza MA, Fathy RM, El Shenawy ET, Allam NK. Superior visible light antimicrobial performance of facet engineered cobalt doped TiO 2 mesocrystals in pathogenic bacterium and fungi. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5609. [PMID: 33692424 PMCID: PMC7946932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pristine and Co-doped TiO2 mesocrystals have been synthesized via a simple sol-gel method and their antimicrobial activity has been investigated. The antimicrobial performance was evaluated in terms of zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), antibiofilm activity, and effect of UV illumination in liquid media. The Co-doped TiO2 mesocrystals showed very promising MIC of 0.390 μg/mL and 0.781 μg/mL for P. mirabilis and P. mirabilis, respectively. Additionally, the material showed an MIC of 12.5 μg/mL against C. albicans, suggesting its use as antifungal agent. Upon the addition of 10.0 µg/mL of Co-doped TiO2 mesocrystals, the biofilm inhibition% reaches 84.43% for P. aeruginosa, 78.58% for P. mirabilis, and 77.81% for S. typhi, which can be ascribed to the created active oxygen species that decompose the tested microbial cells upon illumination. Thus the fabricated Co-doped TiO2 mesocrystals exhibit sufficient antimicrobial features under visible light, qualifying them for use as antimicrobial agents against pathogenic bacteria and fungi and subsequently inhibit their hazardous effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat N El-Shazly
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan, P.O. Box 87, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gharieb S El-Sayyad
- Drug Microbiology Lab., Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aiat H Hegazy
- Solar Energy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Hamza
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha M Fathy
- Drug Microbiology Lab., Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - E T El Shenawy
- Solar Energy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Nageh K Allam
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
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