1
|
Jing L, Xu Y, Xie M, Li Z, Wu C, Zhao H, Zhong N, Wang J, Wang H, Yan Y, Li H, Hu J. Cyano-Rich g-C 3 N 4 in Photochemistry: Design, Applications, and Prospects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304404. [PMID: 37670529 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyano-rich g-C3 N4 materials are widely used in various fields of photochemistry due to the very powerful electron-absorbing ability and electron storage function of cyano, as well as its advantages in improving light absorption, adjusting the energy band structure, increasing the polarization rate and electron density in the structure, active site concentration, and promoting oxygen activation ability. Notwithstanding, there is yet a huge knowledge break in the design, preparation, detection, application, and prospect of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 . Accordingly, an overall review is arranged to substantially comprehend the research progress and position of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 materials. An overall overview of the current research position in the synthesis, characterization (determination of their location and quantity), application, and reaction mechanism analysis of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 materials to provide a quantity of novel suggestions for cyano-modified carbon nitride materials' construction is provided. In view of the prevailing challenges and outlooks of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 materials, this paper will purify the growth direction of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 , to achieve a more in-depth exploration and broaden the applications of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Jing
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yuanguo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Meng Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chongchong Wu
- CNOOC Institute of Chemicals & Advanced Materials (CICM), Beijing, 102200, P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Na Zhong
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jiu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yubo Yan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, P. R. China
| | - Huaming Li
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Yang H, Lu N, Wang D, Zhu K, Wang Z, Mou L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Tao K, Ma F, Peng S. Electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide by non-noble metal-doped g-C 3N 4 under a neutral electrolyte. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:19148-19158. [PMID: 37938108 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04307j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxygen reduction (ORR) for the production of clean hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an effective alternative to industrial anthraquinone methods. The development of highly active, stable, and 2e- ORR oxygen reduction electrocatalysts while suppressing the competing 4e- ORR pathway is currently the main challenge. Herein, bimetallic doping was successfully achieved based on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with the simultaneous introduction of K and Co, whereby 2D porous K-Co/CNNs nanosheets were obtained. The introduction of Co promoted the selectivity for H2O2, while the introduction of K not only promoted the formation of 2D nanosheets of g-C3N4, but also inhibited the ablation of H2O2 by K-Co/CNNs. Electrochemical studies showed that the selectivity of H2O2 in K-Co/CNNs under neutral electrolyte was as high as 97%. After 24 h, the H2O2 accumulation of K-Co/CNNs was as high as 31.7 g L-1. K-Co/CNNs improved the stability of H2O2 by inhibiting the ablation of H2O2, making it a good 2e- ORR catalyst and providing a new research idea for the subsequent preparation of H2O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Hongcen Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Niandi Lu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Di Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Kun Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhixia Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Lianshan Mou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yawei Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Kun Tao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Fei Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Shanglong Peng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He F, Hu Y, Zhong H, Wang Z, Peng S, Li Y. Effect of molten-salt modulation on the composition and structure of g-C 3N 4-based photocatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10476-10487. [PMID: 37577935 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), as an attractive metal-free polymer photocatalyst, has attracted extensive attention in energy and environmental fields in recent years. The photoactivity of bulk g-C3N4 is moderate on account of solid-phase thermal-condensation synthesis. This leads to inadequate light absorption, limited surface area, and easy recombination of charge carriers. The composition and nanostructure of g-C3N4 have been studied extensively. Molten-salt modulation is fascinating because of its "green" credentials and the properties of liquid-phase reaction systems. The review focuses mainly on molten-salt modulation of the composition and structure of g-C3N4 based-photocatalysts. We focus on elemental doping, molecular doping, and defect engineering, as well as control of the crystal structure, multi-dimensional structure, hom/heterostructures for photocatalytic applications. This review provides new insights to develop g-C3N4-based photocatalysts with control of composition and structure by facile molten-salt modulation in energy-conversion and environmental fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Shaoqin Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Yuexiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pan J, Yu Q, Ren X, Wang Q, Shi N, Li Y. Freeze-drying precursor to construct carbon nitride photocatalyst with low addition and high adsorption performance. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2023.104689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
5
|
Shen M, Zhang X, Zhao S, Cai Y, Wang S. A novel photocatalytic system coupling metal-free Carbon/g-C 3N 4 catalyst with persulfate for highly efficient degradation of organic pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137728. [PMID: 36603679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A variety of photocatalytic systems have emerged as the effective methods for the degradation of organic pollutants. In this research, a novel photocatalytic system, named CNC-PDS has been proposed, which couples a metal-free carbon/g-C3N4 (CNC) photocatalyst with persulfate (PDS), and applied for efficient degradation of paracetamol (PCM) under simulated sunlight. The CNC-PDS system exhibited excellent photocatalytic capability, where the PCM was completely degraded in 40 min under simulated sunlight. The degradation rate of CNC-PDS system was 9.5 times compared with the g-C3N4 and PDS coupled systems. The CNC-PDS system can efficiently degrade other representative pollutants in neutral solutions, such as pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), azo dyes. The excellent catalytic activity of CNC-PDS system should be ascribed to the two aspects: a) the increased light absorption range led to more photo-induced electron-hole pairs generation compared with the original g-C3N4. Meanwhile, the charge separation efficiency of the CNC photocatalyst was drastically enhanced which was proved by the results of PL and EIS analysis. These results represented the carbon/g-C3N4 might offer more e- to promote PDS activation. b) The introduction of CO and the improved specific surface area provided more active sites for PDS activation. In addition, the EPR analysis and quenching experiments indicated that O2.-, h+ and 1O2 were the main active species for PCM in the CNC-PDS system under simulated sunlight, and the contribution order was O2.->1O2>h+. The degradation pathways of PCM in the CNC-PDS system are proposed based on the results of HPLC-MS. The novel CNC-PDS photocatalytic system has provided a viable option for treatment of contaminated water by organic pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Shan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yanpeng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wudil Y, Ahmad U, Gondal M, Al-Osta MA, Almohammedi A, Said R, Hrahsheh F, Haruna K, Mohammed J. Tuning of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) for Photocatalysis: A Critical Review. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
7
|
Brillas E, Manuel Peralta-Hernández J. Removal of paracetamol (acetaminophen) by photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis. A critical review. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
8
|
Hu Y, Sun S, Guo J, Cheng F, Li Z. In situ anchoring strategy to enhance dual nonradical degradation of sulfamethoxazole with high loading manganese doped carbon nitride. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135035. [PMID: 35609659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A low-cost catalyst with high metal loading and unique catalytic activities is highly desired for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation in environmental remediation. Herein, in situ anchoring strategy using 1,10-phenanthroline is reported to construct manganese doped carbon nitride (PMCN) with 8.2 wt% manganese loading and dramatically enhanced PMS adsorption and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal efficiency. Our study revealed that the PMCN/PMS system readily reacted with contaminants with electron-rich groups, where complete degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was achieved within 60 min. Combining quenching experiments, EPR tests, and electrochemical analysis, we proposed a dual nonradical pathway dominated by high-valent manganese oxygen species (Mn(V) = O) and electron transfer. Systematic investigation elucidated that the introduction of 1,10-phenanthroline constructed denser catalyst active sites, and identified the manganese center and pyridine nitrogen as the active sites for PMS activation. Furthermore, PMCN exhibited excellent pH anti-interference ability and good reusability, achieving more than 90% SMX degradation efficiency after four cycles. This study provides new insights into the regulation of Mn-N active sites and promotes the mechanistic understanding of the synergistic effect of manganese and pyridine nitrogen in PMS activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Hu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jialin Guo
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fan Cheng
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhengkui Li
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|