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Ren X, Fang L, Hu Y, Wu F, Liu G, Zhang S, Luo H. Enhancing both the long-term stability and methylene blue adsorption performance of TiVCT xvia a facile antioxidation treatment. NANOSCALE 2025; 17:10065-10081. [PMID: 40131266 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr05382f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2025]
Abstract
MXenes are widely recognized as excellent dye adsorption materials. However, their propensity to oxidize will greatly reduce their stability and performance. In the present work, a simple antioxidation treatment was applied to TiVCTx using three acid antioxidants (oxalic acid (OA), sodium citrate (SC), and tartaric acid (TA)) and their effects on the stability and methylene blue adsorption performance were investigated. The stability of TiVCTx stored in an aqueous solution within 14 days was assessed using XRD and XPS. The antioxidant-treated TiVCTx showed a significant improvement in both long-term stability and MB adsorption properties, with TA-TiVCTx demonstrating the best performance. The MB adsorption of the as-prepared TiVCTx was physical and multilayer, but it became a multilayer process where physical and chemical adsorptions coexist after antioxidation treatment. The maximum adsorption capacity of TA-TiVCTx reached 8061.03 mg g-1 and remained at 3887.28 mg g-1 after 14 days of storage, far exceeding the performance of other reported adsorbents. It is found that the enhanced stability is attributed to the dense protective layer formed by the chelation between the antioxidant and TiVCTx, and the improved MB adsorption performance is ascribed to the synergistic effect of electrostatic adsorption between TiVCTx and MB and the Bloch reaction between the antioxidants and the MB molecules. The differences in the enhancement effects of the various antioxidants are related to the number of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the antioxidant molecules. This work provides useful reference and guidance for obtaining MXenes with better stability and adsorption performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P.R. China.
| | - Liang Fang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P.R. China.
- Center of Modern Physics, Institute for Smart City of Chongqing University in Liyang, Liyang, Jiangsu Province, 213300, P.R. China
| | - Yi Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P.R. China.
| | - Fang Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P.R. China.
| | - Gaobin Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P.R. China.
| | - Shufang Zhang
- College of AI and BigData, Chongqing Polytechnic University of Electronic Technology, Chongqing, 401331, P.R. China
| | - Haijun Luo
- Key Laboratory on Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, P.R. China.
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Zhang S, Zhang G, Fang L, Wang Z, Wu F, Liu G, Wang Q, Nian H. Surface-Modification Strategy to Produce Highly Anticorrosive Ti 3C 2T x MXene-Based Polymer Composite Coatings: A Mini-Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 18:653. [PMID: 39942318 PMCID: PMC11819955 DOI: 10.3390/ma18030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2024] [Revised: 01/10/2025] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025]
Abstract
MXenes are a group of novel two-dimensional (2D) materials with merits such as large specific surface area, abundant surface-functional groups, high chemical activity, excellent mechanical properties, high hydrophilicity, and good compatibility with various polymers. In recent years, many novel high-performance organic anticorrosion coatings using MXenes as nanofillers have been reported and have attracted widespread attention. As the first successfully prepared MXene material, Ti3C2Tx is the most extensively studied and typical member of the MXene family. Therefore, it is taken as the representative of its family, and the status of Ti3C2Tx MXene/epoxy resin (EP) and MXene/waterborne polyurethane (WPU) polymer anticorrosive composite coatings is reviewed. Firstly, the structure, characteristics, and main synthesis methods of MXenes are briefly introduced. Then, the latest progress of four surface-modification strategies to improve the dispersion, compatibility, stability, and anti-aggregation properties of MXenes, namely functionalization grafting, orientation regulation, heterostructure nanocomposite design, and stabilization and greening treatment, are analyzed and summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities regarding MXene-based corrosion-resistant organic composite coatings are discussed prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lake, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (G.Z.); (Z.W.); (F.W.); (G.L.)
- College of AI and BigData, Chongqing Polytechnic University of Electronic Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guoqin Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (G.Z.); (Z.W.); (F.W.); (G.L.)
- Aviation and Automobile School, Chongqing Youth Vocational & Technical College, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lake, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (G.Z.); (Z.W.); (F.W.); (G.L.)
- Center of Modern Physics, Institute for Smart City of Chongqing University in Liyang, Liyang 213300, China
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (G.Z.); (Z.W.); (F.W.); (G.L.)
| | - Fang Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (G.Z.); (Z.W.); (F.W.); (G.L.)
| | - Gaobin Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (G.Z.); (Z.W.); (F.W.); (G.L.)
| | - Qirui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lake, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.)
| | - Hongen Nian
- Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lake, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.)
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Qi X, Khattak BN, Alam A, Liu W, Gui Y. The Gas-Sensing Properties of Ag-/Au-Modified Ti 3C 2T x (T=O, F, OH) Monolayers for HCHO and C 6H 6 Gases. Molecules 2025; 30:219. [PMID: 39860089 PMCID: PMC11767953 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2024] [Revised: 12/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Based on density functional theory calculations, this study analyzed the gas-sensing performance of Ti3C2Tx (T=O, F, OH) monolayers modified with precious metal atoms (Ag and Au) for HCHO and C6H6 gas molecules. Firstly, stable structures of Ag- and Au-single-atom doped Ti3C2Tx (T=O, F, OH) surfaces were constructed and then HCHO and C6H6 gas molecules were set to approach the modified structures at different initial positions. The most stable adsorption structure was selected for further analysis of the adsorption energy, adsorption distance, charge transfer, charge deformation density, total density of states, and partial density of states. The results show that the Ag and Au modifications improved the adsorption performance of Ti3C2O2 for HCHO and C6H6. In comparison, the effect of the Au modification was better than that of Ag. For Ti3C2F2, the Ag and Au doping modifications did not significantly change the adsorption effects for HCHO and C6H6. However, the Ag and Au doping modifications decreased the adsorption of Ti3C2(OH)2 for HCHO, while there was no significant change in the gas adsorption for C6H6. The above results serve as a theoretical foundation for the design of new sensors for HCHO and C6H6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Qi
- College of Economics and Management, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
- Department of Development Studies, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22010, Pakistan
| | - Bahadar Nawab Khattak
- Department of Development Studies, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22010, Pakistan
| | - Arif Alam
- Department of Development Studies, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22010, Pakistan
| | - Wenfu Liu
- College of Energy Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Yingang Gui
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Cai D, Hu R, Guo M, Wang D, Zhu Y, Sun C, Chen X, Ye J, Kong X, Xu H. A solar thermoelectric system by temperature difference for efficient removal of chromium (VI) in water and soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 480:136309. [PMID: 39531818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 10/12/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we designed and developed a facile solar thermoelectric generator (STEG)-based system and a new electrokinetic remediation (EKR) system, which consists of main electrodes and unenergized auxiliary electrodes. The prepared nanocomposite was investigated for the effectiveness of the STEG+PANI-CNT/GF system in remediating Cr-contaminated. Photothermal performance test were applied in order to examine this STEG could export a power density of 365.56 mW/dm2 and output potential of 801 mV at the temperature difference of 50 ℃. Thus the STEG could be used as the power to construct a Cr(VI) removal system using polyaniline (PANI) film/carbon nanotubes (CNT) modified graphite felt (GF) electrode (PANI-CNT/GF) as cathode and graphite rod as anode. The as-prepared STEG+PANI-CNT/GF system exhibited a significant Cr(VI) removal efficiency (96.2 % in water) through electromigration, electro-adsorption and electroreduction. Moreover, a multi auxiliary electrodes (AEs) system (STEG+PANI-CNT/GF+AEs) with six PANI-CNT/GF auxiliary electrodes was constructed in remediating Cr(VI)-contaminated soil, showing Cr(VI) removal efficiency of 16.7-60.1 % higher than that of STEG+PANI-CNT/GF. The PANI-CNT/GF auxiliary electrodes could bind Cr(VI) and adjust electric field distribution, contributing to adsorption and reduction of Cr(VI). Consequently, this work provides a promoting approach for heavy metals removal in future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rongxi Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Minxue Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chen Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jinghong Ye
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xianghai Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - He Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Hu Y, Wang H, Ren X, Wu F, Liu G, Zhang S, Luo H, Fang L. Enhancing Methylene Blue Adsorption Performance of Ti 3C 2T x@Sodium Alginate Foam Through Pore Structure Regulation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1925. [PMID: 39683315 DOI: 10.3390/nano14231925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
Pore structural regulation is expected to be a facile way to enhance the adsorption performance of MXene. In this work, spherical foam composites consisting of Ti3C2Tx and sodium alginate (SA) were synthesized via a vacuum freeze-drying technique. By varying the solution volume of Ti3C2Tx, four distinct Ti3C2Tx@SA spherical foams with honeycomb-like and lamellar structures with a pore diameter in the range of 100-300 μm were fabricated. Their methylene blue (MB) adsorption performances were then systematically compared. The results revealed that the honeycomb-like porous-structured spherical foams have a significantly higher adsorption capacity than their lamellar counterparts. Notably, the Ti3C2Tx@SA honeycomb-like porous foam exhibited a remarkable maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 969 mg/g, positioning it at the forefront of MB adsorbent materials. Respective analysis of the adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics, and isotherm model indicated that this MB adsorption of Ti3C2Tx@SA honeycomb-like porous foam is characterized to be a physical, endothermic, and monolayer adsorption. The Ti3C2Tx@SA honeycomb-like porous foam also demonstrated excellent resistance to ion interference and good reusability, further attesting to its substantial potential for practical applications. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was employed to elucidate the adsorption mechanism, which was found to involve the synergistic effect of electrostatic adsorption and amidation reaction. This work not only offers new avenues for the development of high-performance adsorption materials but also provides crucial insights into the structural design and performance optimization of porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xianliang Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Gaobin Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Haijun Luo
- Key Laboratory on Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Modern Physics, Institute for Smart City of Chongqing University in Liyang, Liyang 213300, China
- Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lake, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
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Wang H, Ren X, Wu F, Liu G, Zhang S, Luo H, Zheng Z, Fang L. Rational design of OH-functionalized Ti2CTx nanosheets and composite aerogel spheres: A highly efficient approach for U(VI) removal from simulated seawater. JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 2024; 67:106091. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2024]
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Zhang Y, Luo J, Wang X, Zhang D, Xu H, Sun Y, Gu X, Hu X, Gao B, Ren H. Photoresponse of Ti 3C 2T x MXene promotes its adsorptive-reductive removal of Cr(VI) from water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 370:122673. [PMID: 39332304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
MXenes, such as Ti3C2Tx, demonstrate tremendous potential as heavy metal adsorbents due to their abundant reaction sites, high hydrophilicity, controllable interlayer spacing, and inherent reduction ability. However, their structural dependent pollutant removal performances and the related mechanisms are far less studied. Therefore, the removing abilities of Cr(VI) from water on Ti3C2Tx MXenes with different structures (multilayer (ML-) and delaminated (DL-) Ti3C2Tx) synthesized via several etching techniques were evaluated. Focusing on the most effective ML- and DL-Ti3C2Tx obtained by acid/fluoride salt etching, the impacts of structural variations on the Cr(VI) removal performances were explored. Both ML- and DL-Ti3C2Tx demonstrate outstanding Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction capabilities, achieving equilibrium within 500 min with capacities of 92.7 and 205 mg/g, respectively. The differences in removal mechanisms stemed from the varying adsorption and reduction capacities of two MXenes. ML-Ti3C2Tx, with lower surface area and porosity, had low adsorption capacity but superior reduction ability, efficiently converting most Cr(VI) to Cr(III) (66.8%). Conversely, DL-Ti3C2Tx exhibited better removal efficiency but a lower capacity for reduction (45.7%). Notably, although the partial reduction of DL-Ti3C2Tx to TiO2 results in its limited chemical reduction capacity, Ti3C2Tx might serve as a co-catalyst for TiO2, boosting the photoresponsiveness of DL-Ti3C2Tx or TiO2 through Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 heterojunctions, thereby facilitating photocatalysis to realize the reduction of Cr(VI). Both Ti3C2Tx exhibited both excellent Cr(VI) removal capacity and detoxification capacity, demonstrating their high potential in treating heavy metal pollutants in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Xiuyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Dunhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xueyuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Centre of Materials Analysis and School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
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Luo X, Ren X, Wang H. Efficient adsorption performance of uranium in wastewater by novel MXene material TiVCT x and its aerogel composites. RSC Adv 2024; 14:34746-34755. [PMID: 39479496 PMCID: PMC11523290 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra05531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/19/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the application potential of novel MXene materials in the field of uranium-containing wastewater adsorption, particularly addressing gaps in existing research. Ultra-thin layered TiVCT x was selected as the core adsorbent to thoroughly investigate its adsorption performance of uranium(U(vi))-containing wastewater. By compounding with sodium alginate, we successfully prepared easily recoverable aerogel beads and evaluated their adsorption capacity for ultra-low concentrations of U(vi) in seawater. The findings of this study reveal that TiVCT x exhibits optimal adsorption capacity for U(vi) in a weakly acidic environment with a pH of 5.59, and its maximum adsorption capacity for U(vi) reaches up to 336 mg g-1, demonstrating superior performance when it comes to other MXene materials. Further research reveals that the adsorption mechanism involves the synergistic effect of electrostatic adsorption and reduction adsorption, exhibiting monolayer adsorption characteristics, and the adsorption process is a spontaneous endothermic reaction. Notably, in simulated complex seawater environments, even when the U(vi) concentration is as low as, for instance, 3.3 μg L-1, 50 mg of aerogel beads can still achieve an adsorption capacity of 3.89 mg g-1 for 60 L of seawater. These findings underscore the outstanding performance of TiVCT x as a novel MXene material in U(vi) adsorption and its broad potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Luo
- Chongqing College of Mobile Communication Chongqing 401520 P. R. China
| | - Xianliang Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Casting Technologies, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Casting Technologies, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
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Hassan NS, Jalil AA, Bahari MB, Izzuddin NM, Fauzi NAFM, Jusoh NWC, Kamaroddin MFA, Saravanan R, Tehubijuluw H. A critical review of MXene-based composites in the adsorptive and photocatalysis of hexavalent chromium removal from industrial wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 259:119584. [PMID: 38992758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The growing concern of water pollution is a critical issue stemming from industrialization and urbanization. One of the specific concerns within this broader problem is the toxicity associated with chromium (Cr), especially in its Cr (VI) form. Transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) are attractive materials for the treatment of water due to their unique properties such as layered structure, high surface area, conductivity, flexibility, scalable manufacture, and surface functions. Adsorption and photocatalysis reactions are the two promising methods for the removal of Cr (VI) by using MXenes. Still, most of the previous reviews were limited to the single application area. Hence, this review covers recent developments in MXene-based composites, highlighting their dual role as both adsorbents and photocatalysts in the removal of Cr (VI). MXene-based composites are found to be effective in both adsorption and photodegradation of Cr (VI). Most MXene-based composites have demonstrated exceptional removal efficiency for Cr (VI), achieving impressive adsorption capacities ranging from 100 to 1500 mg g-1 and degradation percentages between 80% and 100% in a relatively short period. The active functional groups present on the surface of MXene have a viable impact on the adsorption and photodegradation performance. The mechanism of Cr (VI) removal is explained, with MXenes playing a key role in electrostatic attraction for adsorption and as co-catalysts in photocatalysis. However, MXene-based composites have limitations such as instability, competition with co-existing ions, and regeneration challenges. Further research is needed to address these limitations. Additionally, MXene-based composites hold promise for addressing water contamination, heavy metal removal, hydrogen production, energy storage, gas sensing, and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Hassan
- Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A A Jalil
- Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, 60210, India.
| | - M B Bahari
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - N M Izzuddin
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - N A F M Fauzi
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - N W C Jusoh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M F A Kamaroddin
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - R Saravanan
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, 1000000, Chile
| | - H Tehubijuluw
- Department of Chemistry, Pattimura University, Kampus Poka, 97134, Jl. Ir. M. Putuhena, Ambon, Indonesia
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Yi L, Wang H, Ren X, Liu G, Nian H, Zheng Z, Wu F. Enhancing Cr(vi) removal performance of Ti 3C 2T x through structural modification by using a spray freezing method. RSC Adv 2024; 14:28320-28331. [PMID: 39239282 PMCID: PMC11375417 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04640d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Structural modification is expected to be a facile way to enhance the adsorption performance of MXene. In this work, the structural modification of Ti3C2T x was carried out by a spray freezing method, and two kinds of nano-structure (spherical and flaky) of Ti3C2T x were prepared by adjusting the solution concentration of Ti3C2T x . Then the Cr(vi) adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of the spherical and flaky Ti3C2T x was investigated, respectively. It is found that flaky Ti3C2T x was produced with a Ti3C2T x concentration of 3 mg mL-1, while spherical Ti3C2T x was obtained with a concentration of 6 mg mL-1. The long diameter of flaky Ti3C2T x is about 8-10 μm, and the specific surface area is 17.81 m2 g-1. While spherical Ti3C2T x had a diameter of about 1-4 μm and a specific surface area of 17.07 m2 g-1. The optimized structure of flaky and spherical Ti3C2T x improves the maximum adsorption capacity by 97% and 33%, respectively, compared with the few-layer Ti3C2T x . The maximum adsorption capacity of flaky Ti3C2T x was 928 mg g-1, while that of spherical Ti3C2T x was 626 mg g-1. The adsorption capacity of both Ti3C2T x structures decreased with the increase of pH, and reached the maximum value at pH = 2; meanwhile, the adsorption capacity of both Ti3C2T x structures increased with the increase of Cr(vi) concentration. The adsorption of Cr(vi) on flaky Ti3C2T x was very fast, reaching equilibrium in 3 min, while spherical Ti3C2T x took 5 min. The adsorption of Cr(vi) on both Ti3C2T x structures belonged to the monolayers, heat-absorbing chemical adsorption, and the diffusion process of Cr(vi) was regulated by the external diffusion and internal diffusion of particles. Its adsorption mechanism was the combination of reductive adsorption and electrostatic adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Yi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
| | - Xianliang Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
| | - GaoBin Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
| | - Hongen Nian
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Key Laboratory of Green and High-end Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai Province 810008 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqin Zheng
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Liquor-Making Grains, School of Biological Engineering and Wuliangye Liquor, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering Yibin Sichuan Province 644000 China
- National Innovation Center for Nuclear Enviromental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang Sichuan Province 621010 P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MianYang Central Hospital) Mianyang Sichuan Province 621010 P. R. China
| | - Fang Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Physics in Energy Conversion, College of Physics, Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
- Center of Modern Physics, Institute for Smart City of Chongqing University in Liyang Liyang Jiangsu Province 213300 P. R. China
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Shah S, Mubeen I, Pervaiz E, Nasir H. Enhanced removal of toxic Cr(vi) and Pb(ii) from water using carboxylic terminated Ti 3C 2T x nanosheets. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23320-23333. [PMID: 37538516 PMCID: PMC10395665 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The discharge of Cr(vi)and Pb(ii) contaminants into water resources through industrial waste induces a considerable risk to human and marine life, which demands an effective removal of these toxic metal ions (MI) from the aquatic environment. This study presents a remarkable adsorption performance of the carboxylic terminated Ti3C2Tx nanosheets synthesized using ammonium bifluoride and citric acid and applied as adsorbents for the removal of Cr(vi)and Pb(ii) from water. Adsorption efficiency was evaluated under sonication, MI concentration, and solution temperature at pH 5.5. Maximum adsorption capacities of 1090 mg g-1 and 1135 mg g-1 for Cr(vi) and Pb(ii) were attained within 7 and 4 minutes, respectively. Moreover, adsorption kinetic and isotherm studies were conducted, and the experimental data was found to fit well with pseudo-second-order reaction and Freundlich models. It was also established that the main interactions to drive the adsorption reactions were the electrostatic forces between the adsorbates and Ti3C2Tx adsorbent. Furthermore, (-COOH) and (-OH) terminal groups were the main contributors to the adsorption of Cr(vi) and Pb(ii) pollutants through an ion exchange mechanism. Besides the ion exchange mechanism, chemical coordination, entrapment of the adsorbates, and van der Waals forces lead to a physiochemical interaction between the MI and Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. In addition, Ti3C2Tx nanosheets showed better selectivity towards Pb(ii) removal than Cr(vi) in an aqueous solution. The nanosheets also exhibited more than 80% removal efficiency even after six cycles of regeneration and reusability. Additionally, Ti3C2Tx nanosheets offered superior adsorption performance for Cr(vi) and Pb(ii) compared to previously reported titanium carbide MXenes and activated carbon-based adsorbents. Hence, these high-quality and efficient Ti3C2Tx nanosheets can potentially eradicate other hazardous MI contaminants from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Shah
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology Sector H12 Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Iqra Mubeen
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology Sector H12 Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Erum Pervaiz
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology Sector H12 Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Habib Nasir
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology Sector H12 Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
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Zhang Y, Luo J, Feng B, Xu H, Sun Y, Gu X, Hu X, Naushad M, Gao B, Ren H. Delamination of multilayer Ti 3C 2T x MXene alters its adsorpiton and reduction of heavy metals in water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121777. [PMID: 37150344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
MXenes are considered as an emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) adsorbent for various environmental applications. In this work, two different morphologies of Ti3C2Tx MXene (multilayer (ML-Ti3C2Tx) and delaminated titanium carbide (DL-Ti3C2Tx)) were prepared through mild in situ HF etching and further delamination. The structural differences between the two were explored with a focus on their effects on the performance and mechanism of removing heavy metals from water. In comparison to ML-Ti3C2Tx, DL-Ti3C2Tx had more oxygen-containing functional groups, higher specific surface area (19.713 vs. 8.243 m2/g), larger pore volume (0.135 vs. 0.040 cm3/g), higher maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity (77.0 vs. 56.68 mg/g), but lower maximum Cu(II) adsorption capacity (23.08 vs. 55.46 mg/g). Further investigation revealed that the removal of Pb(II) by the MXenes was mainly controlled through electrostatic attraction and surface complexation mechanisms, while Cu(II) was removed mainly through surface reduction by Ti-related groups. Because delamination of ML-Ti3C2Tx increased the surface area and surface functional groups, DL-Ti3C2Tx became a better sorbent for Pb(II) in water. During sonication, however, delamination inevitably led to partial oxidation of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets and thus weakened the reducing ability of DL-Ti3C2Tx for Cu(II) in water. Nevertheless, both ML- and DL-Ti3C2Tx not only exhibited excellent heavy metal adsorption capacity under different solution conditions, but also showed good reusability. Findings of this study indicate that Ti3C2Tx MXenes are promising adsorbents for treating heavy metal pollutants in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Biao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Jiangsu Provincial Lab for Nanotechnology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xueyuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Centre of Materials Analysis and School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
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