In-situ degradation of Amphotericin B in a microbial electrochemical cell containing wastewater

Characterizing the Complex Multi-Step Degradation Kinetics of Amphotericin B in a Microemulsified Drug Delivery System

Amphotericin B (AmB), a potent amphiphilic drug with antifungal and antileishmanial properties, exhibits reduced nephrotoxicity when delivered via lipid-based systems like microemulsions (ME). However, the complexity of these multi-phasic systems challenges the use of simple schemes and models for describing AmB degradation. The aim of this study was to establish a degradation scheme and model for AmB within a ME, alongside a control micellar formulation. AmB degradation pathways and models in both lipidic and aqueous systems were evaluated based on prior research. Experimental investigations into interface degradation pathways were conducted using a micellar approach. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed for AmB quantification. Oxidation emerges as the principal degradation pathway within micelles, dependent on surfactant-induced aggregation. Considering AmB's behavior in distinct media (lipidic, aqueous, and micellar), an empirical degradation scheme is proposed, translated into a complex multi-pathway mathematical model capable of describing experimental data on AmB degradation in ME under dark conditions. Aggregation and oxidation played significant roles, and kinetic constants were calculated for AmB in ME. The model presented here represents a significant step toward accurately describing the non-linear degradation of AmB in prospective liquid lipid-based dispersions, potentially advancing its market prospects.

Applications of Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy in microbial cell biology and environmental microbiology: advances, challenges, and future perspectives

Microorganisms play pivotal roles in shaping ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. Their intricate interactions involve complex biochemical processes. Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for monitoring these interactions, revealing microorganism composition and responses to the environment. This review explores the diversity of applications of FT-IR spectroscopy within the field of microbiology, highlighting its specific utility in microbial cell biology and environmental microbiology. It emphasizes key applications such as microbial identification, process monitoring, cell wall analysis, biofilm examination, stress response assessment, and environmental interaction investigation, showcasing the crucial role of FT-IR in advancing our understanding of microbial systems. Furthermore, we address challenges including sample complexity, data interpretation nuances, and the need for integration with complementary techniques. Future prospects for FT-IR in environmental microbiology include a wide range of transformative applications and advancements. These include the development of comprehensive and standardized FT-IR libraries for precise microbial identification, the integration of advanced analytical techniques, the adoption of high-throughput and single-cell analysis, real-time environmental monitoring using portable FT-IR systems and the incorporation of FT-IR data into ecological modeling for predictive insights into microbial responses to environmental changes. These innovative avenues promise to significantly advance our understanding of microorganisms and their complex interactions within various ecosystems.

Effective photocatalytic degradation of amphotericin B and naproxen from aqueous solutions using carbon quantum dots combined in MIL-88B(Fe) under visible light

A photocatalytic adsorbent composed of carbon dots (CD) embedded in a metal-organic framework (MOF) of MIL-88 B(Fe) was prepared by solvothermal technique. The synthesized CD@MIL-88 B(Fe) was characterized by different X-ray-based microscopic and spectroscopic methods, as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, UV-Vis, FT-IR, DRS, TGA, and photoluminescence (PL) analysis. The prepared adsorbent showed a remarkable photocatalytic activity for eliminating amphotericin B (AmB) and naproxen (Nap) from aqueous solutions under visible light, reaching up to 92% and 90% removal, respectively, with an RSD value of around 5%. The parameters affecting the degradation process of pharmaceuticals were investigated. The optimal conditions for the degradation process were determined, including pH values (3 and 4 for AmB and Nap), photocatalyst concentration (0.2 g L-1), and H2O2 concentration (40-50 mM). Reactive oxidative species were also identified (·OH, ·O2) by examination of different scavengers. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies reveal that the synthesized photocatalyst exhibits dual functionality as an effective adsorbent (with maximum adsorption capacities of 42.5 and 121.5 mg g-1 for AmB and Nap) and a photocatalytic agent for removal purposes.

The potential of fungi in the bioremediation of pharmaceutically active compounds: a comprehensive review

The ability of fungal species to produce a wide range of enzymes and metabolites, which act synergistically, makes them valuable tools in bioremediation, especially in the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from contaminated environments. PhACs are compounds that have been specifically designed to treat or alter animal physiological conditions and they include antibiotics, analgesics, hormones, and steroids. Their detrimental effects on all life forms have become a source of public outcry due their persistent nature and their uncontrolled discharge into various wastewater effluents, hospital effluents, and surface waters. Studies have however shown that fungi have the necessary metabolic machinery to degrade PhACs in complex environments, such as soil and water, in addition they can be utilized in bioreactor systems to remove PhACs. In this regard, this review highlights fungal species with immense potential in the biodegradation of PhACs, their enzymatic arsenal as well as the probable mechanism of biodegradation. The challenges encumbering the real-time application of this promising bioremediative approach are also highlighted, as well as the areas of improvement and future perspective. In all, this paper points researchers to the fact that fungal bioremediation is a promising strategy for addressing the growing issue of pharmaceutical contamination in the environment and can help to mitigate the negative impacts on ecosystems and human health.

Acmella oleracea induced nanostructured Ca2Fe2O5 for evaluation of photo catalytic degradation of cardiovascular drugs and bio toxicity

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is increasingly becoming popular due to the demand for sustainable technologies worldwide. In the present investigation, Acmella oleracea plant extract fuelled combustion technique followed by calcination at 600 °C was adopted to prepare nanocrystalline Ca₂Fe₂O₅. The prepared nano compound was characterised using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Ultra Violet (UV) spectroscopy, Infrared (IR) spectroscopy and its role was assessed for photocatalytic pollutant degradation along with bactericidal action in the concentration range of 1 μg/mL to 320 μg/mL. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of pollutant drugs Clopidogrel Bisulphate and Asprin used for cardiovascular disorders is around 80% with 10 mg/L photocatalyst. The results showed that the photocatalytic activity increased with rising pH from 4, to 10, along with a significant antibacterial action against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria and a slight cytotoxic effect at high concentrations. The antibacterial property was reinforced by Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) studies with an average value of 0.103 at 600 nm which was further proved by significant anti-biofilm activeness. Adhesion tests in conjunction with cryogenic-scanning electron microscopy displayed a morphological change through agglomeration that caused an expansion in nano particles from 181 nm to 223.6 nm due to internalization followed by inactivation of bacteria. In addition, the non-toxicity of nano Ca₂Fe₂O₅ was confirmed by subtle cytological changes in microscopic images of Allium Cepa root cells in the concentration range 0.01-100 μg/mL and a slight inhibition in HeLa cell proliferation indicated by IC₅₀ value of 170.94 μg/mL. In total, the current investigation for the first time reveals the application of bio based synthesis of Nano Ca₂Fe₂O₅ to new possibilities in bioremediation namely degrading cardiovascular pharmaceutical pollutants, endodontic antibacterial action and cytological activity.

Exploring the Oxidative Effects of the Microbial Electro-Fenton Process on the Depolymerization of Lignin Extracted from Rice Straw in a Bio-Electrochemical System Coupled with Wastewater Treatment

Lignin is a potential renewable feedstock to produce value-added compounds, but the overwhelming bulk of it is either burned for energy or discarded as waste. This paper addressed two critical issues: waste-to-value generation and management by demonstrating the in situ depolymerization of lignin extracted from waste rice straw utilizing the microbial electro-Fenton process in a microbial peroxide-producing cell (MPPC), a type of bio-electrochemical cell, for value addition while synchronously treating wastewater. The MPPC electrochemical voltage yields of 0.171 ± 0.05-0.497 ± 0.2 V produced 9 ± 0.43-34 ± 0.11 mM of H₂O₂, which was utilized to depolymerize lignin at various concentrations. Interestingly, a direct correlation was observed between lignin depolymerization and H₂O₂ concentration, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy data revealed a constant disruption of the lignin structure accurately in the wavenumber region of 1000-1750 cm^-1 irrespective of the H₂O₂ concentration. Carboxylic acid derivatives, benzopyran, hexanoic acid, and other valuable compounds were detected in the LC QTOF MS data from the depolymerized lignin mixture. Remarkably, SEM analysis demonstrated morphological changes in depolymerized lignin induced by the oxidative effects of hydroxyl radicals. Biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand removal was 60 ± 3-85 ± 1% in anodic wastewater treatment. This research provides a sustainable and efficient technique for lignin valorization and wastewater treatment.

Efficient and Reusable Sorbents Based on Nanostructured BN Coatings for Water Treatment from Antibiotics

Increasing contamination of wastewater with antibiotics used in agriculture, animal husbandry, and medicine is a serious problem for all living things. To address this important issue, we have developed an efficient platform based on a high specific surface area hexagonal boron nitride (BN) coating formed by numerous nanopetals and nanoneedles. The maximum sorption capacity of 1 × 1 cm² BN coatings is 502.78 µg/g (tetracycline, TET), 315.75 µg/g (ciprofloxacin, CIP), 400.17 µg/g (amoxicillin, AMOX), and 269.7 µg/g (amphotericin B, AMP), which exceeds the sorption capacity of many known materials. Unlike nanoparticles, BN-coated Si wafers are easy to place in and remove from antibiotic-contaminated aqueous solutions, and are easy to clean. When reusing the adsorbents, 100% efficiency was observed at the same time intervals as in the first cleaning cycle: 7 days (TET) and 14 days (CIP, AMOX, AMP) at 10 µg/mL, 14 days (TET, CIP, and AMOX) and 28 days (AMP) at 50 µg/mL, and 14 days (TET) and 28 days (CIP, AMOX and AMP) at 100 µg/mL. The results obtained showed that TET and CIP are best adsorbed on the surface of BN, so TET was chosen as an example for further theoretical modeling of the sorption process. It was found that adsorption is the main mechanism, and this process is spontaneous and endothermic. This highlights the importance of a high specific surface area for the efficient removal of antibiotics from aqueous solutions.