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Sun Y, John D, Yan Y, Feng X, Wei Q, Ma C, Liu Z, Mao H, Wong TW, Chen Y. A Robust Natural Rubber-Polyzwitterion Composite Hydrogel for Highly Enhanced Marine Anti-Biofouling. Gels 2025; 11:203. [PMID: 40136907 PMCID: PMC11942406 DOI: 10.3390/gels11030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2025] [Revised: 03/08/2025] [Accepted: 03/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Polyzwitterion (PZW) hydrogel has excellent marine anti-biofouling performance, but it is difficult to effectively work for a long time in natural seawater due to its weak mechanical strength. In this study, a new natural rubber (NR)-PZW composite hydrogel has been reported for long-term anti-biofouling by simply dispersing NR latex into the poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) hydrogel network. First of all, owing to the PZW hydrogel network having an anti-polyelectrolyte effect, this NR-PZW hydrogel can provide outstanding anti-biofouling performance, including broad-spectrum anti-bacteria, anti-algae, and anti-protein properties in marine environments. Furthermore, it has a composited natural rubber nanoparticle with a hydrophilic negatively charged outer protein membrane, which can uniformly disperse in the hydrogel to significantly improve its mechanical properties. Therefore, this composited hydrogel can provide not only highly enhanced tensile strength (0.52 MPa) but also ultra-high breaking elongation (738%), which can effectually resist harsh seawater environments. As a result, the NR-PZW composite hydrogel can achieve excellent anti-biofouling performance for more than 3 months within a real marine environment. This work can provide an excellent, robust polyzwitterionic hydrogel for long-term marine anti-biofouling, which will also inspire new strategies for anti-biofouling materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.F.)
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Medical Devices and Advanced Materials, Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Dominic John
- Sustainable and Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia; (D.J.); (T.-W.W.)
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.F.)
| | - Xueliang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.F.)
- Natural Rubber Research & Development Center of Hainan Province for Deep Processing Products, Ledong 572500, China;
| | - Qingrong Wei
- Natural Rubber Research & Development Center of Hainan Province for Deep Processing Products, Ledong 572500, China;
| | - Chunxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.F.)
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Medical Devices and Advanced Materials, Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Zhenzhong Liu
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Medical Devices and Advanced Materials, Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Haimei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Quality Safe Evaluation and Research of Degradable Material, State Administration for Market Regulation, Hainan Academy of Inspection and Testing, Haikou 570203, China;
| | - Tuck-Whye Wong
- Sustainable and Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia; (D.J.); (T.-W.W.)
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.F.)
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Chen G, Ma F, Li J, Yang P, Wang Y, Li Z, Meng Y. Preparation of CMC-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) semi-interpenetrating hydrogel with temperature-sensitivity for water retention. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131735. [PMID: 38653424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The CMC-PNIPAM hydrogel with semi-interpenetrating structure and temperature-sensitivity was prepared by in-situ polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) in sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution at room temperature. The mass ratio of CMC to NIPAM was a key factor influencing the network structure and property of CMC-PNIPAM hydrogel. The low critical phase transition temperature (LCST) of CMC-PNIPAM hydrogels increased from 34.4 °C to 35.8 °C with the mass ratio of CMC to NIPAM rising from 0 to 1.2. The maximum compressive stress of CMC-PNIPAM hydrogel reached to 26.7 kPa and the relaxation elasticity was 52 % at strain of 60 %. The viscoelasticity of CMC-PNIPAM hydrogel was consistent with the generalized Maxwell model. The maximum swelling ratio in deionized water was 170.25 g·g-1 (dried hydrogel) with swelling rate of 2.57 g·g-1·min-1 at 25 °C. CMC-PNIPAM hydrogel hardly absorbed water above LCST, but the swollen hydrogel could release water at the rate of 0.36 g·g-1·min-1 once exceeding LCST. The test of water retention showed that soil mixed with 2 wt% dried CMC-PNIPAM hydrogel could retain 13.08 wt% water after 30 days at 25 °C that was 4.4 times than that of controlled soil without CMC-PNIPAM hydrogel. The semi-interpenetrating CMC-PNIPAM hydrogel showed a potential to conserve water responding to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China
| | - Feng Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Junying Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Pengfei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zihao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
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