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Borrego-Varillas R, Lucchini M, Nisoli M. Attosecond spectroscopy for the investigation of ultrafast dynamics in atomic, molecular and solid-state physics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:066401. [PMID: 35294930 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac5e7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the first demonstration of the generation of attosecond pulses (1 as = 10-18s) in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral region, several measurement techniques have been introduced, at the beginning for the temporal characterization of the pulses, and immediately after for the investigation of electronic and nuclear ultrafast dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids with unprecedented temporal resolution. The attosecond spectroscopic tools established in the last two decades, together with the development of sophisticated theoretical methods for the interpretation of the experimental outcomes, allowed to unravel and investigate physical processes never observed before, such as the delay in photoemission from atoms and solids, the motion of electrons in molecules after prompt ionization which precede any notable nuclear motion, the temporal evolution of the tunneling process in dielectrics, and many others. This review focused on applications of attosecond techniques to the investigation of ultrafast processes in atoms, molecules and solids. Thanks to the introduction and ongoing developments of new spectroscopic techniques, the attosecond science is rapidly moving towards the investigation, understanding and control of coupled electron-nuclear dynamics in increasingly complex systems, with ever more accurate and complete investigation techniques. Here we will review the most common techniques presenting the latest results in atoms, molecules and solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Borrego-Varillas
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Lucchini
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Nisoli
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Timmers H, Zhu X, Li Z, Kobayashi Y, Sabbar M, Hollstein M, Reduzzi M, Martínez TJ, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Disentangling conical intersection and coherent molecular dynamics in methyl bromide with attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3133. [PMID: 31311933 PMCID: PMC6635414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attosecond probing of core-level electronic transitions provides a sensitive tool for studying valence molecular dynamics with atomic, state, and charge specificity. In this report, we employ attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to follow the valence dynamics of strong-field initiated processes in methyl bromide. By probing the 3d core-to-valence transition, we resolve the strong field excitation and ensuing fragmentation of the neutral σ* excited states of methyl bromide. The results provide a clear signature of the non-adiabatic passage of the excited state wavepacket through a conical intersection. We additionally observe competing, strong field initiated processes arising in both the ground state and ionized molecule corresponding to vibrational and spin-orbit motion, respectively. The demonstrated ability to resolve simultaneous dynamics with few-femtosecond resolution presents a clear path forward in the implementation of attosecond XUV spectroscopy as a general tool for probing competing and complex molecular phenomena with unmatched temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Timmers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SLAC Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SLAC Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mazyar Sabbar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Maurizio Reduzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SLAC Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Hafliðason A, Glodic P, Koumarianou G, Samartzis PC, Kvaran Á. Two-color studies of CH 3Br excitation dynamics with MPI and slice imaging. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10391-10401. [PMID: 31065628 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-color pump-probe experiments were performed to explore the multiphoton dynamics of CH3Br at high excitation energies of 8-10 eV, involving two-photon resonant excitations to a number of np and nd Rydberg states (pump) followed by REMPI detection (probe) of the Br, Br* and CH3(X) photoproducts. Slice images of Br+ and CH3+ ions were recorded in pump-only, probe-only and pump and probe experiments. Kinetic-energy release spectra (KERs), as well as spatial anisotropy parameters, were extracted from the images to identify the processes and the dynamics involved. Predissociation channels, following the two-photon resonant excitations and non-resonant photodissociation forming CH3(X) and Br/Br*, were identified and characterized. Furthermore, the probe excitations for CH3(X) involved near-resonant excitations to lower energy 5s Rydberg states of CH3Br. In three-photon excitation processes, a striking contrast is seen between excitations via the p/d and the s Rydberg states. Involvement of high-energy interactions between Rydberg and ion-pair states is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnar Hafliðason
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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Hafliðason A, Glodic P, Koumarianou G, Samartzis PC, Kvaran Á. Multiphoton Rydberg and valence dynamics of CH 3Br probed by mass spectrometry and slice imaging. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:17423-17433. [PMID: 29911230 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02350f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The multiphoton dynamics of CH3Br were probed by Mass Resolved MultiPhoton Ionization (MR-MPI), Slice Imaging and Photoelectron Imaging in the two-photon excitation region of 66 000 to 80 000 cm-1. Slice images of the CH3+ and Br+ photoproducts of ten two-photon resonant transitions to np and nd Rydberg states of the parent molecule were recorded. CH3+ ions dominate the mass spectra. Kinetic energy release spectra (KERs) were derived from slice and photoelectron images and anisotropy parameters were extracted from the angular distributions of the ions to identify the processes and the dynamics involved. At all wavelengths we observe three-photon excitations, via the two-photon resonant transitions to molecular Rydberg states, forming metastable, superexcited (CH3Br#) states which dissociate to form CH3 Rydberg states (CH3**) along with Br/Br*. A correlation between the parent Rydberg states excited and CH3** formed is evident. For the three highest excitation energies used, the CH3Br# metastable states also generate high kinetic energy fragments of CH3(X) and Br/Br*. In addition for two out of these three wavelengths we also measure one-photon photolysis of CH3Br in the A band forming CH3(X) in various vibrational modes and bromine atoms in the ground (Br) and spin-orbit excited (Br*) states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnar Hafliðason
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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Shastri A, Singh PJ, Krishnakumar S, Das AK, Raja Sekhar BN. Electronic spectroscopy of ethyl bromide probed by VUV photoabsorption and quantum chemical calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:6454-6469. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07330a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of the electronic absorption spectra of C2H5Br and C2D5Br using synchrotron radiation photoabsorption spectroscopy and TDDFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Shastri
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400085
- India
| | - Param Jeet Singh
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400085
- India
| | - Sunanda Krishnakumar
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400085
- India
| | - Asim Kumar Das
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400085
- India
| | - B. N. Raja Sekhar
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400085
- India
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Hafliðason A, Wang H, Kvaran Á. Long term puzzles of the CH and CD energetics and related phenomena revisited; solutions sought through REMPI-photofragmentations of bromomethanes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:1797-806. [PMID: 26674135 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06097d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the pioneering work by Herzberg and Johns in 1969 (The Astrophysical Journal, 1969, 158, 399) the spectral assignment and the energetics of the fundamental molecular fragment CH, in the region of 63 000-65 000 cm(-1) (7.81-8.06 eV), have remained a puzzle to a large extent. The dissociation of bromoform and deuterated bromoform following two-photon resonance excitations to molecular Rydberg states forms the fragment species CH* and CD* in the excited state A(2)Δ(v' =0) as well as carbon and bromine atoms in the ground and first excited states, C/C* and Br/Br*. Further (1r + 1i)REMPI of CH* and CD* resonance excites the fragments to the energy region of concern, whereas the atom fragments were identified by further (2r + 1i)REMPI. Analysis based on spectral simulations, isotope shifts and comparison with other data allowed spectral identifications, assignments and partial characterization of four highly excited bound states for each of the molecular fragments (CH**/CD**); including the (3)(2)Π valence state and the (4)(2)Π Rydberg state, for the first time. Perturbations, shown as line-shifts, line-intensity and/or line-width alterations, due to the level-to-level state interactions between the bound states and predissociations by a repulsive state are recognized. Recording of C(+) signals in REMPI of several bromomethanes for a one-photon energy of about 40 333 cm(-1) allows the clarification of a mystery concerning a broad C(+) band frequently observed. This work, presented, demonstrates the usefulness of molecular REMPI for fragment analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnar Hafliðason
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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Kvaran A, Wang H, Matthíasson K, Bodi A. Two-dimensional (2+n) REMPI of CH(3)Br: photodissociation channels via Rydberg states. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:9991-8. [PMID: 20726579 DOI: 10.1021/jp104128j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
(2+n) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectra of CH(3)Br for the masses H(+), CH(m)(+), (i)Br(+), H(i)Br(+), and CH(m)(i)Br(+) (m = 0-3; i = 79, 81) have been recorded in the 66 000-81 000 cm(-1) resonance energy range. Signals due to resonance transitions from the zero vibrational energy level of the ground state CH(3)Br to a number of Rydberg states [Ω(c)]nl;ω (Ω(c) = 3/2, 1/2; ω = 0, 2; l = 1(p), 2(d)) and various vibrational states were identified. C((3)P) and C*((1)D) atom and HBr intermediate production, detected by (2+1) REMPI, most probably is due to photodissociation of CH(3)Br via two-photon excitations to Rydberg states followed by an unusual breaking of four bonds and formation of two bonds to give the fragments H(2) + C/C* + HBr prior to ionization. This observation is supported by REMPI observations as well as potential energy surface (PES) ab initio calculations. Bromine atom production by photodissociation channels via two-photon excitation to Rydberg states is identified by detecting bromine atom (2+1) REMPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agúst Kvaran
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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Kato H, Asahina T, Masui H, Hoshino M, Tanaka H, Cho H, Ingólfsson O, Blanco F, Garcia G, Buckman SJ, Brunger MJ. Substitution effects in elastic electron collisions with CH3X (X=F, Cl, Br, I) molecules. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:074309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3319761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Medium and high resolution vacuum UV photoabsorption spectroscopy of methyl iodide (CH3I) and its deuterated isotopomers CD3I and CH2DI. A Rydberg series analysis. Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Locht R, Leyh B, Dehareng D, Jochims H, Baumgärtel H. The vacuum UV photoabsorption spectroscopy of vinyl fluoride (C2H3F): The vibrational fine structure and its analysis. Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Escure C, Leininger T, Lepetit B. Ab initio study of valence and Rydberg states of CH3Br. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:244306. [PMID: 19566152 DOI: 10.1063/1.3152865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed configuration interaction ab initio calculations on the valence and 5s, 5p(a(1)), and 5p(e) Rydberg bands of the CH(3)Br molecule as a function of the methyl-bromide distance for frozen C(3v) geometries. The valence state potential energy curves are repulsive, the Rydberg state ones are similar to the one of the CH(3)Br(+) ion with a minimum at short distance. One state emerging from the 5p(e) band has valence and ion-pair characters as distance increases and the corresponding potential curve has a second minimum at large distance. This state has a very strong parallel electric dipole transition moment with the ground state and plays a central role in UV photon absorption spectra. It is also responsible for the parallel character of the anisotropy parameters measured in ion-pair production experiments. In each band, there is a single state, which has a non-negligible transition moment with the ground state, corresponding to a transition perpendicular to the molecular axis of symmetry, except for the 5p(e) band where it is parallel. The perpendicular transition moments between ground and valence states increase sharply as methyl-bromide distance decreases due to a mixing between valence and 5s Rydberg band at short distance. In each band, spin orbit interaction produces a pair of states, which have significant transition moments with the ground one. In the valence band, the mixing between singlet and triplet states is weak and the perpendicular transition to the (1)Q(1) state is dominant. In each Rydberg band, however, spin-orbit interaction is larger than the exchange interaction and the two significant transition moments with the ground state have comparable strengths. The valence band has an additional state ((1)Q(0)) with significant parallel transition moment induced by spin-orbit interaction with the ground state at large distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Escure
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, IRSAMC, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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Wang F, Lipciuc ML, Yang X, Kitsopoulos TN. Multiphoton dissociation dynamics of CH3Br. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:2234-40. [DOI: 10.1039/b815824j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ridley T, Hennessy JT, Donovan RJ, Lawley KP, Wang S, Brint P, Lane E. Evidence for Rydberg Doorway States in Photoion Pair Formation in Bromomethane. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:7170-6. [PMID: 18620374 DOI: 10.1021/jp8002036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Ridley
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, and Department of Chemistry, University College of Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John T. Hennessy
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, and Department of Chemistry, University College of Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Robert J. Donovan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, and Department of Chemistry, University College of Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kenneth P. Lawley
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, and Department of Chemistry, University College of Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shiliang Wang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, and Department of Chemistry, University College of Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Brint
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, and Department of Chemistry, University College of Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Lane
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, and Department of Chemistry, University College of Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Xi HW, Huang MB. Bromine-loss and hydrogen-loss dissociations in low-lying electronic states of the CH3Br+ ion studied using multiconfiguration second-order perturbation theory. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:8167-73. [PMID: 16805504 DOI: 10.1021/jp056138r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and multiconfiguration second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) calculations with an ANO-RCC basis were performed for the 1(2)A', 1(2)A", 2(2)A', and 2(2)A" states of the CH3Br+ ion. The 1(2)A' state is predicted to be the ground state. The 2(2)A' state is predicted to be a bound state. The adiabatic and vertical excitation energies and the relative energies at the molecular geometry were calculated, and the energetic results for 2(2)A' and 2(2)A" are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Potential energy curves (PECs) for Br-loss and H-loss dissociations from the four C(s) states were calculated at the CASPT2//CASSCF level and the electronic states of the CH3(+) and CH2Br(+) ions as the dissociation products were determined by checking the relative energies and geometries of the asymptote products along the PECs. In the Br-loss dissociation, the 1(2)A', 1(2)A", and 2(2)A' states correlate with CH3(+) (X1A1') and the 2(2)A" state correlates with CH3(+) (1(3)A"). The energy increases monotonically with the R(C-Br) value along the four Br-loss PECs. In the H-loss dissociation the 1(2)A', 1(2)A", 2(2)A', and 2(2)A" states correlate with the X(1)A(1), 1(3)A", 1(3)A', and 1(1)A" states (1(3)A' lying above 1(1)A") of CH2Br(+), respectively. Along the 2(2)A" H-loss PEC there is an energy barrier and the CASSCF wave functions at large R(C-H) values have shake-up ionization character. Along the 2(2)A' H-loss PEC there are an energy barrier and a minimum. At the end of the present paper we present a comprehensive review on the electronic states and the X-loss and H-loss dissociations of the CH(3)X(+) (X = F, Cl, and Br) ions on the basis of our previous studies and the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Xi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 4588, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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Locht R, Leyh B, Dehareng D, Hottmann K, Jochims H, Baumgärtel H. About the photoionization of methyl bromide (CH3Br). Photoelectron and photoionization mass spectrometric investigation. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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