1
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Pal A, Chai Z, Jiang J, Cao W, Davies M, De V, Banerjee K. An ultra energy-efficient hardware platform for neuromorphic computing enabled by 2D-TMD tunnel-FETs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3392. [PMID: 38649379 PMCID: PMC11035659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-like energy-efficient computing has remained elusive for neuromorphic (NM) circuits and hardware platform implementations despite decades of research. In this work we reveal the opportunity to significantly improve the energy efficiency of digital neuromorphic hardware by introducing NM circuits employing two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) layered channel material-based tunnel-field-effect transistors (TFETs). Our novel leaky-integrate-fire (LIF) based digital NM circuit along with its Hebbian learning circuitry operates at a wide range of supply voltages, frequencies, and activity factors, enabling two orders of magnitude higher energy-efficient computing that is difficult to achieve with conventional material and/or device platforms, specifically the silicon-based 7 nm low-standby-power FinFET technology. Our innovative 2D-TFET based NM circuit paves the way toward brain-like energy-efficient computing that can unleash major transformations in future AI and data analytics platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Pal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Zichun Chai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Junkai Jiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kaustav Banerjee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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2
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Zhang J, Shen S, Puggioni D, Wang M, Sha H, Xu X, Lyu Y, Peng H, Xing W, Walters LN, Liu L, Wang Y, Hou D, Xi C, Pi L, Ishizuka H, Kotani Y, Kimata M, Nojiri H, Nakamura T, Liang T, Yi D, Nan T, Zang J, Sheng Z, He Q, Zhou S, Nagaosa N, Nan CW, Tokura Y, Yu R, Rondinelli JM, Yu P. A correlated ferromagnetic polar metal by design. Nat Mater 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01856-6. [PMID: 38605196 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Polar metals have recently garnered increasing interest because of their promising functionalities. Here we report the experimental realization of an intrinsic coexisting ferromagnetism, polar distortion and metallicity in quasi-two-dimensional Ca3Co3O8. This material crystallizes with alternating stacking of oxygen tetrahedral CoO4 monolayers and octahedral CoO6 bilayers. The ferromagnetic metallic state is confined within the quasi-two-dimensional CoO6 layers, and the broken inversion symmetry arises simultaneously from the Co displacements. The breaking of both spatial-inversion and time-reversal symmetries, along with their strong coupling, gives rise to an intrinsic magnetochiral anisotropy with exotic magnetic field-free non-reciprocal electrical resistivity. An extraordinarily robust topological Hall effect persists over a broad temperature-magnetic field phase space, arising from dipole-induced Rashba spin-orbit coupling. Our work not only provides a rich platform to explore the coupling between polarity and magnetism in a metallic system, with extensive potential applications, but also defines a novel design strategy to access exotic correlated electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengchun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Danilo Puggioni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haozhi Sha
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueli Xu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yingjie Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huining Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wandong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lauren N Walters
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Linhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - De Hou
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanying Xi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Li Pi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Hiroaki Ishizuka
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kotani
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Motoi Kimata
- Institute of Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nojiri
- Institute of Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, China
| | - Di Yi
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxiang Nan
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiadong Zang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Zhigao Sheng
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Shuyun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, China
| | - Naoto Nagaosa
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yoshinori Tokura
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - James M Rondinelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Pu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan.
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, China.
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3
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Huang Z, Yi H, Kaplan D, Min L, Tan H, Chan YT, Mao Z, Yan B, Chang CZ, Wu W. Hidden non-collinear spin-order induced topological surface states. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2937. [PMID: 38580628 PMCID: PMC10997621 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare-earth monopnictides are a family of materials simultaneously displaying complex magnetism, strong electronic correlation, and topological band structure. The recently discovered emergent arc-like surface states in these materials have been attributed to the multi-wave-vector antiferromagnetic order, yet the direct experimental evidence has been elusive. Here we report observation of non-collinear antiferromagnetic order with multiple modulations using spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy. Moreover, we discover a hidden spin-rotation transition of single-to-multiple modulations 2 K below the Néel temperature. The hidden transition coincides with the onset of the surface states splitting observed by our angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements. Single modulation gives rise to a band inversion with induced topological surface states in a local momentum region while the full Brillouin zone carries trivial topological indices, and multiple modulation further splits the surface bands via non-collinear spin tilting, as revealed by our calculations. The direct evidence of the non-collinear spin order in NdSb not only clarifies the mechanism of the emergent topological surface states, but also opens up a new paradigm of control and manipulation of band topology with magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengle Huang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Hemian Yi
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel Kaplan
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lujin Min
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hengxin Tan
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ying-Ting Chan
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Mao
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Binghai Yan
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Cui-Zu Chang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Weida Wu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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4
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Chong SK, Cheng Y, Man H, Lee SH, Wang Y, Dai B, Tanabe M, Yang TH, Mao Z, Moler KA, Wang KL. Intrinsic exchange biased anomalous Hall effect in an uncompensated antiferromagnet MnBi 2Te 4. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2881. [PMID: 38570519 PMCID: PMC10991375 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Achieving spin-pinning at the interface of hetero-bilayer ferromagnet/antiferromagnet structures in conventional exchange bias systems can be challenging due to difficulties in interface control and the weakening of spin-pinning caused by poor interface quality. In this work, we propose an alternative approach to stabilize the exchange interaction at the interface of an uncompensated antiferromagnet by utilizing a gradient of interlayer exchange coupling. We demonstrate this exchange interaction through a designed field training protocol in the odd-layer topological antiferromagnet MnBi2Te4. Our results reveal a remarkable field-trained exchange bias of up to ~ 400 mT, which exhibits high repeatability and can be easily reset by a large training field. Notably, this field-trained exchange bias effect persists even with zero-field initialization, presenting a stark contrast to the traditional field-cooled exchange bias. The highly tunable exchange bias observed in this single antiferromagnet compound, without the need for an additional magnetic layer, provides valuable insight into the exchange interaction mechanism. These findings pave the way for the systematic design of topological antiferromagnetic spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kong Chong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Huiyuan Man
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Seng Huat Lee
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bingqian Dai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Masaki Tanabe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ting-Hsun Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Mao
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kathryn A Moler
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kang L Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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5
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Herzig Sheinfux H, Orsini L, Jung M, Torre I, Ceccanti M, Marconi S, Maniyara R, Barcons Ruiz D, Hötger A, Bertini R, Castilla S, Hesp NCH, Janzen E, Holleitner A, Pruneri V, Edgar JH, Shvets G, Koppens FHL. High-quality nanocavities through multimodal confinement of hyperbolic polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Mater 2024; 23:499-505. [PMID: 38321241 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01785-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Compressing light into nanocavities substantially enhances light-matter interactions, which has been a major driver for nanostructured materials research. However, extreme confinement generally comes at the cost of absorption and low resonator quality factors. Here we suggest an alternative optical multimodal confinement mechanism, unlocking the potential of hyperbolic phonon polaritons in isotopically pure hexagonal boron nitride. We produce deep-subwavelength cavities and demonstrate several orders of magnitude improvement in confinement, with estimated Purcell factors exceeding 108 and quality factors in the 50-480 range, values approaching the intrinsic quality factor of hexagonal boron nitride polaritons. Intriguingly, the quality factors we obtain exceed the maximum predicted by impedance-mismatch considerations, indicating that confinement is boosted by higher-order modes. We expect that our multimodal approach to nanoscale polariton manipulation will have far-reaching implications for ultrastrong light-matter interactions, mid-infrared nonlinear optics and nanoscale sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Herzig Sheinfux
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lorenzo Orsini
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Minwoo Jung
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Iacopo Torre
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Matteo Ceccanti
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Simone Marconi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Rinu Maniyara
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - David Barcons Ruiz
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alexander Hötger
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universitat Munchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Ricardo Bertini
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Sebastián Castilla
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Niels C H Hesp
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Alexander Holleitner
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universitat Munchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Valerio Pruneri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Eckhardt CJ, Chattopadhyay S, Kennes DM, Demler EA, Sentef MA, Michael MH. Theory of resonantly enhanced photo-induced superconductivity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2300. [PMID: 38485935 PMCID: PMC10940728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Optical driving of materials has emerged as a versatile tool to control their properties, with photo-induced superconductivity being among the most fascinating examples. In this work, we show that light or lattice vibrations coupled to an electronic interband transition naturally give rise to electron-electron attraction that may be enhanced when the underlying boson is driven into a non-thermal state. We find this phenomenon to be resonantly amplified when tuning the boson's frequency close to the energy difference between the two electronic bands. This result offers a simple microscopic mechanism for photo-induced superconductivity and provides a recipe for designing new platforms in which light-induced superconductivity can be realized. We discuss two-dimensional heterostructures as a potential test ground for light-induced superconductivity concretely proposing a setup consisting of a graphene-hBN-SrTiO3 heterostructure, for which we estimate a superconducting Tc that may be achieved upon driving the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Eckhardt
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Theorie der Statistischen Physik, RWTH Aachen University and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Dante M Kennes
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Theorie der Statistischen Physik, RWTH Aachen University and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eugene A Demler
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Sentef
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Marios H Michael
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
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7
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Li Z, Roy T, Rodríguez Pérez D, Lee KH, Kapit E, Schuster DI. Autonomous error correction of a single logical qubit using two transmons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1681. [PMID: 38395989 PMCID: PMC10891116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Large-scale quantum computers will inevitably need quantum error correction to protect information against decoherence. Traditional error correction typically requires many qubits, along with high-efficiency error syndrome measurement and real-time feedback. Autonomous quantum error correction instead uses steady-state bath engineering to perform the correction in a hardware-efficient manner. In this work, we develop a new autonomous quantum error correction scheme that actively corrects single-photon loss and passively suppresses low-frequency dephasing, and we demonstrate an important experimental step towards its full implementation with transmons. Compared to uncorrected encoding, improvements are experimentally witnessed for the logical zero, one, and superposition states. Our results show the potential of implementing hardware-efficient autonomous quantum error correction to enhance the reliability of a transmon-based quantum information processor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Li
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tanay Roy
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Kan-Heng Lee
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eliot Kapit
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - David I Schuster
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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8
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Ye R, Sun X, Mao X, Alfonso FS, Baral S, Liu C, Coates GW, Chen P. Optical sequencing of single synthetic polymers. Nat Chem 2024; 16:210-217. [PMID: 37945834 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic sequences of synthetic polymers play crucial roles in the polymer properties, but are generally unknown and inaccessible to traditional measurements. Here we report real-time optical sequencing of single synthetic copolymer chains under living polymerization conditions. We achieve this by carrying out multi-colour imaging of polymer growth by single catalysts at single-monomer resolution using CREATS (coupled reaction approach toward super-resolution imaging). CREATS makes a reaction effectively fluorogenic, enabling single-molecule localization microscopy of chemical reactions at higher reactant concentrations. Our data demonstrate that the chain propagation kinetics of surface-grafted polymerization contains temporal fluctuations with a defined memory time (which can be attributed to neighbouring monomer interactions) and chain-length dependence (due to surface electrostatic effects). Furthermore, the microscopic sequences of individual copolymers reveal their tendency to form block copolymers, and, more importantly, quantify the size distribution of individual blocks for comparison with theoretically random copolymers. Such sequencing capability paves the way for single-chain-level structure-function correlation studies of synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Catalysis Science and Technology Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiangcheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xianwen Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Intelligent Materials, and Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Felix S Alfonso
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Susil Baral
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Chunming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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9
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Wamhoff EC, Ronsard L, Feldman J, Knappe GA, Hauser BM, Romanov A, Case JB, Sanapala S, Lam EC, Denis KJS, Boucau J, Barczak AK, Balazs AB, Diamond MS, Schmidt AG, Lingwood D, Bathe M. Enhancing antibody responses by multivalent antigen display on thymus-independent DNA origami scaffolds. Nat Commun 2024; 15:795. [PMID: 38291019 PMCID: PMC10828404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein-based virus-like particles (P-VLPs) are commonly used to spatially organize antigens and enhance humoral immunity through multivalent antigen display. However, P-VLPs are thymus-dependent antigens that are themselves immunogenic and can induce B cell responses that may neutralize the platform. Here, we investigate thymus-independent DNA origami as an alternative material for multivalent antigen display using the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the primary target of neutralizing antibody responses. Sequential immunization of mice with DNA-based VLPs (DNA-VLPs) elicits protective neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in a manner that depends on the valency of the antigen displayed and on T cell help. Importantly, the immune sera do not contain boosted, class-switched antibodies against the DNA scaffold, in contrast to P-VLPs that elicit strong B cell memory against both the target antigen and the scaffold. Thus, DNA-VLPs enhance target antigen immunogenicity without generating scaffold-directed immunity and thereby offer an important alternative material for particulate vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Grant A Knappe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Anna Romanov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shilpa Sanapala
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kerri J St Denis
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alejandro B Balazs
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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10
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Husain S, Harris I, Gao G, Li X, Meisenheimer P, Shi C, Kavle P, Choi CH, Kim TY, Kang D, Behera P, Perrodin D, Guo H, M Tour J, Han Y, Martin LW, Yao Z, Ramesh R. Low-temperature grapho-epitaxial La-substituted BiFeO 3 on metallic perovskite. Nat Commun 2024; 15:479. [PMID: 38212317 PMCID: PMC10784590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bismuth ferrite has garnered considerable attention as a promising candidate for magnetoelectric spin-orbit coupled logic-in-memory. As model systems, epitaxial BiFeO3 thin films have typically been deposited at relatively high temperatures (650-800 °C), higher than allowed for direct integration with silicon-CMOS platforms. Here, we circumvent this problem by growing lanthanum-substituted BiFeO3 at 450 °C (which is reasonably compatible with silicon-CMOS integration) on epitaxial BaPb0.75Bi0.25O3 electrodes. Notwithstanding the large lattice mismatch between the La-BiFeO3, BaPb0.75Bi0.25O3, and SrTiO3 (001) substrates, all the layers in the heterostructures are well ordered with a [001] texture. Polarization mapping using atomic resolution STEM imaging and vector mapping established the short-range polarization ordering in the low temperature grown La-BiFeO3. Current-voltage, pulsed-switching, fatigue, and retention measurements follow the characteristic behavior of high-temperature grown La-BiFeO3, where SrRuO3 typically serves as the metallic electrode. These results provide a possible route for realizing epitaxial multiferroics on complex-oxide buffer layers at low temperatures and opens the door for potential silicon-CMOS integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Husain
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Isaac Harris
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Guanhui Gao
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chuqiao Shi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Pravin Kavle
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chi Hun Choi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Tae Yeon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Deokyoung Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Piush Behera
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Didier Perrodin
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yimo Han
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Zhi Yao
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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11
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Blalock ZN, Wu GWY, Lindqvist D, Trumpff C, Flory JD, Lin J, Reus VI, Rampersaud R, Hammamieh R, Gautam A, Doyle FJ, Marmar CR, Jett M, Yehuda R, Wolkowitz OM, Mellon SH. Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA levels and glucocorticoid sensitivity in a cohort of male veterans with and without combat-related PTSD. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:22. [PMID: 38200001 PMCID: PMC10781666 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) is a biomarker of cellular injury or cellular stress and is a potential novel biomarker of psychological stress and of various brain, somatic, and psychiatric disorders. No studies have yet analyzed ccf-mtDNA levels in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), despite evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in this condition. In the current study, we compared plasma ccf-mtDNA levels in combat trauma-exposed male veterans with PTSD (n = 111) with those who did not develop PTSD (n = 121) and also investigated the relationship between ccf mt-DNA levels and glucocorticoid sensitivity. In unadjusted analyses, ccf-mtDNA levels did not differ significantly between the PTSD and non-PTSD groups (t = 1.312, p = 0.191, Cohen's d = 0.172). In a sensitivity analysis excluding participants with diabetes and those using antidepressant medication and controlling for age, the PTSD group had lower ccf-mtDNA levels than did the non-PTSD group (F(1, 179) = 5.971, p = 0.016, partial η2 = 0.033). Across the entire sample, ccf-mtDNA levels were negatively correlated with post-dexamethasone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) decline (r = -0.171, p = 0.020) and cortisol decline (r = -0.149, p = 0.034) (viz., greater ACTH and cortisol suppression was associated with lower ccf-mtDNA levels) both with and without controlling for age, antidepressant status and diabetes status. Ccf-mtDNA levels were also significantly positively associated with IC50-DEX (the concentration of dexamethasone at which 50% of lysozyme activity is inhibited), a measure of lymphocyte glucocorticoid sensitivity, after controlling for age, antidepressant status, and diabetes status (β = 0.142, p = 0.038), suggesting that increased lymphocyte glucocorticoid sensitivity is associated with lower ccf-mtDNA levels. Although no overall group differences were found in unadjusted analyses, excluding subjects with diabetes and those taking antidepressants, which may affect ccf-mtDNA levels, as well as controlling for age, revealed decreased ccf-mtDNA levels in PTSD. In both adjusted and unadjusted analyses, low ccf-mtDNA levels were associated with relatively increased glucocorticoid sensitivity, often reported in PTSD, suggesting a link between mitochondrial and glucocorticoid-related abnormalities in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary N Blalock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gwyneth W Y Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- Unit for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Trumpff
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Janine D Flory
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victor I Reus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Rampersaud
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Francis J Doyle
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles R Marmar
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marti Jett
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Owen M Wolkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Synthia H Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Raad R, Ray D, Varghese B, Hwang D, Gill I, Duddalwar V, Oberai AA. Conditional generative learning for medical image imputation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:171. [PMID: 38167932 PMCID: PMC10762085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Image imputation refers to the task of generating a type of medical image given images of another type. This task becomes challenging when the difference between the available images, and the image to be imputed is large. In this manuscript, one such application is considered. It is derived from the dynamic contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) imaging of the kidneys: given an incomplete sequence of three CECT images, we are required to impute the missing image. This task is posed as one of probabilistic inference and a generative algorithm to generate samples of the imputed image, conditioned on the available images, is developed, trained, and tested. The output of this algorithm is the "best guess" of the imputed image, and a pixel-wise image of variance in the imputation. It is demonstrated that this best guess is more accurate than those generated by other, deterministic deep-learning based algorithms, including ones which utilize additional information and more complex loss terms. It is also shown that the pixel-wise variance image, which quantifies the confidence in the reconstruction, can be used to determine whether the result of the imputation meets a specified accuracy threshold and is therefore appropriate for a downstream task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragheb Raad
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Deep Ray
- Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bino Varghese
- Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Darryl Hwang
- Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Inderbir Gill
- Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Vinay Duddalwar
- Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Assad A Oberai
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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13
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Borsoi F, Hendrickx NW, John V, Meyer M, Motz S, van Riggelen F, Sammak A, de Snoo SL, Scappucci G, Veldhorst M. Shared control of a 16 semiconductor quantum dot crossbar array. Nat Nanotechnol 2024; 19:21-27. [PMID: 37640909 PMCID: PMC10796274 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The efficient control of a large number of qubits is one of the most challenging aspects for practical quantum computing. Current approaches in solid-state quantum technology are based on brute-force methods, where each and every qubit requires at least one unique control line-an approach that will become unsustainable when scaling to the required millions of qubits. Here, inspired by random-access architectures in classical electronics, we introduce the shared control of semiconductor quantum dots to efficiently operate a two-dimensional crossbar array in planar germanium. We tune the entire array, comprising 16 quantum dots, to the few-hole regime. We then confine an odd number of holes in each site to isolate an unpaired spin per dot. Moving forward, we demonstrate on a vertical and a horizontal double quantum dot a method for the selective control of the interdot coupling and achieve a tunnel coupling tunability over more than 10 GHz. The operation of a quantum electronic device with fewer control terminals than tunable experimental parameters represents a compelling step forward in the construction of scalable quantum technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borsoi
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Nico W Hendrickx
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Valentin John
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Meyer
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sayr Motz
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Floor van Riggelen
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Sammak
- QuTech and Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sander L de Snoo
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Giordano Scappucci
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Veldhorst
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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14
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Bromberg-Martin ES, Feng YY, Ogasawara T, White JK, Zhang K, Monosov IE. A neural mechanism for conserved value computations integrating information and rewards. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:159-175. [PMID: 38177339 PMCID: PMC10774124 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Behavioral and economic theory dictate that we decide between options based on their values. However, humans and animals eagerly seek information about uncertain future rewards, even when this does not provide any objective value. This implies that decisions are made by endowing information with subjective value and integrating it with the value of extrinsic rewards, but the mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that human and monkey value judgements obey strikingly conserved computational principles during multi-attribute decisions trading off information and extrinsic reward. We then identify a neural substrate in a highly conserved ancient structure, the lateral habenula (LHb). LHb neurons signal subjective value, integrating information's value with extrinsic rewards, and the LHb predicts and causally influences ongoing decisions. Neurons in key input areas to the LHb largely signal components of these computations, not integrated value signals. Thus, our data uncover neural mechanisms of conserved computations underlying decisions to seek information about the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang-Yang Feng
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Takaya Ogasawara
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J Kael White
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kaining Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ilya E Monosov
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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15
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Yuan W, Zhou LJ, Yang K, Zhao YF, Zhang R, Yan Z, Zhuo D, Mei R, Wang Y, Yi H, Chan MHW, Kayyalha M, Liu CX, Chang CZ. Electrical switching of the edge current chirality in quantum anomalous Hall insulators. Nat Mater 2024; 23:58-64. [PMID: 37857889 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
A quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) insulator is a topological phase in which the interior is insulating but electrical current flows along the edges of the sample in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction, as dictated by the spontaneous magnetization orientation. Such a chiral edge current eliminates any backscattering, giving rise to quantized Hall resistance and zero longitudinal resistance. Here we fabricate mesoscopic QAH sandwich Hall bar devices and succeed in switching the edge current chirality through thermally assisted spin-orbit torque (SOT). The well-quantized QAH states before and after SOT switching with opposite edge current chiralities are demonstrated through four- and three-terminal measurements. We show that the SOT responsible for magnetization switching can be generated by both surface and bulk carriers. Our results further our understanding of the interplay between magnetism and topological states and usher in an easy and instantaneous method to manipulate the QAH state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ling-Jie Zhou
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kaijie Yang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yi-Fan Zhao
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Zijie Yan
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Deyi Zhuo
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ruobing Mei
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Hemian Yi
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Moses H W Chan
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Morteza Kayyalha
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chao-Xing Liu
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Cui-Zu Chang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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16
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Nozari E, Bertolero MA, Stiso J, Caciagli L, Cornblath EJ, He X, Mahadevan AS, Pappas GJ, Bassett DS. Macroscopic resting-state brain dynamics are best described by linear models. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:68-84. [PMID: 38082179 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
It is typically assumed that large networks of neurons exhibit a large repertoire of nonlinear behaviours. Here we challenge this assumption by leveraging mathematical models derived from measurements of local field potentials via intracranial electroencephalography and of whole-brain blood-oxygen-level-dependent brain activity via functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used state-of-the-art linear and nonlinear families of models to describe spontaneous resting-state activity of 700 participants in the Human Connectome Project and 122 participants in the Restoring Active Memory project. We found that linear autoregressive models provide the best fit across both data types and three performance metrics: predictive power, computational complexity and the extent of the residual dynamics unexplained by the model. To explain this observation, we show that microscopic nonlinear dynamics can be counteracted or masked by four factors associated with macroscopic dynamics: averaging over space and over time, which are inherent to aggregated macroscopic brain activity, and observation noise and limited data samples, which stem from technological limitations. We therefore argue that easier-to-interpret linear models can faithfully describe macroscopic brain dynamics during resting-state conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Nozari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell A Bertolero
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Stiso
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Caciagli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eli J Cornblath
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaosong He
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arun S Mahadevan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George J Pappas
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dani S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
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17
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Ayarza J, Wang J, Kim H, Huang PR, Cassaidy B, Yan G, Liu C, Jaeger HM, Rowan SJ, Esser-Kahn AP. Bioinspired mechanical mineralization of organogels. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8319. [PMID: 38097549 PMCID: PMC10721619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralization is a long-lasting method commonly used by biological materials to selectively strengthen in response to site specific mechanical stress. Achieving a similar form of toughening in synthetic polymer composites remains challenging. In previous work, we developed methods to promote chemical reactions via the piezoelectrochemical effect with mechanical responses of inorganic, ZnO nanoparticles. Herein, we report a distinct example of a mechanically-mediated reaction in which the spherical ZnO nanoparticles react themselves leading to the formation of microrods composed of a Zn/S mineral inside an organogel. The microrods can be used to selectively create mineral deposits within the material resulting in the strengthening of the overall resulting composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ayarza
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hojin Kim
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Pin-Ruei Huang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Britteny Cassaidy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Gangbin Yan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Heinrich M Jaeger
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Chemical and Engineering Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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18
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He M, Matson JR, Yu M, Cleri A, Sunku SS, Janzen E, Mastel S, Folland TG, Edgar JH, Basov DN, Maria JP, Law S, Caldwell JD. Polariton design and modulation via van der Waals/doped semiconductor heterostructures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7965. [PMID: 38042825 PMCID: PMC10693602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) can be supported in materials where the real parts of their permittivities along different directions are opposite in sign. HPhPs offer confinements of long-wavelength light to deeply subdiffractional scales, while the evanescent field allows for interactions with substrates, enabling the tuning of HPhPs by altering the underlying materials. Yet, conventionally used noble metal and dielectric substrates restrict the tunability of this approach. To overcome this challenge, here we show that doped semiconductor substrates, e.g., InAs and CdO, enable a significant tuning effect and dynamic modulations. We elucidated HPhP tuning with the InAs plasma frequency in the near-field, with a maximum difference of 8.3 times. Moreover, the system can be dynamically modulated by photo-injecting carriers into the InAs substrate, leading to a wavevector change of ~20%. Overall, the demonstrated hBN/doped semiconductor platform offers significant improvements towards manipulating HPhPs, and potential for engineered and modulated polaritonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Joseph R Matson
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Mingyu Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Angela Cleri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sai S Sunku
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.
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19
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Shoop WK, Lape J, Trum M, Powell A, Sevigny E, Mischler A, Bacman SR, Fontanesi F, Smith J, Jantz D, Gorsuch CL, Moraes CT. Efficient elimination of MELAS-associated m.3243G mutant mitochondrial DNA by an engineered mitoARCUS nuclease. Nat Metab 2023; 5:2169-2183. [PMID: 38036771 PMCID: PMC10730414 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclease-mediated editing of heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) seeks to preferentially cleave and eliminate mutant mtDNA, leaving wild-type genomes to repopulate the cell and shift mtDNA heteroplasmy. Various technologies are available, but many suffer from limitations based on size and/or specificity. The use of ARCUS nucleases, derived from naturally occurring I-CreI, avoids these pitfalls due to their small size, single-component protein structure and high specificity resulting from a robust protein-engineering process. Here we describe the development of a mitochondrial-targeted ARCUS (mitoARCUS) nuclease designed to target one of the most common pathogenic mtDNA mutations, m.3243A>G. mitoARCUS robustly eliminated mutant mtDNA without cutting wild-type mtDNA, allowing for shifts in heteroplasmy and concomitant improvements in mitochondrial protein steady-state levels and respiration. In vivo efficacy was demonstrated using a m.3243A>G xenograft mouse model with mitoARCUS delivered systemically by adeno-associated virus. Together, these data support the development of mitoARCUS as an in vivo gene-editing therapeutic for m.3243A>G-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K Shoop
- Precision BioSciences, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra R Bacman
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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20
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Simpson B, Montgomery B, Melamed D. Reputations for treatment of outgroup members can prevent the emergence of political segregation in cooperative networks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7721. [PMID: 38001105 PMCID: PMC10674010 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reputation systems promote cooperation and tie formation in social networks. But how reputations affect cooperation and the evolution of networks is less clear when societies are characterized by fundamental, identity-based, social divisions like those centered on politics in the contemporary U.S. Using a large web-based experiment with participants (N = 1073) embedded in networks where each tie represents the opportunity to play a dyadic iterated prisoners' dilemma, we investigate how cooperation and network segregation varies with whether and how reputation systems track behavior toward members of the opposing political party (outgroup members). As predicted, when participants know others' political affiliation, early cooperation patterns show ingroup favoritism. As a result, networks become segregated based on politics. However, such ingroup favoritism and network-level political segregation is reduced in conditions in which participants know how others behave towards participants from both their own party and participants from the other party. These findings have implications for our understanding of reputation systems in polarized contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Bradley Montgomery
- Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - David Melamed
- Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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21
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Zhang L, Monticone F, Miller OD. All electromagnetic scattering bodies are matrix-valued oscillators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7724. [PMID: 38001057 PMCID: PMC10673840 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Scattering theory is the basis of all linear optical and photonic devices, whose spectral response underpins wide-ranging applications from sensing to energy conversion. Unlike the Shannon theory for communication channels, or the Fano theory for electric circuits, understanding the limits of spectral wave scattering remains a notoriously challenging open problem. We introduce a mathematical scattering representation that inherently embeds fundamental principles of causality and passivity into its elemental degrees of freedom. We use this representation to reveal strong constraints in the mathematical structure of scattered fields, and to develop a general theory of the maximum radiative heat transfer in the near field, resolving a long-standing open question. Our approach can be seamlessly applied to high-interest applications across nanophotonics, and appears extensible to general classical and quantum scattering theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Francesco Monticone
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Owen D Miller
- Department of Applied Physics and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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22
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Zhuo D, Yan ZJ, Sun ZT, Zhou LJ, Zhao YF, Zhang R, Mei R, Yi H, Wang K, Chan MHW, Liu CX, Law KT, Chang CZ. Axion insulator state in hundred-nanometer-thick magnetic topological insulator sandwich heterostructures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7596. [PMID: 37989754 PMCID: PMC10663498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An axion insulator is a three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator (TI), in which the bulk maintains the time-reversal symmetry or inversion symmetry but the surface states are gapped by surface magnetization. The axion insulator state has been observed in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown magnetically doped TI sandwiches and exfoliated intrinsic magnetic TI MnBi2Te4 flakes with an even number layer. All these samples have a thickness of ~ 10 nm, near the 2D-to-3D boundary. The coupling between the top and bottom surface states in thin samples may hinder the observation of quantized topological magnetoelectric response. Here, we employ MBE to synthesize magnetic TI sandwich heterostructures and find that the axion insulator state persists in a 3D sample with a thickness of ~ 106 nm. Our transport results show that the axion insulator state starts to emerge when the thickness of the middle undoped TI layer is greater than ~ 3 nm. The 3D hundred-nanometer-thick axion insulator provides a promising platform for the exploration of the topological magnetoelectric effect and other emergent magnetic topological states, such as the high-order TI phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyi Zhuo
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zi-Jie Yan
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zi-Ting Sun
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling-Jie Zhou
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yi-Fan Zhao
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ruobing Mei
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hemian Yi
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Moses H W Chan
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chao-Xing Liu
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - K T Law
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Cui-Zu Chang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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23
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Chitale S, Wu W, Mukherjee A, Lannon H, Suresh P, Nag I, Ambrosi CM, Gertner RS, Melo H, Powers B, Wilkins H, Hinton H, Cheah M, Boynton ZG, Alexeyev A, Sword D, Basan M, Park H, Ham D, Abbott J. A semiconductor 96-microplate platform for electrical-imaging based high-throughput phenotypic screening. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7576. [PMID: 37990016 PMCID: PMC10663594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High-content imaging for compound and genetic profiling is popular for drug discovery but limited to endpoint images of fixed cells. Conversely, electronic-based devices offer label-free, live cell functional information but suffer from limited spatial resolution or throughput. Here, we introduce a semiconductor 96-microplate platform for high-resolution, real-time impedance imaging. Each well features 4096 electrodes at 25 µm spatial resolution and a miniaturized data interface allows 8× parallel plate operation (768 total wells) for increased throughput. Electric field impedance measurements capture >20 parameter images including cell barrier, attachment, flatness, and motility every 15 min during experiments. We apply this technology to characterize 16 cell types, from primary epithelial to suspension cells, and quantify heterogeneity in mixed co-cultures. Screening 904 compounds across 13 semiconductor microplates reveals 25 distinct responses, demonstrating the platform's potential for mechanism of action profiling. The scalability and translatability of this semiconductor platform expands high-throughput mechanism of action profiling and phenotypic drug discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenxuan Wu
- CytoTronics Inc., Boston, MA, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Avik Mukherjee
- Department of System Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rona S Gertner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Henry Hinton
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Markus Basan
- Department of System Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Donhee Ham
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Abbott
- CytoTronics Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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24
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Huang WTK, Masselot P, Bou-Zeid E, Fatichi S, Paschalis A, Sun T, Gasparrini A, Manoli G. Economic valuation of temperature-related mortality attributed to urban heat islands in European cities. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7438. [PMID: 37978178 PMCID: PMC10656443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As the climate warms, increasing heat-related health risks are expected, and can be exacerbated by the urban heat island (UHI) effect. UHIs can also offer protection against cold weather, but a clear quantification of their impacts on human health across diverse cities and seasons is still being explored. Here we provide a 500 m resolution assessment of mortality risks associated with UHIs for 85 European cities in 2015-2017. Acute impacts are found during heat extremes, with a 45% median increase in mortality risk associated with UHI, compared to a 7% decrease during cold extremes. However, protracted cold seasons result in greater integrated protective effects. On average, UHI-induced heat-/cold-related mortality is associated with economic impacts of €192/€ - 314 per adult urban inhabitant per year in Europe, comparable to air pollution and transit costs. These findings urge strategies aimed at designing healthier cities to consider the seasonality of UHI impacts, and to account for social costs, their controlling factors, and intra-urban variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ting Katty Huang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- Met Office, Exeter, UK
| | - Pierre Masselot
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Elie Bou-Zeid
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Simone Fatichi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Athanasios Paschalis
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ting Sun
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gabriele Manoli
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
- Laboratory of Urban and Environmental Systems, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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25
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Valahu CH, Olaya-Agudelo VC, MacDonell RJ, Navickas T, Rao AD, Millican MJ, Pérez-Sánchez JB, Yuen-Zhou J, Biercuk MJ, Hempel C, Tan TR, Kassal I. Direct observation of geometric-phase interference in dynamics around a conical intersection. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1503-1508. [PMID: 37640849 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Conical intersections are ubiquitous in chemistry and physics, often governing processes such as light harvesting, vision, photocatalysis and chemical reactivity. They act as funnels between electronic states of molecules, allowing rapid and efficient relaxation during chemical dynamics. In addition, when a reaction path encircles a conical intersection, the molecular wavefunction experiences a geometric phase, which can affect the outcome of the reaction through quantum-mechanical interference. Past experiments have measured indirect signatures of geometric phases in scattering patterns and spectroscopic observables, but there has been no direct observation of the underlying wavepacket interference. Here we experimentally observe geometric-phase interference in the dynamics of a wavepacket travelling around an engineered conical intersection in a programmable trapped-ion quantum simulator. To achieve this, we develop a technique to reconstruct the two-dimensional wavepacket densities of a trapped ion. Experiments agree with the theoretical model, demonstrating the ability of analogue quantum simulators-such as those realized using trapped ions-to accurately describe nuclear quantum effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Valahu
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - V C Olaya-Agudelo
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R J MacDonell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - T Navickas
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A D Rao
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M J Millican
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J B Pérez-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M J Biercuk
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Hempel
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich-PSI Quantum Computing Hub, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - T R Tan
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - I Kassal
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- University of Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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26
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Whitlow J, Jia Z, Wang Y, Fang C, Kim J, Brown KR. Quantum simulation of conical intersections using trapped ions. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1509-1514. [PMID: 37640856 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Conical intersections often control the reaction products of photochemical processes and occur when two electronic potential energy surfaces intersect. Theory predicts that the conical intersection will result in a geometric phase for a wavepacket on the ground potential energy surface, and although conical intersections have been observed experimentally, the geometric phase has not been directly observed in a molecular system. Here we use a trapped atomic ion system to perform a quantum simulation of a conical intersection. The ion's internal state serves as the electronic state, and the motion of the atomic nuclei is encoded into the motion of the ions. The simulated electronic potential is constructed by applying state-dependent optical forces to the ion. We experimentally observe a clear manifestation of the geometric phase using adiabatic state preparation followed by motional state measurement. Our experiment shows the advantage of combining spin and motion degrees for quantum simulation of chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Whitlow
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhubing Jia
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ye Wang
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jungsang Kim
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- IonQ, Inc., College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth R Brown
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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27
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Heiserman N, Simpson B. Discrimination reduces work effort of those who are disadvantaged and those who are advantaged by it. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1890-1898. [PMID: 37735520 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Research shows that discrimination is widespread in work organizations, yet we know little about the causal effects of discrimination on employees' work effort. Here we argue that, by decoupling effort from rewards, discrimination reduces the work effort of those who are disadvantaged by discrimination and those advantaged by it. We test these arguments against the results of five experiments designed to model promotion situations in organizations (total N = 1,184). Together, these studies show that when supervised by a manager with a discriminatory preference, both disadvantaged and advantaged workers reduce their work effort relative to a control condition where the manager is not discriminatory. The negative effect of discrimination is larger for those disadvantaged by it. These effects are mediated by employees' beliefs about how strongly work will impact their chances of reward. We then demonstrate that the relatively greater effort of advantaged-versus disadvantaged-workers in discriminatory organizations leads to a self-fulfilling prophecy: when faced with this effort differential, managers (N = 119) who did not have a priori discriminatory attitudes judged the advantaged category as more competent and deserving of workplace advancement than the disadvantaged category. Our results show that even though discrimination reduces all workers' effort, it can ultimately produce outcomes that reify and entrench discriminatory beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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28
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Qiu G, Yang HY, Hu L, Zhang H, Chen CY, Lyu Y, Eckberg C, Deng P, Krylyuk S, Davydov AV, Zhang R, Wang KL. Emergent ferromagnetism with superconductivity in Fe(Te,Se) van der Waals Josephson junctions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6691. [PMID: 37872165 PMCID: PMC10593760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferromagnetism and superconductivity are two key ingredients for topological superconductors, which can serve as building blocks of fault-tolerant quantum computers. Adversely, ferromagnetism and superconductivity are typically also two hostile orderings competing to align spins in different configurations, and thus making the material design and experimental implementation extremely challenging. A single material platform with concurrent ferromagnetism and superconductivity is actively pursued. In this paper, we fabricate van der Waals Josephson junctions made with iron-based superconductor Fe(Te,Se), and report the global device-level transport signatures of interfacial ferromagnetism emerging with superconducting states for the first time. Magnetic hysteresis in the junction resistance is observed only below the superconducting critical temperature, suggesting an inherent correlation between ferromagnetic and superconducting order parameters. The 0-π phase mixing in the Fraunhofer patterns pinpoints the ferromagnetism on the junction interface. More importantly, a stochastic field-free superconducting diode effect was observed in Josephson junction devices, with a significant diode efficiency up to 10%, which unambiguously confirms the spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking. Our work demonstrates a new way to search for topological superconductivity in iron-based superconductors for future high Tc fault-tolerant qubit implementations from a device perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Hung-Yu Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lunhui Hu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Huairuo Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Theiss Research, Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chih-Yen Chen
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU), Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yanfeng Lyu
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Christopher Eckberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Fibertek Inc, Herndon, VA, 20171, USA
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, 20783, USA
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Playa Vista, Los Angeles, CA, 90094, USA
| | - Peng Deng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Sergiy Krylyuk
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Albert V Davydov
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Ruixing Zhang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Kang L Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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29
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Roy A, Ledezma L, Costa L, Gray R, Sekine R, Guo Q, Liu M, Briggs RM, Marandi A. Visible-to-mid-IR tunable frequency comb in nanophotonics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6549. [PMID: 37848411 PMCID: PMC10582254 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical frequency comb is an enabling technology for a multitude of applications from metrology to ranging and communications. The tremendous progress in sources of optical frequency combs has mostly been centered around the near-infrared spectral region, while many applications demand sources in the visible and mid-infrared, which have so far been challenging to achieve, especially in nanophotonics. Here, we report widely tunable frequency comb generation using optical parametric oscillators in lithium niobate nanophotonics. We demonstrate sub-picosecond frequency combs tunable beyond an octave extending from 1.5 up to 3.3 μm with femtojoule-level thresholds on a single chip. We utilize the up-conversion of the infrared combs to generate visible frequency combs reaching 620 nm on the same chip. The ultra-broadband tunability and visible-to-mid-infrared spectral coverage of our source highlight a practical and universal path for the realization of efficient frequency comb sources in nanophotonics, overcoming their spectral sparsity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadev Roy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Luis Ledezma
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91109, USA
| | - Luis Costa
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Robert Gray
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Ryoto Sekine
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Qiushi Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Mingchen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Ryan M Briggs
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91109, USA
| | - Alireza Marandi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA.
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30
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Kühner L, Wendisch FJ, Antonov AA, Bürger J, Hüttenhofer L, de S Menezes L, Maier SA, Gorkunov MV, Kivshar Y, Tittl A. Unlocking the out-of-plane dimension for photonic bound states in the continuum to achieve maximum optical chirality. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:250. [PMID: 37828041 PMCID: PMC10570380 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The realization of lossless metasurfaces with true chirality crucially requires the fabrication of three-dimensional structures, constraining experimental feasibility and hampering practical implementations. Even though the three-dimensional assembly of metallic nanostructures has been demonstrated previously, the resulting plasmonic resonances suffer from high intrinsic and radiative losses. The concept of photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) is instrumental for tailoring radiative losses in diverse geometries, especially when implemented using lossless dielectrics, but applications have so far been limited to planar structures. Here, we introduce a novel nanofabrication approach to unlock the height of individual resonators within all-dielectric metasurfaces as an accessible parameter for the efficient control of resonance features and nanophotonic functionalities. In particular, we realize out-of-plane symmetry breaking in quasi-BIC metasurfaces and leverage this design degree of freedom to demonstrate an optical all-dielectric quasi-BIC metasurface with maximum intrinsic chirality that responds selectively to light of a particular circular polarization depending on the structural handedness. Our experimental results not only open a new paradigm for all-dielectric BICs and chiral nanophotonics, but also promise advances in the realization of efficient generation of optical angular momentum, holographic metasurfaces, and parity-time symmetry-broken optical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucca Kühner
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, and Center for NanoScience, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstrasse 10, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Fedja J Wendisch
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, and Center for NanoScience, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstrasse 10, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Alexander A Antonov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Johannes Bürger
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, and Center for NanoScience, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstrasse 10, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Ludwig Hüttenhofer
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, and Center for NanoScience, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstrasse 10, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Leonardo de S Menezes
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, and Center for NanoScience, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstrasse 10, 80539, München, Germany
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, and Center for NanoScience, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstrasse 10, 80539, München, Germany
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Maxim V Gorkunov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, and Center for NanoScience, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstrasse 10, 80539, München, Germany.
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31
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Lledó C, Dassonneville R, Moulinas A, Cohen J, Shillito R, Bienfait A, Huard B, Blais A. Cloaking a qubit in a cavity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6313. [PMID: 37813905 PMCID: PMC10562410 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) uses a cavity to engineer the mode structure of the vacuum electromagnetic field such as to enhance the interaction between light and matter. Exploiting these ideas in solid-state systems has lead to circuit QED which has emerged as a valuable tool to explore the rich physics of quantum optics and as a platform for quantum computation. Here we introduce a simple approach to further engineer the light-matter interaction in a driven cavity by controllably decoupling a qubit from the cavity's photon population, effectively cloaking the qubit from the cavity. This is realized by driving the qubit with an external tone tailored to destructively interfere with the cavity field, leaving the qubit to interact with a cavity which appears to be in the vacuum state. Our experiment demonstrates how qubit cloaking can be exploited to cancel the ac-Stark shift and measurement-induced dephasing, and to accelerate qubit readout. In addition to qubit readout, applications of this method include qubit logical operations and the preparation of non-classical cavity states in circuit QED and other cavity-based setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Lledó
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 QC, Canada.
| | - Rémy Dassonneville
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Adrien Moulinas
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 QC, Canada
| | - Joachim Cohen
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 QC, Canada
| | - Ross Shillito
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Bienfait
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Huard
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Blais
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 QC, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, M5G1M1, Canada
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32
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Sano T, Losakul R, Schmidt H. Dual optofluidic distributed feedback dye lasers for multiplexed biosensing applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16824. [PMID: 37803034 PMCID: PMC10558432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated optofluidic devices have become subjects of high interest for rapid biosensor devices due to their unique ability to combine the fluidic processing of small volumes of microfluidics with the analysis capabilities of photonic structures. By integrating dynamically reconfigurable optofluidic lasers on-chip, complex coupling can be eliminated while further increasing the capabilities of sensors to detect an increasing number of target biomarkers. Here, we report a polydimethylsiloxane-based device with two on-chip fluidic distributed feedback (DFB) laser cavities that are integrated with an orthogonal analyte channel for multiplexed fluorescence excitation. One DFB grating is filled with 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. The second grating is filled with rhodamine 6G dissolved in a diluted ethylene glycol solution. We present characterization of both lasers through analysis of the lasing spectra for spectral narrowing along with a power series to observe threshold behavior. We then demonstrate simultaneous detection of two different fluorescent microbeads as a proof of concept for scalable, single biomarker analysis using on-chip optofluidic lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Sano
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - Ravipa Losakul
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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33
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Mondal D, Mahapatra SR, Derrico AM, Rai RK, Paudel JR, Schlueter C, Gloskovskii A, Banerjee R, Hariki A, DeGroot FMF, Sarma DD, Narayan A, Nukala P, Gray AX, Aetukuri NPB. Modulation-doping a correlated electron insulator. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6210. [PMID: 37798279 PMCID: PMC10556139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlated electron materials (CEMs) host a rich variety of condensed matter phases. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a prototypical CEM with a temperature-dependent metal-to-insulator (MIT) transition with a concomitant crystal symmetry change. External control of MIT in VO2-especially without inducing structural changes-has been a long-standing challenge. In this work, we design and synthesize modulation-doped VO2-based thin film heterostructures that closely emulate a textbook example of filling control in a correlated electron insulator. Using a combination of charge transport, hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and structural characterization, we show that the insulating state can be doped to achieve carrier densities greater than 5 × 1021 cm-3 without inducing any measurable structural changes. We find that the MIT temperature (TMIT) continuously decreases with increasing carrier concentration. Remarkably, the insulating state is robust even at doping concentrations as high as ~0.2 e-/vanadium. Finally, our work reveals modulation-doping as a viable method for electronic control of phase transitions in correlated electron oxides with the potential for use in future devices based on electric-field controlled phase transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Mondal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Smruti Rekha Mahapatra
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Rajeev Kumar Rai
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jay R Paudel
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Rajdeep Banerjee
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Atsushi Hariki
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Frank M F DeGroot
- Utrecht University, Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D D Sarma
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Awadhesh Narayan
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pavan Nukala
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Alexander X Gray
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Naga Phani B Aetukuri
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
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34
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Pinti O, Oberai AA. Graph Laplacian-based spectral multi-fidelity modeling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16618. [PMID: 37789050 PMCID: PMC10547726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-fidelity data is typically inexpensive to generate but inaccurate, whereas high-fidelity data is accurate but expensive. To address this, multi-fidelity methods use a small set of high-fidelity data to enhance the accuracy of a large set of low-fidelity data. In the approach described in this paper, this is accomplished by constructing a graph Laplacian from the low-fidelity data and computing its low-lying spectrum. This is used to cluster the data and identify points closest to the cluster centroids, where high-fidelity data is acquired. Thereafter, a transformation that maps every low-fidelity data point to a multi-fidelity counterpart is determined by minimizing the discrepancy between the multi- and high-fidelity data while preserving the underlying structure of the low-fidelity data distribution. The method is tested with problems in solid and fluid mechanics. By utilizing only a small fraction of high-fidelity data, the accuracy of a large set of low-fidelity data is significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Pinti
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90007, USA.
| | - Assad A Oberai
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90007, USA
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35
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Lu Y, Maiti A, Garmon JWO, Ganjam S, Zhang Y, Claes J, Frunzio L, Girvin SM, Schoelkopf RJ. High-fidelity parametric beamsplitting with a parity-protected converter. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5767. [PMID: 37723141 PMCID: PMC10507116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast, high-fidelity operations between microwave resonators are an important tool for bosonic quantum computation and simulation with superconducting circuits. An attractive approach for implementing these operations is to couple these resonators via a nonlinear converter and actuate parametric processes with RF drives. It can be challenging to make these processes simultaneously fast and high fidelity, since this requires introducing strong drives without activating parasitic processes or introducing additional decoherence channels. We show that in addition to a careful management of drive frequencies and the spectrum of environmental noise, leveraging the inbuilt symmetries of the converter Hamiltonian can suppress unwanted nonlinear interactions, preventing converter-induced decoherence. We demonstrate these principles using a differentially-driven DC-SQUID as our converter, coupled to two high-Q microwave cavities. Using this architecture, we engineer a highly-coherent beamsplitter and fast (~100 ns) swaps between the cavities, limited primarily by their intrinsic single-photon loss. We characterize this beamsplitter in the cavities' joint single-photon subspace, and show that we can detect and post-select photon loss events to achieve a beamsplitter gate fidelity exceeding 99.98%, which to our knowledge far surpasses the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
| | - Aniket Maiti
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
| | - John W O Garmon
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Suhas Ganjam
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Jahan Claes
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Luigi Frunzio
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Steven M Girvin
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Robert J Schoelkopf
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
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36
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Zhai ZM, Moradi M, Kong LW, Glaz B, Haile M, Lai YC. Model-free tracking control of complex dynamical trajectories with machine learning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5698. [PMID: 37709780 PMCID: PMC10502079 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear tracking control enabling a dynamical system to track a desired trajectory is fundamental to robotics, serving a wide range of civil and defense applications. In control engineering, designing tracking control requires complete knowledge of the system model and equations. We develop a model-free, machine-learning framework to control a two-arm robotic manipulator using only partially observed states, where the controller is realized by reservoir computing. Stochastic input is exploited for training, which consists of the observed partial state vector as the first and its immediate future as the second component so that the neural machine regards the latter as the future state of the former. In the testing (deployment) phase, the immediate-future component is replaced by the desired observational vector from the reference trajectory. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the control framework using a variety of periodic and chaotic signals, and establish its robustness against measurement noise, disturbances, and uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Meng Zhai
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Mohammadamin Moradi
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Ling-Wei Kong
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Bryan Glaz
- Army Research Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD, 20783-1138, USA
| | - Mulugeta Haile
- Army Research Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 6340 Rodman Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005-5069, USA
| | - Ying-Cheng Lai
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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37
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Deng P, Zhang P, Eckberg C, Chong SK, Yin G, Emmanouilidou E, Che X, Ni N, Wang KL. Quantized resistance revealed at the criticality of the quantum anomalous Hall phase transitions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5558. [PMID: 37689721 PMCID: PMC10492779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In multilayered magnetic topological insulator structures, magnetization reversal processes can drive topological phase transitions between quantum anomalous Hall, axion insulator, and normal insulator states. Here we report an examination of the critical behavior of two such transitions: the quantum anomalous Hall to normal insulator (QAH-NI), and quantum anomalous Hall to axion insulator (QAH-AXI) transitions. By introducing a new analysis protocol wherein temperature dependent variations in the magnetic coercivity are accounted for, the critical behavior of the QAH-NI and QAH-AXI transitions are evaluated over a wide range of temperature and magnetic field. Despite the uniqueness of these different transitions, quantized longitudinal resistance and Hall conductance are observed at criticality in both cases. Furthermore, critical exponents were extracted for QAH-AXI transitions occurring at magnetization reversals of two different magnetic layers. The observation of consistent critical exponents and resistances in each case, independent of the magnetic layer details, demonstrates critical behaviors in quantum anomalous Hall transitions to be of electronic rather than magnetic origin. Our finding offers a new avenue for studies of phase transition and criticality in QAH insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Deng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Christopher Eckberg
- Fibertek Inc, Herndon, VA, 20783, USA
- US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, 20783, USA
- US Army Research Laboratory, Playa Vista, CA, 20783, USA
| | - Su Kong Chong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Gen Yin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Eve Emmanouilidou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Che
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Ni Ni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kang L Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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38
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Poceviciute R, Bogatyrev SR, Romano AE, Dilmore AH, Mondragón-Palomino O, Takko H, Pradhan O, Ismagilov RF. Quantitative whole-tissue 3D imaging reveals bacteria in close association with mouse jejunum mucosa. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:64. [PMID: 37679412 PMCID: PMC10485000 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Because the small intestine (SI) epithelium lacks a thick protective mucus layer, microbes that colonize the thin SI mucosa may exert a substantial effect on the host. For example, bacterial colonization of the human SI may contribute to environmental enteropathy dysfunction (EED) in malnourished children. Thus far, potential bacterial colonization of the mucosal surface of the SI has only been documented in disease states, suggesting mucosal colonization is rare, likely requiring multiple perturbations. Furthermore, conclusive proof of bacterial colonization of the SI mucosal surface is challenging, and the three-dimensional (3D) spatial structure of mucosal colonies remains unknown. Here, we tested whether we could induce dense bacterial association with jejunum mucosa by subjecting mice to a combination of malnutrition and oral co-gavage with a bacterial cocktail (E. coli and Bacteroides spp.) known to induce EED. To visualize these events, we optimized our previously developed whole-tissue 3D imaging tools with third-generation hybridization chain reaction (HCR v3.0) probes. Only in mice that were malnourished and gavaged with the bacterial cocktail did we detect dense bacterial clusters surrounding intestinal villi suggestive of colonization. Furthermore, in these mice we detected villus loss, which may represent one possible consequence that bacterial colonization of the SI mucosa has on the host. Our results suggest that dense bacterial colonization of jejunum mucosa is possible in the presence of multiple perturbations and that whole-tissue 3D imaging tools can enable the study of these rare events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Poceviciute
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Said R Bogatyrev
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Medically Associated Science and Technology Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna E Romano
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Amanda H Dilmore
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Octavio Mondragón-Palomino
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heli Takko
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ojas Pradhan
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Rustem F Ismagilov
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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39
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Matson J, Wasserroth S, Ni X, Obst M, Diaz-Granados K, Carini G, Renzi EM, Galiffi E, Folland TG, Eng LM, Michael Klopf J, Mastel S, Armster S, Gambin V, Wolf M, Kehr SC, Alù A, Paarmann A, Caldwell JD. Controlling the propagation asymmetry of hyperbolic shear polaritons in beta-gallium oxide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5240. [PMID: 37640711 PMCID: PMC10462611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural anisotropy in crystals is crucial for controlling light propagation, particularly in the infrared spectral regime where optical frequencies overlap with crystalline lattice resonances, enabling light-matter coupled quasiparticles called phonon polaritons (PhPs). Exploring PhPs in anisotropic materials like hBN and MoO3 has led to advancements in light confinement and manipulation. In a recent study, PhPs in the monoclinic crystal β-Ga2O3 (bGO) were shown to exhibit strongly asymmetric propagation with a frequency dispersive optical axis. Here, using scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), we directly image the symmetry-broken propagation of hyperbolic shear polaritons in bGO. Further, we demonstrate the control and enhancement of shear-induced propagation asymmetry by varying the incident laser orientation and polariton momentum using different sizes of nano-antennas. Finally, we observe significant rotation of the hyperbola axis by changing the frequency of incident light. Our findings lay the groundwork for the widespread utilization and implementation of polaritons in low-symmetry crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Wasserroth
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiang Ni
- School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maximilian Obst
- Institute of Applied Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Giulia Carini
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Maria Renzi
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emanuele Galiffi
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lukas M Eng
- Institute of Applied Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Sean Armster
- NG NEXT, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Redondo Beach, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Gambin
- NG NEXT, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Redondo Beach, CA, USA
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne C Kehr
- Institute of Applied Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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40
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Liu AT, Hempel M, Yang JF, Brooks AM, Pervan A, Koman VB, Zhang G, Kozawa D, Yang S, Goldman DI, Miskin MZ, Richa AW, Randall D, Murphey TD, Palacios T, Strano MS. Colloidal robotics. Nat Mater 2023:10.1038/s41563-023-01589-y. [PMID: 37620646 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Robots have components that work together to accomplish a task. Colloids are particles, usually less than 100 µm, that are small enough that they do not settle out of solution. Colloidal robots are particles capable of functions such as sensing, computation, communication, locomotion and energy management that are all controlled by the particle itself. Their design and synthesis is an emerging area of interdisciplinary research drawing from materials science, colloid science, self-assembly, robophysics and control theory. Many colloidal robot systems approach synthetic versions of biological cells in autonomy and may find ultimate utility in bringing these specialized functions to previously inaccessible locations. This Perspective examines the emerging literature and highlights certain design principles and strategies towards the realization of colloidal robots.
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Grants
- FA9550-15-1-0514 United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF Office of Scientific Research)
- FA9550-15-1-0514 United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF Office of Scientific Research)
- FA9550-15-1-0514 United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF Office of Scientific Research)
- FA9550-15-1-0514 United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF Office of Scientific Research)
- FA9550-15-1-0514 United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF Office of Scientific Research)
- FA9550-15-1-0514 United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF Office of Scientific Research)
- FA9550-15-1-0514 United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF Office of Scientific Research)
- FA9550-15-1-0514 United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF Office of Scientific Research)
- W911NF-19-1-0233 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
- W911NF-19-1-0233 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
- W911NF-19-1-0233 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
- W911NF-19-1-0233 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
- W911NF-19-1-0233 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
- W911NF-19-1-0233 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
- W911NF-19-1-0233 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
- W911NF-19-1-0233 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
- W911NF-19-1-0233 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
- W911NF-19-1-0233 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
- W911NF-19-1-0233 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
- W911NF-19-1-0233 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
- W911NF-19-10372 United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Tianxiang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marek Hempel
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jing Fan Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Allan M Brooks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ana Pervan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Volodymyr B Koman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daichi Kozawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sungyun Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel I Goldman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marc Z Miskin
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andréa W Richa
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dana Randall
- School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd D Murphey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tomás Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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41
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Zheng X, Dolde J, Cambria MC, Lim HM, Kolkowitz S. A lab-based test of the gravitational redshift with a miniature clock network. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4886. [PMID: 37573452 PMCID: PMC10423269 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts that a clock at a higher gravitational potential will tick faster than an otherwise identical clock at a lower potential, an effect known as the gravitational redshift. Here we perform a laboratory-based, blinded test of the gravitational redshift using differential clock comparisons within an evenly spaced array of 5 atomic ensembles spanning a height difference of 1 cm. We measure a fractional frequency gradient of [ - 12.4 ± 0. 7(stat) ± 2. 5(sys)] × 10-19/cm, consistent with the expected redshift gradient of - 10.9 × 10-19/cm. Our results can also be viewed as relativistic gravitational potential difference measurements with sensitivity to mm scale changes in height on the surface of the Earth. These results highlight the potential of local-oscillator-independent differential clock comparisons for emerging applications of optical atomic clocks including geodesy, searches for new physics, gravitational wave detection, and explorations of the interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jonathan Dolde
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Matthew C Cambria
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hong Ming Lim
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shimon Kolkowitz
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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42
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Chong SK, Lei C, Lee SH, Jaroszynski J, Mao Z, MacDonald AH, Wang KL. Anomalous Landau quantization in intrinsic magnetic topological insulators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4805. [PMID: 37558682 PMCID: PMC10412595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic magnetic topological insulator, Mn(Bi1-xSbx)2Te4, has been identified as a Weyl semimetal with a single pair of Weyl nodes in its spin-aligned strong-field configuration. A direct consequence of the Weyl state is the layer dependent Chern number, [Formula: see text]. Previous reports in MnBi2Te4 thin films have shown higher [Formula: see text] states either by increasing the film thickness or controlling the chemical potential. A clear picture of the higher Chern states is still lacking as data interpretation is further complicated by the emergence of surface-band Landau levels under magnetic fields. Here, we report a tunable layer-dependent [Formula: see text] = 1 state with Sb substitution by performing a detailed analysis of the quantization states in Mn(Bi1-xSbx)2Te4 dual-gated devices-consistent with calculations of the bulk Weyl point separation in the doped thin films. The observed Hall quantization plateaus for our thicker Mn(Bi1-xSbx)2Te4 films under strong magnetic fields can be interpreted by a theory of surface and bulk spin-polarised Landau level spectra in thin film magnetic topological insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kong Chong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Chao Lei
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Seng Huat Lee
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jan Jaroszynski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Mao
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Allan H MacDonald
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kang L Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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43
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Lu PY, Dangovski R, Soljačić M. Discovering conservation laws using optimal transport and manifold learning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4744. [PMID: 37550312 PMCID: PMC10406953 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Conservation laws are key theoretical and practical tools for understanding, characterizing, and modeling nonlinear dynamical systems. However, for many complex systems, the corresponding conserved quantities are difficult to identify, making it hard to analyze their dynamics and build stable predictive models. Current approaches for discovering conservation laws often depend on detailed dynamical information or rely on black box parametric deep learning methods. We instead reformulate this task as a manifold learning problem and propose a non-parametric approach for discovering conserved quantities. We test this new approach on a variety of physical systems and demonstrate that our method is able to both identify the number of conserved quantities and extract their values. Using tools from optimal transport theory and manifold learning, our proposed method provides a direct geometric approach to identifying conservation laws that is both robust and interpretable without requiring an explicit model of the system nor accurate time information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Y Lu
- Data Science Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Rumen Dangovski
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marin Soljačić
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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44
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Ko K, Yuk A, Engelke R, Carr S, Kim J, Park D, Heo H, Kim HM, Kim SG, Kim H, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Park H, Kaxiras E, Yang SM, Kim P, Yoo H. Operando electron microscopy investigation of polar domain dynamics in twisted van der Waals homobilayers. Nat Mater 2023; 22:992-998. [PMID: 37365226 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Conventional antiferroelectric materials with atomic-scale anti-aligned dipoles undergo a transition to a ferroelectric (FE) phase under strong electric fields. The moiré superlattice formed in the twisted stacks of van der Waals crystals exhibits polar domains alternating in moiré length with anti-aligned dipoles. In this moiré domain antiferroelectic (MDAF) arrangement, the distribution of electric dipoles is distinguished from that of two-dimensional FEs, suggesting dissimilar domain dynamics. Here we performed an operando transmission electron microscopy investigation on twisted bilayer WSe2 to observe the polar domain dynamics in real time. We find that the topological protection, provided by the domain wall network, prevents the MDAF-to-FE transition. As one decreases the twist angle, however, this transition occurs as the domain wall network disappears. Exploiting stroboscopic operando transmission electron microscopy on the FE phase, we measure a maximum domain wall velocity of 300 μm s-1. Domain wall pinnings by various disorders limit the domain wall velocity and cause Barkhausen noises in the polarization hysteresis loop. Atomic-scale analysis of the pinning disorders provides structural insight on how to improve the switching speed of van der Waals FEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahyun Ko
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Yuk
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rebecca Engelke
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Carr
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Junhyung Kim
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesung Park
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoseok Heo
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Korea Electronics Technolgy Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Kim
- Korea Electronics Technolgy Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongkeun Kim
- Korea Electronics Technolgy Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Efthimios Kaxiras
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sang Mo Yang
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Philip Kim
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Hyobin Yoo
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Emergent Materials, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Sahasrabudhe A, Rupprecht LE, Orguc S, Khudiyev T, Tanaka T, Sands J, Zhu W, Tabet A, Manthey M, Allen H, Loke G, Antonini MJ, Rosenfeld D, Park J, Garwood IC, Yan W, Niroui F, Fink Y, Chandrakasan A, Bohórquez DV, Anikeeva P. Multifunctional microelectronic fibers enable wireless modulation of gut and brain neural circuits. Nat Biotechnol 2023:10.1038/s41587-023-01833-5. [PMID: 37349522 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Progress in understanding brain-viscera interoceptive signaling is hindered by a dearth of implantable devices suitable for probing both brain and peripheral organ neurophysiology during behavior. Here we describe multifunctional neural interfaces that combine the scalability and mechanical versatility of thermally drawn polymer-based fibers with the sophistication of microelectronic chips for organs as diverse as the brain and the gut. Our approach uses meters-long continuous fibers that can integrate light sources, electrodes, thermal sensors and microfluidic channels in a miniature footprint. Paired with custom-fabricated control modules, the fibers wirelessly deliver light for optogenetics and transfer data for physiological recording. We validate this technology by modulating the mesolimbic reward pathway in the mouse brain. We then apply the fibers in the anatomically challenging intestinal lumen and demonstrate wireless control of sensory epithelial cells that guide feeding behaviors. Finally, we show that optogenetic stimulation of vagal afferents from the intestinal lumen is sufficient to evoke a reward phenotype in untethered mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atharva Sahasrabudhe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sirma Orguc
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tural Khudiyev
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tomo Tanaka
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Secure System Platform Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Joanna Sands
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weikun Zhu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Tabet
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marie Manthey
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Harrison Allen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Loke
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marc-Joseph Antonini
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard/MIT Health Sciences and Technology Graduate Program, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dekel Rosenfeld
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jimin Park
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Indie C Garwood
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard/MIT Health Sciences and Technology Graduate Program, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Farnaz Niroui
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yoel Fink
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anantha Chandrakasan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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46
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Stark JC, Jaroentomeechai T, Warfel KF, Hershewe JM, DeLisa MP, Jewett MC. Rapid biosynthesis of glycoprotein therapeutics and vaccines from freeze-dried bacterial cell lysates. Nat Protoc 2023:10.1038/s41596-022-00799-z. [PMID: 37328605 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The advent of distributed biomanufacturing platforms promises to increase agility in biologic production and expand access by reducing reliance on refrigerated supply chains. However, such platforms are not capable of robustly producing glycoproteins, which represent the majority of biologics approved or in development. To address this limitation, we developed cell-free technologies that enable rapid, modular production of glycoprotein therapeutics and vaccines from freeze-dried Escherichia coli cell lysates. Here, we describe a protocol for generation of cell-free lysates and freeze-dried reactions for on-demand synthesis of desired glycoproteins. The protocol includes construction and culture of the bacterial chassis strain, cell-free lysate production, assembly of freeze-dried reactions, cell-free glycoprotein synthesis, and glycoprotein characterization, all of which can be completed in one week or less. We anticipate that cell-free technologies, along with this comprehensive user manual, will help accelerate development and distribution of glycoprotein therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Stark
- Department of Chemistry & Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Thapakorn Jaroentomeechai
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katherine F Warfel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jasmine M Hershewe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Simpson-Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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47
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Yu Q, Bowman JM. Manipulating hydrogen bond dissociation rates and mechanisms in water dimer through vibrational strong coupling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3527. [PMID: 37316497 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The vibrational strong coupling (VSC) between molecular vibrations and cavity photon modes has recently emerged as a promising tool for influencing chemical reactivities. Despite numerous experimental and theoretical efforts, the underlying mechanism of VSC effects remains elusive. In this study, we combine state-of-art quantum cavity vibrational self-consistent field/configuration interaction theory (cav-VSCF/VCI), quasi-classical trajectory method, along with the quantum-chemical CCSD(T)-level machine learning potential, to simulate the hydrogen bond dissociation dynamics of water dimer under VSC. We observe that manipulating the light-matter coupling strength and cavity frequencies can either inhibit or accelerate the dissociation rate. Furthermore, we discover that the cavity surprisingly modifies the vibrational dissociation channels, with a pathway involving both water fragments in their ground vibrational states becoming the major channel, which is a minor one when the water dimer is outside the cavity. We elucidate the mechanisms behind these effects by investigating the critical role of the optical cavity in modifying the intramolecular and intermolecular coupling patterns. While our work focuses on single water dimer system, it provides direct and statistically significant evidence of VSC effects on molecular reaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Joel M Bowman
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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48
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Korpanty J, Wang C, Gianneschi NC. Upper critical solution temperature polymer assemblies via variable temperature liquid phase transmission electron microscopy and liquid resonant soft X-ray scattering. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3441. [PMID: 37301949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we study the upper critical solution temperature triggered phase transition of thermally responsive poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) phenyl ether acrylate-block-polystyrene nanoassemblies in isopropanol. To gain mechanistic insight into the organic solution-phase dynamics of the upper critical solution temperature polymer, we leverage variable temperature liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy correlated with variable temperature liquid resonant soft X-ray scattering. Heating above the upper critical solution temperature triggers a reduction in particle size and a morphological transition from a spherical core shell particle with a complex, multiphase core to a micelle with a uniform core and Gaussian polymer chains attached to the surface. These correlated solution phase methods, coupled with mass spectral validation and modeling, provide unique insight into these thermoresponsive materials. Moreover, we detail a generalizable workflow for studying complex, solution-phase nanomaterials via correlative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Korpanty
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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49
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Schwartz DA, Shoemaker WR, Măgălie A, Weitz JS, Lennon JT. Bacteria-phage coevolution with a seed bank. ISME J 2023:10.1038/s41396-023-01449-2. [PMID: 37286738 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dormancy is an adaptation to living in fluctuating environments. It allows individuals to enter a reversible state of reduced metabolic activity when challenged by unfavorable conditions. Dormancy can also influence species interactions by providing organisms with a refuge from predators and parasites. Here we test the hypothesis that, by generating a seed bank of protected individuals, dormancy can modify the patterns and processes of antagonistic coevolution. We conducted a factorially designed experiment where we passaged a bacterial host (Bacillus subtilis) and its phage (SPO1) in the presence versus absence of a seed bank consisting of dormant endospores. Owing in part to the inability of phages to attach to spores, seed banks stabilized population dynamics and resulted in minimum host densities that were 30-fold higher compared to bacteria that were unable to engage in dormancy. By supplying a refuge to phage-sensitive strains, we show that seed banks retained phenotypic diversity that was otherwise lost to selection. Dormancy also stored genetic diversity. After characterizing allelic variation with pooled population sequencing, we found that seed banks retained twice as many host genes with mutations, whether phages were present or not. Based on mutational trajectories over the course of the experiment, we demonstrate that seed banks can dampen bacteria-phage coevolution. Not only does dormancy create structure and memory that buffers populations against environmental fluctuations, it also modifies species interactions in ways that can feed back onto the eco-evolutionary dynamics of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, IN, USA
| | - William R Shoemaker
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy
| | - Andreea Măgălie
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua S Weitz
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Institut de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Jay T Lennon
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, IN, USA.
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50
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Dai C, Popple D, Su C, Park JH, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kong J, Zettl A. Evolution of nanopores in hexagonal boron nitride. Commun Chem 2023; 6:108. [PMID: 37277463 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The engineering of atomically-precise nanopores in two-dimensional materials presents exciting opportunities for both fundamental science studies as well as applications in energy, DNA sequencing, and quantum information technologies. The exceptional chemical and thermal stability of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) suggest that exposed h-BN nanopores will retain their atomic structure even when subjected to extended periods of time in gas or liquid environments. Here we employ transmission electron microscopy to examine the time evolution of h-BN nanopores in vacuum and in air and find, even at room temperature, dramatic geometry changes due to atom motion and edge contamination adsorption, for timescales ranging from one hour to one week. The discovery of nanopore evolution contrasts with general expectations and has profound implications for nanopore applications of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Dai
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Derek Popple
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cong Su
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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