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1
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Huang X, Chen X, Li Y, Mangeri J, Zhang H, Ramesh M, Taghinejad H, Meisenheimer P, Caretta L, Susarla S, Jain R, Klewe C, Wang T, Chen R, Hsu CH, Harris I, Husain S, Pan H, Yin J, Shafer P, Qiu Z, Rodrigues DR, Heinonen O, Vasudevan D, Íñiguez J, Schlom DG, Salahuddin S, Martin LW, Analytis JG, Ralph DC, Cheng R, Yao Z, Ramesh R. Manipulating chiral spin transport with ferroelectric polarization. Nat Mater 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01854-8. [PMID: 38622325 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
A magnon is a collective excitation of the spin structure in a magnetic insulator and can transmit spin angular momentum with negligible dissipation. This quantum of a spin wave has always been manipulated through magnetic dipoles (that is, by breaking time-reversal symmetry). Here we report the experimental observation of chiral spin transport in multiferroic BiFeO3 and its control by reversing the ferroelectric polarization (that is, by breaking spatial inversion symmetry). The ferroelectrically controlled magnons show up to 18% modulation at room temperature. The spin torque that the magnons in BiFeO3 carry can be used to efficiently switch the magnetization of adjacent magnets, with a spin-torque efficiency comparable to the spin Hall effect in heavy metals. Utilizing such controllable magnon generation and transmission in BiFeO3, an all-oxide, energy-scalable logic is demonstrated composed of spin-orbit injection, detection and magnetoelectric control. Our observations open a new chapter of multiferroic magnons and pave another path towards low-dissipation nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xianzhe Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Yuhang Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - John Mangeri
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maya Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Caretta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sandhya Susarla
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rakshit Jain
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Christoph Klewe
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tianye Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Hsu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Isaac Harris
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sajid Husain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jia Yin
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ziqiang Qiu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Davi R Rodrigues
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Olle Heinonen
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Dilip Vasudevan
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Íñiguez
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Darrell G Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sayeef Salahuddin
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James G Analytis
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- CIFAR Quantum Materials, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel C Ralph
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Zhi Yao
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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2
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Meisenheimer P, Moore G, Zhou S, Zhang H, Huang X, Husain S, Chen X, Martin LW, Persson KA, Griffin S, Caretta L, Stevenson P, Ramesh R. Switching the spin cycloid in BiFeO 3 with an electric field. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2903. [PMID: 38575570 PMCID: PMC10995181 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) is a multiferroic material that exhibits both ferroelectricity and canted antiferromagnetism at room temperature, making it a unique candidate in the development of electric-field controllable magnetic devices. The magnetic moments in BiFeO3 are arranged into a spin cycloid, resulting in unique magnetic properties which are tied to the ferroelectric order. Previous understanding of this coupling has relied on average, mesoscale measurements. Using nitrogen vacancy-based diamond magnetometry, we observe the magnetic spin cycloid structure of BiFeO3 in real space. This structure is magnetoelectrically coupled through symmetry to the ferroelectric polarization and this relationship is maintained through electric field switching. Through a combination of in-plane and out-of-plane electrical switching, coupled with ab initio studies, we have discovered that the epitaxy from the substrate imposes a magnetoelastic anisotropy on the spin cycloid, which establishes preferred cycloid propagation directions. The energy landscape of the cycloid is shaped by both the ferroelectric degree of freedom and strain-induced anisotropy, restricting the spin spiral propagation vector to changes to specific switching events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Guy Moore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shiyu Zhou
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sajid Husain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xianzhe Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sinéad Griffin
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Caretta
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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3
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Meisenheimer P, Ghosal A, Hoglund E, Wang Z, Behera P, Gómez-Ortiz F, Kavle P, Karapetrova E, García-Fernández P, Martin LW, Raja A, Chen LQ, Hopkins PE, Junquera J, Ramesh R. Interlayer Coupling Controlled Ordering and Phases in Polar Vortex Superlattices. Nano Lett 2024; 24:2972-2979. [PMID: 38416567 PMCID: PMC10941248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The recent discovery of polar topological structures has opened the door for exciting physics and emergent properties. There is, however, little methodology to engineer stability and ordering in these systems, properties of interest for engineering emergent functionalities. Notably, when the surface area is extended to arbitrary thicknesses, the topological polar texture becomes unstable. Here we show that this instability of the phase is due to electrical coupling between successive layers. We demonstrate that this electrical coupling is indicative of an effective screening length in the dielectric, similar to the conductor-ferroelectric interface. Controlling the electrostatics of the superlattice interfaces, the system can be tuned between a pure topological vortex state and a mixed classical-topological phase. This coupling also enables engineering coherency among the vortices, not only tuning the bulk phase diagram but also enabling the emergence of a 3D lattice of polar textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meisenheimer
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Arundhati Ghosal
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric Hoglund
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Zhiyang Wang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn
State University, State
College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Piush Behera
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Fernando Gómez-Ortiz
- Departamento
de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Pravin Kavle
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Evguenia Karapetrova
- Advanced
Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Departamento
de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Lane W. Martin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Archana Raja
- Molecular
Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn
State University, State
College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Patrick E. Hopkins
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Javier Junquera
- Departamento
de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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4
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Zhang H, Chen X, Wang T, Huang X, Chen X, Shao YT, Meng F, Meisenheimer P, N'Diaye A, Klewe C, Shafer P, Pan H, Jia Y, Crommie MF, Martin LW, Yao J, Qiu Z, Muller DA, Birgeneau RJ, Ramesh R. Room-Temperature, Current-Induced Magnetization Self-Switching in A Van Der Waals Ferromagnet. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2308555. [PMID: 38016700 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
2D layered materials with broken inversion symmetry are being extensively pursued as spin source layers to realize high-efficiency magnetic switching. Such low-symmetry layered systems are, however, scarce. In addition, most layered magnets with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy show a low Curie temperature. Here, the experimental observation of spin-orbit torque magnetization self-switching at room temperature in a layered polar ferromagnetic metal, Fe2.5 Co2.5 GeTe2 is reported. The spin-orbit torque is generated from the broken inversion symmetry along the c-axis of the crystal. These results provide a direct pathway toward applicable 2D spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tianye Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xianzhe Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yu-Tsun Shao
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Fanhao Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alpha N'Diaye
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christoph Klewe
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yanli Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Departments of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Chemistry, and Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ziqiang Qiu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert J Birgeneau
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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5
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Husain S, Harris I, Gao G, Li X, Meisenheimer P, Shi C, Kavle P, Choi CH, Kim TY, Kang D, Behera P, Perrodin D, Guo H, M Tour J, Han Y, Martin LW, Yao Z, Ramesh R. Low-temperature grapho-epitaxial La-substituted BiFeO 3 on metallic perovskite. Nat Commun 2024; 15:479. [PMID: 38212317 PMCID: PMC10784590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bismuth ferrite has garnered considerable attention as a promising candidate for magnetoelectric spin-orbit coupled logic-in-memory. As model systems, epitaxial BiFeO3 thin films have typically been deposited at relatively high temperatures (650-800 °C), higher than allowed for direct integration with silicon-CMOS platforms. Here, we circumvent this problem by growing lanthanum-substituted BiFeO3 at 450 °C (which is reasonably compatible with silicon-CMOS integration) on epitaxial BaPb0.75Bi0.25O3 electrodes. Notwithstanding the large lattice mismatch between the La-BiFeO3, BaPb0.75Bi0.25O3, and SrTiO3 (001) substrates, all the layers in the heterostructures are well ordered with a [001] texture. Polarization mapping using atomic resolution STEM imaging and vector mapping established the short-range polarization ordering in the low temperature grown La-BiFeO3. Current-voltage, pulsed-switching, fatigue, and retention measurements follow the characteristic behavior of high-temperature grown La-BiFeO3, where SrRuO3 typically serves as the metallic electrode. These results provide a possible route for realizing epitaxial multiferroics on complex-oxide buffer layers at low temperatures and opens the door for potential silicon-CMOS integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Husain
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Isaac Harris
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Guanhui Gao
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chuqiao Shi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Pravin Kavle
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chi Hun Choi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Tae Yeon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Deokyoung Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Piush Behera
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Didier Perrodin
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yimo Han
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Zhi Yao
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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6
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Yalisove R, Meisenheimer P, Zhang H, Chen R, Chen X, Birgeneau RJ, Yao J, Ramesh R, Scott MC. Characterizing Magnetic Skyrmion Ordering and Dis-Ordering in the Presence of Crystalline Dislocations using Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1648-1649. [PMID: 37613948 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reed Yalisove
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, National Center for Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Peter Meisenheimer
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Materials Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Xiang Chen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Materials Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
- University of California, Department of Physics, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Robert J Birgeneau
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Materials Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
- University of California, Department of Physics, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jie Yao
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Materials Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mary C Scott
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, National Center for Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA, United States
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7
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Meisenheimer P, Zhang H, Raftrey D, Chen X, Shao YT, Chan YT, Yalisove R, Chen R, Yao J, Scott MC, Wu W, Muller DA, Fischer P, Birgeneau RJ, Ramesh R. Ordering of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions in a polar van der Waals magnet. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3744. [PMID: 37353526 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Control and understanding of ensembles of skyrmions is important for realization of future technologies. In particular, the order-disorder transition associated with the 2D lattice of magnetic skyrmions can have significant implications for transport and other dynamic functionalities. To date, skyrmion ensembles have been primarily studied in bulk crystals, or as isolated skyrmions in thin film devices. Here, we investigate the condensation of the skyrmion phase at room temperature and zero field in a polar, van der Waals magnet. We demonstrate that we can engineer an ordered skyrmion crystal through structural confinement on the μm scale, showing control over this order-disorder transition on scales relevant for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - David Raftrey
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Tsun Shao
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ying-Ting Chan
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Reed Yalisove
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary C Scott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Weida Wu
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Peter Fischer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Birgeneau
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Behera P, Parsonnet E, Gómez-Ortiz F, Srikrishna V, Meisenheimer P, Susarla S, Kavle P, Caretta L, Wu Y, Tian Z, Fernandez A, Martin LW, Das S, Junquera J, Hong Z, Ramesh R. Emergent Ferroelectric Switching Behavior from Polar Vortex Lattice. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2208367. [PMID: 36930962 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Topologically protected polar textures have provided a rich playground for the exploration of novel, emergent phenomena. Recent discoveries indicate that ferroelectric vortices and skyrmions not only host properties markedly different from traditional ferroelectrics, but also that these properties can be harnessed for unique memory devices. Using a combination of capacitor-based capacitance measurements and computational models, it is demonstrated that polar vortices in dielectric-ferroelectric-dielectric trilayers exhibit classical ferroelectric bi-stability together with the existence of low-field metastable polarization states. This behavior is directly tied to the in-plane vortex ordering, and it is shown that it can be used as a new method of non-destructive readout-out of the poled state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piush Behera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eric Parsonnet
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fernando Gómez-Ortiz
- Department of Earth Sciences and Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Vishantak Srikrishna
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sandhya Susarla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Pravin Kavle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lucas Caretta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yongjun Wu
- Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zishen Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Abel Fernandez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sujit Das
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Javier Junquera
- Department of Earth Sciences and Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Zijian Hong
- Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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9
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Abstract
AbstractFor next-generation technology, magnetic systems are of interest due to the natural ability to store information and, through spin transport, propagate this information for logic functions. Controlling the magnetization state through currents has proven energy inefficient. Multiferroic thin-film heterostructures, combining ferroelectric and ferromagnetic orders, hold promise for energy efficient electronics. The electric field control of magnetic order is expected to reduce energy dissipation by 2–3 orders of magnitude relative to the current state-of-the-art. The coupling between electrical and magnetic orders in multiferroic and magnetoelectric thin-film heterostructures relies on interfacial coupling though magnetic exchange or mechanical strain and the correlation between domains in adjacent functional ferroic layers. We review the recent developments in electrical control of magnetism through artificial magnetoelectric heterostructures, domain imprint, emergent physics and device paradigms for magnetoelectric logic, neuromorphic devices, and hybrid magnetoelectric/spin-current-based applications. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of experiments that probe the crucial dynamics of the magnetoelectric switching and optical tuning of ferroelectric states towards all-optical control of magnetoelectric switching events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Gradauskaite
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , Zurich , 8093 Switzerland
| | - Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 USA
| | - Marvin Müller
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , Zurich , 8093 Switzerland
| | - John Heron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 USA
| | - Morgan Trassin
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , Zurich , 8093 Switzerland
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