1
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Huang X, Chen X, Li Y, Mangeri J, Zhang H, Ramesh M, Taghinejad H, Meisenheimer P, Caretta L, Susarla S, Jain R, Klewe C, Wang T, Chen R, Hsu CH, Harris I, Husain S, Pan H, Yin J, Shafer P, Qiu Z, Rodrigues DR, Heinonen O, Vasudevan D, Íñiguez J, Schlom DG, Salahuddin S, Martin LW, Analytis JG, Ralph DC, Cheng R, Yao Z, Ramesh R. Manipulating chiral spin transport with ferroelectric polarization. Nat Mater 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01854-8. [PMID: 38622325 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
A magnon is a collective excitation of the spin structure in a magnetic insulator and can transmit spin angular momentum with negligible dissipation. This quantum of a spin wave has always been manipulated through magnetic dipoles (that is, by breaking time-reversal symmetry). Here we report the experimental observation of chiral spin transport in multiferroic BiFeO3 and its control by reversing the ferroelectric polarization (that is, by breaking spatial inversion symmetry). The ferroelectrically controlled magnons show up to 18% modulation at room temperature. The spin torque that the magnons in BiFeO3 carry can be used to efficiently switch the magnetization of adjacent magnets, with a spin-torque efficiency comparable to the spin Hall effect in heavy metals. Utilizing such controllable magnon generation and transmission in BiFeO3, an all-oxide, energy-scalable logic is demonstrated composed of spin-orbit injection, detection and magnetoelectric control. Our observations open a new chapter of multiferroic magnons and pave another path towards low-dissipation nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xianzhe Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Yuhang Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - John Mangeri
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maya Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Caretta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sandhya Susarla
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rakshit Jain
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Christoph Klewe
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tianye Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Hsu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Isaac Harris
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sajid Husain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jia Yin
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ziqiang Qiu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Davi R Rodrigues
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Olle Heinonen
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Dilip Vasudevan
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Íñiguez
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Darrell G Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sayeef Salahuddin
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James G Analytis
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- CIFAR Quantum Materials, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel C Ralph
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Zhi Yao
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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2
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Callahan TJ, Tripodi IJ, Stefanski AL, Cappelletti L, Taneja SB, Wyrwa JM, Casiraghi E, Matentzoglu NA, Reese J, Silverstein JC, Hoyt CT, Boyce RD, Malec SA, Unni DR, Joachimiak MP, Robinson PN, Mungall CJ, Cavalleri E, Fontana T, Valentini G, Mesiti M, Gillenwater LA, Santangelo B, Vasilevsky NA, Hoehndorf R, Bennett TD, Ryan PB, Hripcsak G, Kahn MG, Bada M, Baumgartner WA, Hunter LE. An open source knowledge graph ecosystem for the life sciences. Sci Data 2024; 11:363. [PMID: 38605048 PMCID: PMC11009265 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Translational research requires data at multiple scales of biological organization. Advancements in sequencing and multi-omics technologies have increased the availability of these data, but researchers face significant integration challenges. Knowledge graphs (KGs) are used to model complex phenomena, and methods exist to construct them automatically. However, tackling complex biomedical integration problems requires flexibility in the way knowledge is modeled. Moreover, existing KG construction methods provide robust tooling at the cost of fixed or limited choices among knowledge representation models. PheKnowLator (Phenotype Knowledge Translator) is a semantic ecosystem for automating the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) construction of ontologically grounded KGs with fully customizable knowledge representation. The ecosystem includes KG construction resources (e.g., data preparation APIs), analysis tools (e.g., SPARQL endpoint resources and abstraction algorithms), and benchmarks (e.g., prebuilt KGs). We evaluated the ecosystem by systematically comparing it to existing open-source KG construction methods and by analyzing its computational performance when used to construct 12 different large-scale KGs. With flexible knowledge representation, PheKnowLator enables fully customizable KGs without compromising performance or usability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Callahan
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Ignacio J Tripodi
- Computer Science Department, Interdisciplinary Quantitative Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Adrianne L Stefanski
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Luca Cappelletti
- AnacletoLab, Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit`a degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 18, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sanya B Taneja
- Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Jordan M Wyrwa
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Elena Casiraghi
- AnacletoLab, Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit`a degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 18, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Justin Reese
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan C Silverstein
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15206, USA
| | - Charles Tapley Hoyt
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard D Boyce
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15206, USA
| | - Scott A Malec
- Division of Translational Informatics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Deepak R Unni
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcin P Joachimiak
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter N Robinson
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitatsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher J Mungall
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Emanuele Cavalleri
- AnacletoLab, Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit`a degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 18, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fontana
- AnacletoLab, Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit`a degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 18, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valentini
- AnacletoLab, Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit`a degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 18, 20133, Milan, Italy
- ELLIS, European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems, Milan Unit, Italy
| | - Marco Mesiti
- AnacletoLab, Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit`a degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 18, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucas A Gillenwater
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brook Santangelo
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nicole A Vasilevsky
- Data Collaboration Center, Critical Path Institute, 1840 E River Rd. Suite 100, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA
| | - Robert Hoehndorf
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tellen D Bennett
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Patrick B Ryan
- Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ, 08869, USA
| | - George Hripcsak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Michael G Kahn
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Michael Bada
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - William A Baumgartner
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Hunter
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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3
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Shi J, Shen Y, Pan F, Sun W, Mangu A, Shi C, McKeown-Green A, Moradifar P, Bawendi MG, Moerner WE, Dionne JA, Liu F, Lindenberg AM. Solution-phase sample-averaged single-particle spectroscopy of quantum emitters with femtosecond resolution. Nat Mater 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01855-7. [PMID: 38589542 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of many quantum optical technologies depends on the availability of single quantum emitters with near-perfect coherence. Systematic improvement is limited by a lack of understanding of the microscopic energy flow at the single-emitter level and ultrafast timescales. Here we utilize a combination of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and ultrafast spectroscopy to capture the sample-averaged dynamics of defects with single-particle sensitivity. We employ this approach to study heterogeneous emitters in two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride. From milliseconds to nanoseconds, the translational, shelving, rotational and antibunching features are disentangled in time, which quantifies the normalized two-photon emission quantum yield. Leveraging the femtosecond resolution of this technique, we visualize electron-phonon coupling and discover the acceleration of polaronic formation on multi-electron excitation. Corroborated with theory, this translates to the photon fidelity characterization of cascaded emission efficiency and decoherence time. Our work provides a framework for ultrafast spectroscopy in heterogeneous emitters, opening new avenues of extreme-scale characterization for quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Yuejun Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anudeep Mangu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W E Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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4
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Goteti US, Cybart SA, Dynes RC. Collective neural network behavior in a dynamically driven disordered system of superconducting loops. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314995121. [PMID: 38470918 PMCID: PMC10962991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314995121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Collective properties of complex systems composed of many interacting components such as neurons in our brain can be modeled by artificial networks based on disordered systems. We show that a disordered neural network of superconducting loops with Josephson junctions can exhibit computational properties like categorization and associative memory in the time evolution of its state in response to information from external excitations. Superconducting loops can trap multiples of fluxons in many discrete memory configurations defined by the local free energy minima in the configuration space of all possible states. A memory state can be updated by exciting the Josephson junctions to fire or allow the movement of fluxons through the network as the current through them surpasses their critical current thresholds. Simulations performed with a lumped element circuit model of a 4-loop network show that information written through excitations is translated into stable states of trapped flux and their time evolution. Experimental implementation on a high-Tc superconductor YBCO-based 4-loop network shows dynamically stable flux flow in each pathway characterized by the correlations between junction firing statistics. Neural network behavior is observed as energy barriers separating state categories in simulations in response to multiple excitations, and experimentally as junction responses characterizing different flux flow patterns in the network. The state categories that produce these patterns have different temporal stabilities relative to each other and the excitations. This provides strong evidence for time-dependent (short-to-long-term) memories, that are dependent on the geometrical and junction parameters of the loops, as described with a network model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday S. Goteti
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA92093
| | - Shane A. Cybart
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Robert C. Dynes
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA92093
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5
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Thaenert A, Sevostyanova A, Chung CZ, Vargas-Rodriguez O, Melnikov SV, Söll D. Engineered mRNA-ribosome fusions for facile biosynthesis of selenoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321700121. [PMID: 38442159 PMCID: PMC10945757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321700121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes are often used in synthetic biology as a tool to produce desired proteins with enhanced properties or entirely new functions. However, repurposing ribosomes for producing designer proteins is challenging due to the limited number of engineering solutions available to alter the natural activity of these enzymes. In this study, we advance ribosome engineering by describing a novel strategy based on functional fusions of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) with messenger RNA (mRNA). Specifically, we create an mRNA-ribosome fusion called RiboU, where the 16S rRNA is covalently attached to selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS), a regulatory RNA element found in mRNAs encoding selenoproteins. When SECIS sequences are present in natural mRNAs, they instruct ribosomes to decode UGA codons as selenocysteine (Sec, U) codons instead of interpreting them as stop codons. This enables ribosomes to insert Sec into the growing polypeptide chain at the appropriate site. Our work demonstrates that the SECIS sequence maintains its functionality even when inserted into the ribosome structure. As a result, the engineered ribosomes RiboU interpret UAG codons as Sec codons, allowing easy and site-specific insertion of Sec in a protein of interest with no further modification to the natural machinery of protein synthesis. To validate this approach, we use RiboU ribosomes to produce three functional target selenoproteins in Escherichia coli by site-specifically inserting Sec into the proteins' active sites. Overall, our work demonstrates the feasibility of creating functional mRNA-rRNA fusions as a strategy for ribosome engineering, providing a novel tool for producing Sec-containing proteins in live bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Thaenert
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | | | - Christina Z. Chung
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | | | - Sergey V. Melnikov
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon TyneNE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon TyneNE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Söll
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
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6
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Wu Y, Yuan Y, Sorbelli D, Cheng C, Michalek L, Cheng HW, Jindal V, Zhang S, LeCroy G, Gomez ED, Milner ST, Salleo A, Galli G, Asbury JB, Toney MF, Bao Z. Tuning polymer-backbone coplanarity and conformational order to achieve high-performance printed all-polymer solar cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2170. [PMID: 38461153 PMCID: PMC10924936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) offer improved morphological and mechanical stability compared with those containing small-molecule-acceptors (SMAs). They can be processed with a broader range of conditions, making them desirable for printing techniques. In this study, we report a high-performance polymer acceptor design based on bithiazole linker (PY-BTz) that are on par with SMAs. We demonstrate that bithiazole induces a more coplanar and ordered conformation compared to bithiophene due to the synergistic effect of non-covalent backbone planarization and reduced steric encumbrances. As a result, PY-BTz shows a significantly higher efficiency of 16.4% in comparison to the polymer acceptors based on commonly used thiophene-based linkers (i.e., PY-2T, 9.8%). Detailed analyses reveal that this improvement is associated with enhanced conjugation along the backbone and closer interchain π-stacking, resulting in higher charge mobilities, suppressed charge recombination, and reduced energetic disorder. Remarkably, an efficiency of 14.7% is realized for all-PSCs that are solution-sheared in ambient conditions, which is among the highest for devices prepared under conditions relevant to scalable printing techniques. This work uncovers a strategy for promoting backbone conjugation and planarization in emerging polymer acceptors that can lead to superior all-PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4125, USA
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Diego Sorbelli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Christina Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lukas Michalek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4125, USA
| | - Hao-Wen Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4125, USA
| | - Vishal Jindal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4125, USA
| | - Garrett LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Scott T Milner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - John B Asbury
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Materials Science Program, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4125, USA.
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7
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Casert C, Tamblyn I, Whitelam S. Learning stochastic dynamics and predicting emergent behavior using transformers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1875. [PMID: 38424071 PMCID: PMC10904374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45629-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We show that a neural network originally designed for language processing can learn the dynamical rules of a stochastic system by observation of a single dynamical trajectory of the system, and can accurately predict its emergent behavior under conditions not observed during training. We consider a lattice model of active matter undergoing continuous-time Monte Carlo dynamics, simulated at a density at which its steady state comprises small, dispersed clusters. We train a neural network called a transformer on a single trajectory of the model. The transformer, which we show has the capacity to represent dynamical rules that are numerous and nonlocal, learns that the dynamics of this model consists of a small number of processes. Forward-propagated trajectories of the trained transformer, at densities not encountered during training, exhibit motility-induced phase separation and so predict the existence of a nonequilibrium phase transition. Transformers have the flexibility to learn dynamical rules from observation without explicit enumeration of rates or coarse-graining of configuration space, and so the procedure used here can be applied to a wide range of physical systems, including those with large and complex dynamical generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneel Casert
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Isaac Tamblyn
- Cash App, Block, Toronto, ON, M5A 1J7, Canada.
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Stephen Whitelam
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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8
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Dai B, Seljak U. Multiscale Flow for robust and optimal cosmological analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309624121. [PMID: 38381782 PMCID: PMC10907280 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309624121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We propose Multiscale Flow, a generative Normalizing Flow that creates samples and models the field-level likelihood of two-dimensional cosmological data such as weak lensing. Multiscale Flow uses hierarchical decomposition of cosmological fields via a wavelet basis and then models different wavelet components separately as Normalizing Flows. The log-likelihood of the original cosmological field can be recovered by summing over the log-likelihood of each wavelet term. This decomposition allows us to separate the information from different scales and identify distribution shifts in the data such as unknown scale-dependent systematics. The resulting likelihood analysis can not only identify these types of systematics, but can also be made optimal, in the sense that the Multiscale Flow can learn the full likelihood at the field without any dimensionality reduction. We apply Multiscale Flow to weak lensing mock datasets for cosmological inference and show that it significantly outperforms traditional summary statistics such as power spectrum and peak counts, as well as machine learning-based summary statistics such as scattering transform and convolutional neural networks. We further show that Multiscale Flow is able to identify distribution shifts not in the training data such as baryonic effects. Finally, we demonstrate that Multiscale Flow can be used to generate realistic samples of weak lensing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwei Dai
- Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Uroš Seljak
- Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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9
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Wu G, Guan K, Kimm H, Miao G, Yang X, Jiang C. Ground far-red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and vegetation indices in the US Midwestern agroecosystems. Sci Data 2024; 11:228. [PMID: 38388559 PMCID: PMC10883924 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03004-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provides an opportunity to study terrestrial ecosystem photosynthesis dynamics. However, the current coarse spatiotemporal satellite SIF products are challenging for mechanistic interpretations of SIF signals. Long-term ground SIF and vegetation indices (VIs) are important for satellite SIF validation and mechanistic understanding of the relationship between SIF and photosynthesis when combined with leaf- and canopy-level auxiliary measurements. In this study, we present and analyze a total of 15 site-years of ground far-red SIF (SIF at 760 nm, SIF760) and VIs datasets from soybean, corn, and miscanthus grown in the U.S. Corn Belt from 2016 to 2021. We introduce a comprehensive data processing protocol, including different retrieval methods, calibration coefficient adjustment, and nadir SIF footprint upscaling to match the eddy covariance footprint. This long-term ground far-red SIF and VIs dataset provides important and first-hand data for far-red SIF interpretation and understanding the mechanistic relationship between far-red SIF and canopy photosynthesis across various crop species and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genghong Wu
- Agroecosystem Sustainability Center, Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumers, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Agroecosystem Sustainability Center, Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumers, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- National Center of Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Hyungsuk Kimm
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumers, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Guofang Miao
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumers, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Chongya Jiang
- Agroecosystem Sustainability Center, Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumers, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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10
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Li AM, Wang Z, Pollard TP, Zhang W, Tan S, Li T, Jayawardana C, Liou SC, Rao J, Lucht BL, Hu E, Yang XQ, Borodin O, Wang C. High voltage electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries with micro-sized silicon anodes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1206. [PMID: 38332019 PMCID: PMC10853533 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Micro-sized silicon anodes can significantly increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries with low cost. However, the large silicon volume changes during cycling cause cracks for both organic-inorganic interphases and silicon particles. The liquid electrolytes further penetrate the cracked silicon particles and reform the interphases, resulting in huge electrode swelling and quick capacity decay. Here we resolve these challenges by designing a high-voltage electrolyte that forms silicon-phobic interphases with weak bonding to lithium-silicon alloys. The designed electrolyte enables micro-sized silicon anodes (5 µm, 4.1 mAh cm-2) to achieve a Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% and capacity of 2175 mAh g-1 for >250 cycles and enable 100 mAh LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 pouch full cells to deliver a high capacity of 172 mAh g-1 for 120 cycles with Coulombic efficiency of >99.9%. The high-voltage electrolytes that are capable of forming silicon-phobic interphases pave new ways for the commercialization of lithium-ion batteries using micro-sized silicon anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Min Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Zeyi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Travis P Pollard
- Battery Science Branch, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, 20783, MD, USA
| | - Weiran Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Sha Tan
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | | | - Sz-Chian Liou
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Jiancun Rao
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Brett L Lucht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Battery Science Branch, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, 20783, MD, USA.
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
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11
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Diallo MS, Shi T, Zhang Y, Peng X, Shozib I, Wang Y, Miara LJ, Scott MC, Tu QH, Ceder G. Effect of solid-electrolyte pellet density on failure of solid-state batteries. Nat Commun 2024; 15:858. [PMID: 38286996 PMCID: PMC10825224 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the potentially higher energy density and improved safety of solid-state batteries (SSBs) relative to Li-ion batteries, failure due to Li-filament penetration of the solid electrolyte and subsequent short circuit remains a critical issue. Herein, we show that Li-filament growth is suppressed in solid-electrolyte pellets with a relative density beyond ~95%. Below this threshold value, however, the battery shorts more easily as the density increases due to faster Li-filament growth within the percolating pores in the pellet. The microstructural properties (e.g., pore size, connectivity, porosity, and tortuosity) of [Formula: see text] with various relative densities are quantified using focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy tomography and permeability tests. Furthermore, modeling results provide details on the Li-filament growth inside pores ranging from 0.2 to 2 μm in size. Our findings improve the understanding of the failure modes of SSBs and provide guidelines for the design of dendrite-free SSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamad S Diallo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tan Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xinxing Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Imtiaz Shozib
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Advanced Materials Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology-America, Samsung Semiconductor Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Lincoln J Miara
- Advanced Materials Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology-America, Samsung Semiconductor Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mary C Scott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Qingsong Howard Tu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Gerbrand Ceder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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12
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Polyanskiy MN. Refractiveindex.info database of optical constants. Sci Data 2024; 11:94. [PMID: 38238330 PMCID: PMC10796781 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We introduce the refractiveindex.info database, a comprehensive open-source repository containing optical constants for a wide array of materials, and describe in detail the underlying dataset. This collection, derived from a meticulous compilation of data sourced from peer-reviewed publications, manufacturers' datasheets, and authoritative texts, aims to advance research in optics and photonics. The data is stored using a YAML-based format, ensuring integrity, consistency, and ease of access. Each record is accompanied by detailed metadata, facilitating a comprehensive understanding and efficient utilization of the data. In this descriptor, we outline the data curation protocols and the file format used for data records, and briefly demonstrate how the data can be organized in a user-friendly fashion akin to the books in a traditional library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail N Polyanskiy
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Accelerator Test Facility, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
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13
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Tang W, Bai X, Zhou Y, Sonne C, Wu M, Lam SS, Hintelmann H, Mitchell CPJ, Johs A, Gu B, Nunes L, Liu C, Feng N, Yang S, Rinklebe J, Lin Y, Chen L, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Li S, Wu Q, Ok YS, Xu D, Li H, Zhang XX, Ren H, Jiang G, Chai Z, Gao Y, Zhao J, Zhong H. A hidden demethylation pathway removes mercury from rice plants and mitigates mercury flux to food chains. Nat Food 2024; 5:72-82. [PMID: 38177223 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Dietary exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) causes irreversible damage to human cognition and is mitigated by photolysis and microbial demethylation of MeHg. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been identified as a major dietary source of MeHg. However, it remains unknown what drives the process within plants for MeHg to make its way from soils to rice and the subsequent human dietary exposure to Hg. Here we report a hidden pathway of MeHg demethylation independent of light and microorganisms in rice plants. This natural pathway is driven by reactive oxygen species generated in vivo, rapidly transforming MeHg to inorganic Hg and then eliminating Hg from plants as gaseous Hg°. MeHg concentrations in rice grains would increase by 2.4- to 4.7-fold without this pathway, which equates to intelligence quotient losses of 0.01-0.51 points per newborn in major rice-consuming countries, corresponding to annual economic losses of US$30.7-84.2 billion globally. This discovered pathway effectively removes Hg from human food webs, playing an important role in exposure mitigation and global Hg cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Tang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Bai
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, China
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.
| | - Mengjie Wu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Holger Hintelmann
- Department of Chemistry and School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl P J Mitchell
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Johs
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Baohua Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Luís Nunes
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability Center, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Cun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Naixian Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Yan Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxu Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, China
| | - Shouying Li
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingru Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Diandou Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Xiang Zhang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Gao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
| | - Jiating Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Huan Zhong
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing, China.
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14
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Mao R, Minevich B, McKeen D, Chen Q, Lu F, Gang O, Mittal J. Regulating phase behavior of nanoparticle assemblies through engineering of DNA-mediated isotropic interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302037120. [PMID: 38109548 PMCID: PMC10756293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302037120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of isotropically interacting particles into desired crystal structures could allow for creating designed functional materials via simple synthetic means. However, the ability to use isotropic particles to assemble different crystal types remains challenging, especially for generating low-coordinated crystal structures. Here, we demonstrate that isotropic pairwise interparticle interactions can be rationally tuned through the design of DNA shells in a range that allows transition from common, high-coordinated FCC-CuAu and BCC-CsCl lattices, to more exotic symmetries for spherical particles such as the SC-NaCl lattice and to low-coordinated crystal structures (i.e., cubic diamond, open honeycomb). The combination of computational and experimental approaches reveals such a design strategy using DNA-functionalized nanoparticles and successfully demonstrates the realization of BCC-CsCl, SC-NaCl, and a weakly ordered cubic diamond phase. The study reveals the phase behavior of isotropic nanoparticles for DNA-shell tunable interaction, which, due to the ease of synthesis is promising for the practical realization of non-close-packed lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfang Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Brian Minevich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Daniel McKeen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Qizan Chen
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Fang Lu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY11973
| | - Oleg Gang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY11973
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Jeetain Mittal
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
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15
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Gautam S, Baral NR, Mishra U, Scown CD. Impact of bioenergy feedstock carbon farming on sustainable aviation fuel viability in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2312667120. [PMID: 38079557 PMCID: PMC10742374 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312667120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass-derived sustainable aviation fuel holds significant potential for decarbonizing the aviation sector. Its long-term viability depends on crop choice, longevity of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, and the biomass-to-biojet fuel conversion efficiency. We explored the impact of fuel price and SOC value on viable biojet fuel production scale by integrating an agroecosystem model with a field-to-biojet fuel production process model for 1,4-dimethylcyclooctane (DMCO), a representative high-performance biojet fuel molecule, from Miscanthus, sorghum, and switchgrass. Assigning monetary value to SOC sequestration results in substantially different outcomes than an increased fuel selling price. If SOC accumulation is valued at $185/ton CO2, planting Miscanthus for conversion to DMCO would be economically cost-competitive across 66% of croplands across the continental United States (US) by 2050 if conventional jet fuel remains at $0.74/L (in 2020 US dollars). Cutting the SOC sequestration value in half reduces the viable area to 54% of cropland, and eliminating any payment for SOC shrinks the viable area to 16%. If future biojet fuel prices increase to $1.24/L-Jet A-equivalent, 48 to 58% of the total cultivated land in the United States could support a more diverse set of feedstocks including Miscanthus, sorghum, or switchgrass. Among these options, only 8-14% of the area would be suitable exclusively for Miscanthus cultivation. These findings highlight the intersection of natural solutions for carbon removal and the use of deep-rooted feedstocks for biofuels and biomanufacturing. The results underscore the need to establish clear and consistent values for SOC sequestration to enable the future bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Gautam
- Bioscience Division, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550
- Life-cycle, Economics, and Agronomy Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA94608
| | - Nawa Raj Baral
- Life-cycle, Economics, and Agronomy Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA94608
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Umakant Mishra
- Bioscience Division, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550
- Life-cycle, Economics, and Agronomy Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA94608
| | - Corinne D. Scown
- Life-cycle, Economics, and Agronomy Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA94608
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impact Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
- Energy and Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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16
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Zhou C, Wang D, Lagunas F, Atterberry B, Lei M, Hu H, Zhou Z, Filatov AS, Jiang DE, Rossini AJ, Klie RF, Talapin DV. Hybrid organic-inorganic two-dimensional metal carbide MXenes with amido- and imido-terminated surfaces. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1722-1729. [PMID: 37537297 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01288-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) combine the electronic and mechanical properties of 2D inorganic crystals with chemically modifiable surfaces, which provides an ideal platform for both fundamental and applied studies of interfaces. Good progress has been achieved in the functionalization of MXenes with small inorganic ligands, but relatively little work has been reported on the covalent bonding of various organic groups to MXene surfaces. Here we synthesize a family of hybrid MXenes (h-MXenes) that incorporate amido- and imido-bonding between organic and inorganic parts by reacting halogen-terminated MXenes with deprotonated organic amines. The resulting hybrid structures unite tailorability of organic molecules with electronic connectivity and other properties of inorganic 2D materials. Describing the structure of h-MXene necessitates the integration of concepts from coordination chemistry, self-assembled monolayers and surface science. The optical properties of h-MXenes reveal coherent coupling between the organic and inorganic constituents. h-MXenes also exhibit superior stability against hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francisco Lagunas
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin Atterberry
- US Department of Energy, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Huicheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zirui Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - De-En Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- US Department of Energy, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Robert F Klie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.
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17
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Dapolito M, Tsuneto M, Zheng W, Wehmeier L, Xu S, Chen X, Sun J, Du Z, Shao Y, Jing R, Zhang S, Bercher A, Dong Y, Halbertal D, Ravindran V, Zhou Z, Petrovic M, Gozar A, Carr GL, Li Q, Kuzmenko AB, Fogler MM, Basov DN, Du X, Liu M. Infrared nano-imaging of Dirac magnetoexcitons in graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:1409-1415. [PMID: 37605044 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fields can have profound effects on the motion of electrons in quantum materials. Two-dimensional electron systems subject to strong magnetic fields are expected to exhibit quantized Hall conductivity, chiral edge currents and distinctive collective modes referred to as magnetoplasmons and magnetoexcitons. Generating these propagating collective modes in charge-neutral samples and imaging them at their native nanometre length scales have thus far been experimentally elusive. Here we visualize propagating magnetoexciton polaritons at their native length scales and report their magnetic-field-tunable dispersion in near-charge-neutral graphene. Imaging these collective modes and their associated nano-electro-optical responses allows us to identify polariton-modulated optical and photo-thermal electric effects at the sample edges, which are the most pronounced near charge neutrality. Our work is enabled by innovations in cryogenic near-field optical microscopy techniques that allow for the nano-imaging of the near-field responses of two-dimensional materials under magnetic fields up to 7 T. This nano-magneto-optics approach allows us to explore and manipulate magnetopolaritons in specimens with low carrier doping via harnessing high magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dapolito
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Makoto Tsuneto
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lukas Wehmeier
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Suheng Xu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zengyi Du
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yinming Shao
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ran Jing
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrien Bercher
- Département de Physique de la Matière Quantique, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Yinan Dong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dorri Halbertal
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vibhu Ravindran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zijian Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mila Petrovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Gozar
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - G L Carr
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Alexey B Kuzmenko
- Département de Physique de la Matière Quantique, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Xu Du
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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18
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Dapolito M, Tsuneto M, Zheng W, Wehmeier L, Xu S, Chen X, Sun J, Du Z, Shao Y, Jing R, Zhang S, Bercher A, Dong Y, Halbertal D, Ravindran V, Zhou Z, Petrovic M, Gozar A, Carr GL, Li Q, Kuzmenko AB, Fogler MM, Basov DN, Du X, Liu M. Author Correction: Infrared nano-imaging of Dirac magnetoexcitons in graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:1516. [PMID: 37978329 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dapolito
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Makoto Tsuneto
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lukas Wehmeier
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Suheng Xu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zengyi Du
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yinming Shao
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ran Jing
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrien Bercher
- Département de Physique de la Matière Quantique, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Yinan Dong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dorri Halbertal
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vibhu Ravindran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zijian Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mila Petrovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Gozar
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - G L Carr
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Alexey B Kuzmenko
- Département de Physique de la Matière Quantique, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Xu Du
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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19
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Dong M, Boyle JM, Palm KJ, Zimmermann M, Witte A, Leenheer AJ, Dominguez D, Gilbert G, Eichenfield M, Englund D. Synchronous micromechanically resonant programmable photonic circuits. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7716. [PMID: 38001076 PMCID: PMC10673894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are emerging as powerful tools for control of light, with applications in quantum information processing, optical range finding, and artificial intelligence. Low-power implementations of these PICs involve micromechanical structures driven capacitively or piezoelectrically but are often limited in modulation bandwidth by mechanical resonances and high operating voltages. Here we introduce a synchronous, micromechanically resonant design architecture for programmable PICs and a proof-of-principle 1×8 photonic switch using piezoelectric optical phase shifters. Our design purposefully exploits high-frequency mechanical resonances and optically broadband components for larger modulation responses on the order of the mechanical quality factor Qm while maintaining fast switching speeds. We experimentally show switching cycles of all 8 channels spaced by approximately 11 ns and operating at 4.6 dB average modulation enhancement. Future advances in micromechanical devices with high Qm, which can exceed 10000, should enable an improved series of low-voltage and high-speed programmable PICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dong
- The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA.
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Julia M Boyle
- The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Kevin J Palm
- The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | | | - Alex Witte
- The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Andrew J Leenheer
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Daniel Dominguez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Gerald Gilbert
- The MITRE Corporation, 200 Forrestal Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Matt Eichenfield
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Dirk Englund
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, 98 Rochester Street, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
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20
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Calegari Andrade M, Car R, Selloni A. Probing the self-ionization of liquid water with ab initio deep potential molecular dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302468120. [PMID: 37931100 PMCID: PMC10655216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302468120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical equilibrium between self-ionized and molecular water dictates the acid-base chemistry in aqueous solutions, yet understanding the microscopic mechanisms of water self-ionization remains experimentally and computationally challenging. Herein, Density Functional Theory (DFT)-based deep neural network (DNN) potentials are combined with enhanced sampling techniques and a global acid-base collective variable to perform extensive atomistic simulations of water self-ionization for model systems of increasing size. The explicit inclusion of long-range electrostatic interactions in the DNN potential is found to be crucial to accurately reproduce the DFT free energy profile of solvated water ion pairs in small (64 and 128 H2O) cells. The reversible work to separate the hydroxide and hydronium to a distance [Formula: see text] is found to converge for simulation cells containing more than 500 H2O, and a distance of [Formula: see text] 8 Å is the threshold beyond which the work to further separate the two ions becomes approximately zero. The slow convergence of the potential of mean force with system size is related to a restructuring of water and an increase of the local order around the water ions. Calculation of the dissociation equilibrium constant illustrates the key role of long-range electrostatics and entropic effects in the water autoionization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Calegari Andrade
- Chemistry Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
- Quantum Simulations Group, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550
| | - Roberto Car
- Chemistry Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
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21
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Li K, Zhou G, Liu Y, Wu J, Lin MF, Cheng X, Lutman AA, Seaberg M, Smith H, Kakhandiki PA, Sakdinawat A. Prediction on X-ray output of free electron laser based on artificial neural networks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7183. [PMID: 37935675 PMCID: PMC10630459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of x-ray free electron lasers' (XFELs) pulse characteristics delivered to a sample is crucial for ensuring high-quality x-rays for scientific experiments. XFELs' self-amplified spontaneous emission process causes spatial and spectral variations in x-ray pulses entering a sample, which leads to measurement uncertainties for experiments relying on multiple XFEL pulses. Accurate in-situ measurements of x-ray wavefront and energy spectrum incident upon a sample poses challenges. Here we address this by developing a virtual diagnostics framework using an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict x-ray photon beam properties from electron beam properties. We recorded XFEL electron parameters while adjusting the accelerator's configurations and measured the resulting x-ray wavefront and energy spectrum shot-to-shot. Training the ANN with this data enables effective prediction of single-shot or average x-ray beam output based on XFEL undulator and electron parameters. This demonstrates the potential of utilizing ANNs for virtual diagnostics linking XFEL electron and photon beam properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Guanqun Zhou
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Yanwei Liu
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Juhao Wu
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Alberto A Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Matthew Seaberg
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Howard Smith
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Pranav A Kakhandiki
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 142 Sciences Dr, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Anne Sakdinawat
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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22
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Ter Horst AM, Fudyma JD, Sones JL, Emerson JB. Dispersal, habitat filtering, and eco-evolutionary dynamics as drivers of local and global wetland viral biogeography. ISME J 2023; 17:2079-2089. [PMID: 37735616 PMCID: PMC10579374 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands store 20-30% of the world's soil carbon, and identifying the microbial controls on these carbon reserves is essential to predicting feedbacks to climate change. Although viral infections likely play important roles in wetland ecosystem dynamics, we lack a basic understanding of wetland viral ecology. Here 63 viral size-fraction metagenomes (viromes) and paired total metagenomes were generated from three time points in 2021 at seven fresh- and saltwater wetlands in the California Bodega Marine Reserve. We recovered 12,826 viral population genomic sequences (vOTUs), only 4.4% of which were detected at the same field site two years prior, indicating a small degree of population stability or recurrence. Viral communities differed most significantly among the seven wetland sites and were also structured by habitat (plant community composition and salinity). Read mapping to a new version of our reference database, PIGEONv2.0 (515,763 vOTUs), revealed 196 vOTUs present over large geographic distances, often reflecting shared habitat characteristics. Wetland vOTU microdiversity was significantly lower locally than globally and lower within than between time points, indicating greater divergence with increasing spatiotemporal distance. Viruses tended to have broad predicted host ranges via CRISPR spacer linkages to metagenome-assembled genomes, and increased SNP frequencies in CRISPR-targeted major tail protein genes suggest potential viral eco-evolutionary dynamics in response to both immune targeting and changes in host cell receptors involved in viral attachment. Together, these results highlight the importance of dispersal, environmental selection, and eco-evolutionary dynamics as drivers of local and global wetland viral biogeography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane D Fudyma
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline L Sones
- Bodega Marine Reserve, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA
| | - Joanne B Emerson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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23
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Lin Y, Zhou T, Rosenmann ND, Yu L, Gage TE, Banik S, Neogi A, Chan H, Lei A, Lin XM, Holt M, Arslan I, Wen J. Surface premelting of ice far below the triple point. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304148120. [PMID: 37844213 PMCID: PMC10622896 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304148120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Premelting of ice, a quasi-liquid layer (QLL) at the surface below the melting temperature, was first postulated by Michael Faraday 160 y ago. Since then, it has been extensively studied theoretically and experimentally through many techniques. Existing work has been performed predominantly on hexagonal ice, at conditions close to the triple point. Whether the same phenomenon can persist at much lower pressure and temperature, where stacking disordered ice sublimates directly into water vapor, remains unclear. Herein, we report direct observations of surface premelting on ice nanocrystals below the sublimation temperature using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Similar to what has been reported on hexagonal ice, a QLL is found at the solid-vapor interface. It preferentially decorates certain facets, and its thickness increases as the phase transition temperature is approached. In situ TEM reveals strong diffusion of the QLL, while electron energy loss spectroscopy confirms its amorphous nature. More significantly, the premelting observed in this work is thought to be related to the metastable low-density ultraviscous water, instead of ambient liquid water as in the case of hexagonal ice. This opens a route to understand premelting and grassy liquid state, far away from the normal water triple point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Lin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | | | - Lei Yu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Thomas E. Gage
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Suvo Banik
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Arnab Neogi
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Henry Chan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Min Lin
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Martin Holt
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Ilke Arslan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
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24
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Chen H, Falling LJ, Kersell H, Yan G, Zhao X, Oliver-Meseguer J, Jaugstetter M, Nemsak S, Hunt A, Waluyo I, Ogasawara H, Bell AT, Sautet P, Salmeron M. Elucidating the active phases of CoO x films on Au(111) in the CO oxidation reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6889. [PMID: 37898599 PMCID: PMC10613203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Noble metals supported on reducible oxides, like CoOx and TiOx, exhibit superior activity in many chemical reactions, but the origin of the increased activity is not well understood. To answer this question we studied thin films of CoOx supported on an Au(111) single crystal surface as a model for the CO oxidation reaction. We show that three reaction regimes exist in response to chemical and topographic restructuring of the CoOx catalyst as a function of reactant gas phase CO/O2 stoichiometry and temperature. Under oxygen-lean conditions and moderate temperatures (≤150 °C), partially oxidized films (CoOx<1) containing Co0 were found to be efficient catalysts. In contrast, stoichiometric CoO films containing only Co2+ form carbonates in the presence of CO that poison the reaction below 300 °C. Under oxygen-rich conditions a more oxidized catalyst phase (CoOx>1) forms containing Co3+ species that are effective in a wide temperature range. Resonant photoemission spectroscopy (ResPES) revealed the unique role of Co3+ sites in catalyzing the CO oxidation. Density function theory (DFT) calculations provided deeper insights into the pathway and free energy barriers for the reactions on these oxide phases. These findings in this work highlight the versatility of catalysts and their evolution to form different active phases, both topological and chemically, in response to reaction conditions exposing a new paradigm in the catalyst structure during operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lorenz J Falling
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Heath Kersell
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - George Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Judit Oliver-Meseguer
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Max Jaugstetter
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Slavomir Nemsak
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Hirohito Ogasawara
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Alexis T Bell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Miquel Salmeron
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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25
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Shabtai IA, Wilhelm RC, Schweizer SA, Höschen C, Buckley DH, Lehmann J. Calcium promotes persistent soil organic matter by altering microbial transformation of plant litter. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6609. [PMID: 37857604 PMCID: PMC10587086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) can contribute to soil organic carbon (SOC) persistence by mediating physico-chemical interactions between organic compounds and minerals. Yet, Ca is also crucial for microbial adhesion, potentially affecting colonization of plant and mineral surfaces. The importance of Ca as a mediator of microbe-mineral-organic matter interactions and resulting SOC transformation has been largely overlooked. We incubated 44Ca labeled soils with 13C15N labeled leaf litter to study how Ca affects microbial transformation of litter and formation of mineral associated organic matter. Here we show that Ca additions promote hyphae-forming bacteria, which often specialize in colonizing surfaces, and increase incorporation of litter into microbial biomass and carbon use efficiency by approximately 45% each. Ca additions reduce cumulative CO2 production by 4%, while promoting associations between minerals and microbial byproducts of plant litter. These findings expand the role of Ca in SOC persistence from solely a driver of physico-chemical reactions to a mediator of coupled abiotic-biotic cycling of SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar A Shabtai
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Roland C Wilhelm
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Steffen A Schweizer
- Chair of Soil Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Carmen Höschen
- Chair of Soil Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Daniel H Buckley
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
- Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
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26
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Teoh JD, Winkel P, Babla HK, Chapman BJ, Claes J, de Graaf SJ, Garmon JWO, Kalfus WD, Lu Y, Maiti A, Sahay K, Thakur N, Tsunoda T, Xue SH, Frunzio L, Girvin SM, Puri S, Schoelkopf RJ. Dual-rail encoding with superconducting cavities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221736120. [PMID: 37801473 PMCID: PMC10576063 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221736120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of quantum hardware that reduces and mitigates errors is essential for practical quantum error correction (QEC) and useful quantum computation. To this end, we introduce the circuit-Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) dual-rail qubit in which our physical qubit is encoded in the single-photon subspace, [Formula: see text], of two superconducting microwave cavities. The dominant photon loss errors can be detected and converted into erasure errors, which are in general much easier to correct. In contrast to linear optics, a circuit-QED implementation of the dual-rail code offers unique capabilities. Using just one additional transmon ancilla per dual-rail qubit, we describe how to perform a gate-based set of universal operations that includes state preparation, logical readout, and parametrizable single and two-qubit gates. Moreover, first-order hardware errors in the cavities and the transmon can be detected and converted to erasure errors in all operations, leaving background Pauli errors that are orders of magnitude smaller. Hence, the dual-rail cavity qubit exhibits a favorable hierarchy of error rates and is expected to perform well below the relevant QEC thresholds with today's coherence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Teoh
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Patrick Winkel
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Harshvardhan K. Babla
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Benjamin J. Chapman
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Jahan Claes
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Stijn J. de Graaf
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - John W. O. Garmon
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - William D. Kalfus
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Aniket Maiti
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Kaavya Sahay
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Neel Thakur
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Takahiro Tsunoda
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Sophia H. Xue
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Luigi Frunzio
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Steven M. Girvin
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Shruti Puri
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Robert J. Schoelkopf
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
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27
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Hao D, Bisht G, Wang H, Xu D, Huang H, Qian Y, Leung LR. A cleaner snow future mitigates Northern Hemisphere snowpack loss from warming. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6074. [PMID: 37783678 PMCID: PMC10545800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-absorbing particles (LAP) deposited on seasonal snowpack can result in snow darkening, earlier snowmelt, and regional climate change. However, their future evolution and contributions to snowpack change relative to global warming remain unclear. Here, using Earth System Model simulations, we project significantly reduced black carbon deposition by 2081-2100, which reduces the December-May average LAP-induced radiative forcing in snow over the Northern Hemisphere from 1.3 Wm-2 during 1995-2014 to 0.65 (SSP126) and 0.49 (SSP585) Wm-2. We quantify separately the contributions of climate change and LAP evolution on future snowpack and demonstrate that projected LAP changes in snow over the Tibetan Plateau will alleviate future snowpack loss due to climate change by 52.1 ± 8.0% and 8.0 ± 1.1% at the end of the century for the two scenarios, mainly due to reduced black carbon contamination. Our findings highlight a cleaner snow future and its benefits for future water supply from snowmelt especially under the sustainable development pathway of SSP126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalei Hao
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Gautam Bisht
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Donghui Xu
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Huilin Huang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Yun Qian
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - L Ruby Leung
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
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28
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Roux S, Brum JR. Counting dots or counting reads? Complementary approaches to estimate virus-to-microbe ratios. ISME J 2023; 17:1521-1522. [PMID: 37596412 PMCID: PMC10504346 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Roux
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Jennifer R Brum
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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29
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Dong Z, Lee PA, Levitov LS. Signatures of Cooper pair dynamics and quantum-critical superconductivity in tunable carrier bands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305943120. [PMID: 37738298 PMCID: PMC10523641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305943120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Different superconducting pairing mechanisms are markedly distinct in the underlying Cooper pair kinematics. Quantum-critical soft modes drive pairing interactions in which the pair scattering processes are highly collinear and can be classified into two categories: forward scattering and backscattering. Conversely, in conventional phonon mechanisms, Cooper pair scattering is of a generic noncollinear character. In this study, we present a method to discern the kinematic type by observing the evolution of superconductivity while adjusting the Fermi surface geometry. To demonstrate our approach, we utilize the recently reported phase diagrams of untwisted graphene multilayers. Our analysis connects the emergence of superconductivity at "ghost crossings" of Fermi surfaces in distinct valleys to the pair kinematics of a backscattering type. Together with the observed nonmonotonic behavior of superconductivity near its onset (sharp rise followed by a drop), it lends strong support to a particular quantum-critical superconductivity scenario in which pairing is driven by intervalley coherence fluctuations. These findings offer direct insights into the genesis of pairing in these systems, providing compelling evidence for the electron-electron interactions driving superconductivity. More broadly, our work highlights the potential of tuning bands via ghost crossings as a promising means of boosting superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Dong
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Patrick A. Lee
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Leonid S. Levitov
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
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30
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Qiu E, Salev P, Torres F, Navarro H, Dynes RC, Schuller IK. Stochastic transition in synchronized spiking nanooscillators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303765120. [PMID: 37695901 PMCID: PMC10515151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303765120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports that synchronization of Mott material-based nanoscale coupled spiking oscillators can be drastically different from that in conventional harmonic oscillators. We investigated the synchronization of spiking nanooscillators mediated by thermal interactions due to the close physical proximity of the devices. Controlling the driving voltage enables in-phase 1:1 and 2:1 integer synchronization modes between neighboring oscillators. Transition between these two integer modes occurs through an unusual stochastic synchronization regime instead of the loss of spiking coherence. In the stochastic synchronization regime, random length spiking sequences belonging to the 1:1 and 2:1 integer modes are intermixed. The occurrence of this stochasticity is an important factor that must be taken into account in the design of large-scale spiking networks for hardware-level implementation of novel computational paradigms such as neuromorphic and stochastic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbin Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Department of Physics, Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Pavel Salev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO80208
| | - Felipe Torres
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago7800024, Chile
| | - Henry Navarro
- Department of Physics, Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Robert C. Dynes
- Department of Physics, Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Ivan K. Schuller
- Department of Physics, Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
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31
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Wang HH, Xiong Y, Padma H, Wang Y, Wang Z, Claes R, Brunin G, Min L, Zu R, Wetherington MT, Wang Y, Mao Z, Hautier G, Chen LQ, Dabo I, Gopalan V. Strong electron-phonon coupling driven pseudogap modulation and density-wave fluctuations in a correlated polar metal. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5769. [PMID: 37723139 PMCID: PMC10507017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is tremendous interest in employing collective excitations of the lattice, spin, charge, and orbitals to tune strongly correlated electronic phenomena. We report such an effect in a ruthenate, Ca3Ru2O7, where two phonons with strong electron-phonon coupling modulate the electronic pseudogap as well as mediate charge and spin density wave fluctuations. Combining temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy with density functional theory reveals two phonons, B2P and B2M, that are strongly coupled to electrons and whose scattering intensities respectively dominate in the pseudogap versus the metallic phases. The B2P squeezes the octahedra along the out of plane c-axis, while the B2M elongates it, thus modulating the Ru 4d orbital splitting and the bandwidth of the in-plane electron hopping; Thus, B2P opens the pseudogap, while B2M closes it. Moreover, the B2 phonons mediate incoherent charge and spin density wave fluctuations, as evidenced by changes in the background electronic Raman scattering that exhibit unique symmetry signatures. The polar order breaks inversion symmetry, enabling infrared activity of these phonons, paving the way for coherent light-driven control of electronic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Hugo Wang
- Materials Research Institute and Department of Material Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Yihuang Xiong
- Materials Research Institute and Department of Material Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Hari Padma
- Materials Research Institute and Department of Material Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Materials Research Institute and Department of Material Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Materials Research Institute and Department of Material Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Romain Claes
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Chemin des Étoiles 8, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Lujin Min
- Materials Research Institute and Department of Material Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rui Zu
- Materials Research Institute and Department of Material Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Maxwell T Wetherington
- Materials Research Institute and Department of Material Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Material Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Mao
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Material Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Geoffroy Hautier
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Chemin des Étoiles 8, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Materials Research Institute and Department of Material Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ismaila Dabo
- Materials Research Institute and Department of Material Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Venkatraman Gopalan
- Materials Research Institute and Department of Material Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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32
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Kong L, Liu J, Zhang M, Lu Z, Xue H, Ren A, Liu J, Li J, Ling WL, Ren G. Facile hermetic TEM grid preparation for molecular imaging of hydrated biological samples at room temperature. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5641. [PMID: 37704637 PMCID: PMC10499825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although structures of vitrified supramolecular complexes have been determined at near-atomic resolution, elucidating in situ molecular structure in living cells remains a challenge. Here, we report a straightforward liquid cell technique, originally developed for real-time visualization of dynamics at a liquid-gas interface using transmission electron microscopy, to image wet biological samples. Due to the scattering effects from the liquid phase, the micrographs display an amplitude contrast comparable to that observed in negatively stained samples. We succeed in resolving subunits within the protein complex GroEL imaged in a buffer solution at room temperature. Additionally, we capture various stages of virus cell entry, a process for which only sparse structural data exists due to their transient nature. To scrutinize the morphological details further, we used individual particle electron tomography for 3D reconstruction of each virus. These findings showcase this approach potential as an efficient, cost-effective complement to other microscopy technique in addressing biological questions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Kong
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jianfang Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zhuoyang Lu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Han Xue
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Amy Ren
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Wai Li Ling
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Gang Ren
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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33
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Castells-Graells R, Meador K, Arbing MA, Sawaya MR, Gee M, Cascio D, Gleave E, Debreczeni JÉ, Breed J, Leopold K, Patel A, Jahagirdar D, Lyons B, Subramaniam S, Phillips C, Yeates TO. Cryo-EM structure determination of small therapeutic protein targets at 3 Å-resolution using a rigid imaging scaffold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305494120. [PMID: 37669364 PMCID: PMC10500258 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305494120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryoelectron microscopy (Cryo-EM) has enabled structural determination of proteins larger than about 50 kDa, including many intractable by any other method, but it has largely failed for smaller proteins. Here, we obtain structures of small proteins by binding them to a rigid molecular scaffold based on a designed protein cage, revealing atomic details at resolutions reaching 2.9 Å. We apply this system to the key cancer signaling protein KRAS (19 kDa in size), obtaining four structures of oncogenic mutational variants by cryo-EM. Importantly, a structure for the key G12C mutant bound to an inhibitor drug (AMG510) reveals significant conformational differences compared to prior data in the crystalline state. The findings highlight the promise of cryo-EM scaffolds for advancing the design of drug molecules against small therapeutic protein targets in cancer and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Castells-Graells
- Department of Energy, Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Kyle Meador
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Mark A. Arbing
- Department of Energy, Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Michael R. Sawaya
- Department of Energy, Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Morgan Gee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Duilio Cascio
- Department of Energy, Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Emma Gleave
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, CambridgeCB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jason Breed
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, CambridgeCB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Karoline Leopold
- Gandeeva Therapeutics, Inc., Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5C 6N5, Canada
| | - Ankoor Patel
- Gandeeva Therapeutics, Inc., Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5C 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Bronwyn Lyons
- Gandeeva Therapeutics, Inc., Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5C 6N5, Canada
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Gandeeva Therapeutics, Inc., Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5C 6N5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Chris Phillips
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, CambridgeCB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Todd O. Yeates
- Department of Energy, Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
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34
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Chu H, Christianson DS, Cheah YW, Pastorello G, O'Brien F, Geden J, Ngo ST, Hollowgrass R, Leibowitz K, Beekwilder NF, Sandesh M, Dengel S, Chan SW, Santos A, Delwiche K, Yi K, Buechner C, Baldocchi D, Papale D, Keenan TF, Biraud SC, Agarwal DA, Torn MS. AmeriFlux BASE data pipeline to support network growth and data sharing. Sci Data 2023; 10:614. [PMID: 37696825 PMCID: PMC10495345 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AmeriFlux is a network of research sites that measure carbon, water, and energy fluxes between ecosystems and the atmosphere using the eddy covariance technique to study a variety of Earth science questions. AmeriFlux's diversity of ecosystems, instruments, and data-processing routines create challenges for data standardization, quality assurance, and sharing across the network. To address these challenges, the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) designed and implemented the BASE data-processing pipeline. The pipeline begins with data uploaded by the site teams, followed by the AMP team's quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC), ingestion of site metadata, and publication of the BASE data product. The semi-automated pipeline enables us to keep pace with the rapid growth of the network. As of 2022, the AmeriFlux BASE data product contains 3,130 site years of data from 444 sites, with standardized units and variable names of more than 60 common variables, representing the largest long-term data repository for flux-met data in the world. The standardized, quality-ensured data product facilitates multisite comparisons, model evaluations, and data syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Housen Chu
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | | | - You-Wei Cheah
- Scientific Data Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gilberto Pastorello
- Scientific Data Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fianna O'Brien
- Scientific Data Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joshua Geden
- Scientific Data Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sy-Toan Ngo
- Scientific Data Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rachel Hollowgrass
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Norman F Beekwilder
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Megha Sandesh
- Scientific Data Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sigrid Dengel
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen W Chan
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - André Santos
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kyle Delwiche
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Koong Yi
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christin Buechner
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dario Papale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change CMCC IAFES, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sébastien C Biraud
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Deborah A Agarwal
- Scientific Data Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Margaret S Torn
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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35
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Nair S, Yang Z, Lee D, Guo S, Sadowski JT, Johnson S, Saboor A, Li Y, Zhou H, Comes RB, Jin W, Mkhoyan KA, Janotti A, Jalan B. Engineering metal oxidation using epitaxial strain. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:1005-1011. [PMID: 37217765 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The oxides of platinum group metals are promising for future electronics and spintronics due to the delicate interplay of spin-orbit coupling and electron correlation energies. However, their synthesis as thin films remains challenging due to their low vapour pressures and low oxidation potentials. Here we show how epitaxial strain can be used as a control knob to enhance metal oxidation. Using Ir as an example, we demonstrate the use of epitaxial strain in engineering its oxidation chemistry, enabling phase-pure Ir or IrO2 films despite using identical growth conditions. The observations are explained using a density-functional-theory-based modified formation enthalpy framework, which highlights the important role of metal-substrate epitaxial strain in governing the oxide formation enthalpy. We also validate the generality of this principle by demonstrating epitaxial strain effect on Ru oxidation. The IrO2 films studied in our work further revealed quantum oscillations, attesting to the excellent film quality. The epitaxial strain approach we present could enable growth of oxide films of hard-to-oxidize elements using strain engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejith Nair
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Zhifei Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dooyong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Silu Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jerzy T Sadowski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | | | - Abdul Saboor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Ryan B Comes
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Wencan Jin
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - K Andre Mkhoyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anderson Janotti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Bharat Jalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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36
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Drucker NC, Nguyen T, Han F, Siriviboon P, Luo X, Andrejevic N, Zhu Z, Bednik G, Nguyen QT, Chen Z, Nguyen LK, Liu T, Williams TJ, Stone MB, Kolesnikov AI, Chi S, Fernandez-Baca J, Nelson CS, Alatas A, Hogan T, Puretzky AA, Huang S, Yu Y, Li M. Topology stabilized fluctuations in a magnetic nodal semimetal. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5182. [PMID: 37626027 PMCID: PMC10457388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between magnetism and electronic band topology enriches topological phases and has promising applications. However, the role of topology in magnetic fluctuations has been elusive. Here, we report evidence for topology stabilized magnetism above the magnetic transition temperature in magnetic Weyl semimetal candidate CeAlGe. Electrical transport, thermal transport, resonant elastic X-ray scattering, and dilatometry consistently indicate the presence of locally correlated magnetism within a narrow temperature window well above the thermodynamic magnetic transition temperature. The wavevector of this short-range order is consistent with the nesting condition of topological Weyl nodes, suggesting that it arises from the interaction between magnetic fluctuations and the emergent Weyl fermions. Effective field theory shows that this topology stabilized order is wavevector dependent and can be stabilized when the interband Weyl fermion scattering is dominant. Our work highlights the role of electronic band topology in stabilizing magnetic order even in the classically disordered regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Drucker
- Quantum Measurement Group, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Quantum Measurement Group, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fei Han
- Quantum Measurement Group, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Phum Siriviboon
- Quantum Measurement Group, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xi Luo
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ziming Zhu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Grigory Bednik
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Zhantao Chen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Travis J Williams
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Matthew B Stone
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Songxue Chi
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Christie S Nelson
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Ahmet Alatas
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Tom Hogan
- Quantum Design, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexander A Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Shengxi Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingda Li
- Quantum Measurement Group, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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37
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Vik D, Bolduc B, Roux S, Sun CL, Pratama AA, Krupovic M, Sullivan MB. MArVD2: a machine learning enhanced tool to discriminate between archaeal and bacterial viruses in viral datasets. ISME Commun 2023; 3:87. [PMID: 37620369 PMCID: PMC10449787 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of viral sequence space has exploded with advancing sequencing technologies and large-scale sampling and analytical efforts. Though archaea are important and abundant prokaryotes in many systems, our knowledge of archaeal viruses outside of extreme environments is limited. This largely stems from the lack of a robust, high-throughput, and systematic way to distinguish between bacterial and archaeal viruses in datasets of curated viruses. Here we upgrade our prior text-based tool (MArVD) via training and testing a random forest machine learning algorithm against a newly curated dataset of archaeal viruses. After optimization, MArVD2 presented a significant improvement over its predecessor in terms of scalability, usability, and flexibility, and will allow user-defined custom training datasets as archaeal virus discovery progresses. Benchmarking showed that a model trained with viral sequences from the hypersaline, marine, and hot spring environments correctly classified 85% of the archaeal viruses with a false detection rate below 2% using a random forest prediction threshold of 80% in a separate benchmarking dataset from the same habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Vik
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Benjamin Bolduc
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Simon Roux
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christine L Sun
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Akbar Adjie Pratama
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Paris, France
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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38
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Ozgulbas DY, Jensen D, Butler R, Vescovi R, Foster IT, Irvin M, Nakaye Y, Chu M, Dufresne EM, Seifert S, Babnigg G, Ramanathan A, Zhang Q. Robotic pendant drop: containerless liquid for μs-resolved, AI-executable XPCS. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:196. [PMID: 37596264 PMCID: PMC10439219 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics and structure of mixed phases in a complex fluid can significantly impact its material properties, such as viscoelasticity. Small-angle X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (SA-XPCS) can probe the spontaneous spatial fluctuations of the mixed phases under various in situ environments over wide spatiotemporal ranges (10-6-103 s /10-10-10-6 m). Tailored material design, however, requires searching through a massive number of sample compositions and experimental parameters, which is beyond the bandwidth of the current coherent X-ray beamline. Using 3.7-μs-resolved XPCS synchronized with the clock frequency at the Advanced Photon Source, we demonstrated the consistency between the Brownian dynamics of ~100 nm diameter colloidal silica nanoparticles measured from an enclosed pendant drop and a sealed capillary. The electronic pipette can also be mounted on a robotic arm to access different stock solutions and create complex fluids with highly-repeatable and precisely controlled composition profiles. This closed-loop, AI-executable protocol is applicable to light scattering techniques regardless of the light wavelength and optical coherence, and is a first step towards high-throughput, autonomous material discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doga Yamac Ozgulbas
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Don Jensen
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Rory Butler
- Departement of Computer Science, University of Chicago, 5801 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rafael Vescovi
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ian T Foster
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Irvin
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yasukazu Nakaye
- XRD Design and Engineering Department, Rigaku Corporation 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, 196-8666, Japan
| | - Miaoqi Chu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Eric M Dufresne
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Soenke Seifert
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Gyorgy Babnigg
- Bioscience Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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39
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Occhialini CA, Sanchez JJ, Song Q, Fabbris G, Choi Y, Kim JW, Ryan PJ, Comin R. Spontaneous orbital polarization in the nematic phase of FeSe. Nat Mater 2023; 22:985-991. [PMID: 37349393 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The origin of nematicity in FeSe remains a critical outstanding question towards understanding unconventional superconductivity in proximity to nematic order. To understand what drives the nematicity, it is essential to determine which electronic degree of freedom admits a spontaneous order parameter independent from the structural distortion. Here we use X-ray linear dichroism at the Fe K pre-edge to measure the anisotropy of the 3d orbital occupation as a function of in situ applied stress and temperature across the nematic transition. Along with using X-ray diffraction to precisely quantify the strain state, we reveal a lattice-independent, spontaneously ordered orbital polarization within the nematic phase, as well as an orbital polarizability that diverges as the transition is approached from above. These results provide strong evidence that spontaneous orbital polarization serves as the primary order parameter of the nematic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A Occhialini
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua J Sanchez
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qian Song
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gilberto Fabbris
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Yongseong Choi
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Jong-Woo Kim
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Philip J Ryan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Riccardo Comin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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40
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Lee JK, Anderson G, Tricker AW, Babbe F, Madan A, Cullen DA, Arregui-Mena JD, Danilovic N, Mukundan R, Weber AZ, Peng X. Ionomer-free and recyclable porous-transport electrode for high-performing proton-exchange-membrane water electrolysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4592. [PMID: 37524721 PMCID: PMC10390546 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Clean hydrogen production requires large-scale deployment of water-electrolysis technologies, particularly proton-exchange-membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs). However, as iridium-based electrocatalysts remain the only practical option for PEMWEs, their low abundance will become a bottleneck for a sustainable hydrogen economy. Herein, we propose high-performing and durable ionomer-free porous transport electrodes (PTEs) with facile recycling features enabling Ir thrifting and reclamation. The ionomer-free porous transport electrodes offer a practical pathway to investigate the role of ionomer in the catalyst layer and, from microelectrode measurements, point to an ionomer poisoning effect for the oxygen evolution reaction. The ionomer-free porous transport electrodes demonstrate a voltage reduction of > 600 mV compared to conventional ionomer-coated porous transport electrodes at 1.8 A cm-2 and <0.1 mgIr cm-2, and a voltage degradation of 29 mV at average rate of 0.58 mV per 1000-cycles after 50k cycles of accelerated-stress tests at 4 A cm-2. Moreover, the ionomer-free feature enables facile recycling of multiple components of PEMWEs, which is critical to a circular clean hydrogen economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Lee
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Grace Anderson
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andrew W Tricker
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Finn Babbe
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Arya Madan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David A Cullen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - José' D Arregui-Mena
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Nemanja Danilovic
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rangachary Mukundan
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiong Peng
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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41
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Zhang Y, Hu A, Xia D, Hwang S, Sainio S, Nordlund D, Michel FM, Moore RB, Li L, Lin F. Operando characterization and regulation of metal dissolution and redeposition dynamics near battery electrode surface. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:790-797. [PMID: 37081082 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mn dissolution has been a long-standing, ubiquitous issue that negatively impacts the performance of Mn-based battery materials. Mn dissolution involves complex chemical and structural transformations at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The continuously evolving electrode-electrolyte interface has posed great challenges for characterizing the dynamic interfacial process and quantitatively establishing the correlation with battery performance. In this study, we visualize and quantify the temporally and spatially resolved Mn dissolution/redeposition (D/R) dynamics of electrochemically operating Mn-containing cathodes. The particle-level and electrode-level analyses reveal that the D/R dynamics is associated with distinct interfacial degradation mechanisms at different states of charge. Our results statistically differentiate the contributions of surface reconstruction and Jahn-Teller distortion to the Mn dissolution at different operating voltages. Introducing sulfonated polymers (Nafion) into composite electrodes can modulate the D/R dynamics by trapping the dissolved Mn species and rapidly establishing local Mn D/R equilibrium. This work represents an inaugural effort to pinpoint the chemical and structural transformations responsible for Mn dissolution via an operando synchrotron study and develops an effective method to regulate Mn interfacial dynamics for improving battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Anyang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Dawei Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
| | - Sami Sainio
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - F Marc Michel
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Robert B Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Luxi Li
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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42
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Kumar S, Dunn IS, Deng S, Zhu T, Zhao Q, Williams OF, Tempelaar R, Huang L. Exciton annihilation in molecular aggregates suppressed through qu antum interference. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01233-x. [PMID: 37337112 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA), an important loss channel in optoelectronic devices and photosynthetic complexes, has conventionally been assumed to be an incoherent, diffusion-limited process. Here we challenge this assumption by experimentally demonstrating the ability to control EEA in molecular aggregates using the quantum phase relationships of excitons. We employed time-resolved photoluminescence microscopy to independently determine exciton diffusion constants and annihilation rates in two substituted perylene diimide aggregates featuring contrasting excitonic phase envelopes. Low-temperature EEA rates were found to differ by more than two orders of magnitude for the two compounds, despite comparable diffusion constants. Simulated rates based on a microscopic theory, in excellent agreement with experiments, rationalize this EEA behaviour based on quantum interference arising from the presence or absence of spatial phase oscillations of delocalized excitons. These results offer an approach for designing molecular materials using quantum interference where low annihilation can coexist with high exciton concentrations and mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ian S Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shibin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuchen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Roel Tempelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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43
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Zeng Y, Zhang B, Fu Y, Shen F, Zheng Q, Chalise D, Miao R, Kaur S, Lubner SD, Tucker MC, Battaglia V, Dames C, Prasher RS. Extreme fast charging of commercial Li-ion batteries via combined thermal switching and self-heating approaches. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3229. [PMID: 37270603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mass adoption of electric vehicles is hindered by the inadequate extreme fast charging (XFC) performance (i.e., less than 15 min charging time to reach 80% state of charge) of commercial high-specific-energy (i.e., >200 Wh/kg) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, to enable the XFC of commercial LIBs, we propose the regulation of the battery's self-generated heat via active thermal switching. We demonstrate that retaining the heat during XFC with the switch OFF boosts the cell's kinetics while dissipating the heat after XFC with the switch ON reduces detrimental reactions in the battery. Without modifying cell materials or structures, the proposed XFC approach enables reliable battery operation by applying <15 min of charge and 1 h of discharge. These results are almost identical regarding operativity for the same battery type tested applying a 1 h of charge and 1 h of discharge, thus, meeting the XFC targets set by the United States Department of Energy. Finally, we also demonstrate the feasibility of integrating the XFC approach in a commercial battery thermal management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Zeng
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Buyi Zhang
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yanbao Fu
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fengyu Shen
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Qiye Zheng
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Divya Chalise
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ruijiao Miao
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sumanjeet Kaur
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sean D Lubner
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michael C Tucker
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Vincent Battaglia
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ravi S Prasher
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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44
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Jiang B, Neu J, Olds D, Kimber SAJ, Page K, Siegrist T. The curious case of the structural phase transition in SnSe insights from neutron total scattering. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3211. [PMID: 37270591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
At elevated temperatures SnSe is reported to undergo a structural transition from the low symmetry orthorhombic GeS-type to a higher symmetry orthorhombic TlI-type. Although increasing symmetry should likewise increase lattice thermal conductivity, many experiments on single crystals and polycrystalline materials indicate that this is not the case. Here we present temperature dependent analysis of time-of-flight (TOF) neutron total scattering data in combination with theoretical modeling to probe the local to long-range evolution of the structure. We report that while SnSe is well characterized on average within the high symmetry space group above the transition, over length scales of a few unit cells SnSe remains better characterized in the low symmetry GeS-type space group. Our finding from robust modeling provides further insight into the curious case of a dynamic order-disorder phase transition in SnSe, a model consistent with the soft-phonon picture of the high thermoelectric power above the phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jennifer Neu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Dept. of Physics 77 Chieftain Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4350, USA
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry 95 Chieftain Way 118 DLC, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Nuclear Nonproliferation Division, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Daniel Olds
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Simon A J Kimber
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, F-21078, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Katharine Page
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Theo Siegrist
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310-6046, USA.
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45
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Tang T, Moritz B, Peng C, Shen ZX, Devereaux TP. Traces of electron-phonon coupling in one-dimensional cuprates. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3129. [PMID: 37253739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of certain spectral features in one-dimensional (1D) cuprate materials has been attributed to a strong, extended attractive coupling between electrons. Here, using time-dependent density matrix renormalization group methods on a Hubbard-extended Holstein model, we show that extended electron-phonon (e-ph) coupling presents an obvious choice to produce such an attractive interaction that reproduces the observed spectral features and doping dependence seen in angle-resolved photoemission experiments: diminished 3kF spectral weight, prominent spectral intensity of a holon-folding branch, and the correct holon band width. While extended e-ph coupling does not qualitatively alter the ground state of the 1D system compared to the Hubbard model, it quantitatively enhances the long-range superconducting correlations and suppresses spin correlations. Such an extended e-ph interaction may be an important missing ingredient in describing the physics of the structurally similar two-dimensional high-temperature superconducting layered cuprates, which may tip the balance between intertwined orders in favor of uniform d-wave superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta Tang
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, California, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - Brian Moritz
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - Cheng Peng
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - Zhi-Xun Shen
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, California, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Thomas P Devereaux
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA.
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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46
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Peng Y, Hietala K, Tao R, Li L, Rand R, Hicks M, Wu X. A formally certified end-to-end implementation of Shor's factorization algorithm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218775120. [PMID: 37186832 PMCID: PMC10214188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218775120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum computing technology may soon deliver revolutionary improvements in algorithmic performance, but it is useful only if computed answers are correct. While hardware-level decoherence errors have garnered significant attention, a less recognized obstacle to correctness is that of human programming errors-"bugs." Techniques familiar to most programmers from the classical domain for avoiding, discovering, and diagnosing bugs do not easily transfer, at scale, to the quantum domain because of its unique characteristics. To address this problem, we have been working to adapt formal methods to quantum programming. With such methods, a programmer writes a mathematical specification alongside the program and semiautomatically proves the program correct with respect to it. The proof's validity is automatically confirmed-certified-by a "proof assistant." Formal methods have successfully yielded high-assurance classical software artifacts, and the underlying technology has produced certified proofs of major mathematical theorems. As a demonstration of the feasibility of applying formal methods to quantum programming, we present a formally certified end-to-end implementation of Shor's prime factorization algorithm, developed as part of a framework for applying the certified approach to general applications. By leveraging our framework, one can significantly reduce the effects of human errors and obtain a high-assurance implementation of large-scale quantum applications in a principled way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Peng
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20740
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20740
| | - Kesha Hietala
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20740
| | - Runzhou Tao
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Liyi Li
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20740
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20740
| | - Robert Rand
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | - Michael Hicks
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20740
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20740
| | - Xiaodi Wu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20740
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20740
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47
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Nattermann M, Wenk S, Pfister P, He H, Lee SH, Szymanski W, Guntermann N, Zhu F, Nickel L, Wallner C, Zarzycki J, Paczia N, Gaißert N, Franciò G, Leitner W, Gonzalez R, Erb TJ. Engineering a new-to-nature cascade for phosphate-dependent formate to formaldehyde conversion in vitro and in vivo. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2682. [PMID: 37160875 PMCID: PMC10170137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Formate can be envisioned at the core of a carbon-neutral bioeconomy, where it is produced from CO2 by (electro-)chemical means and converted into value-added products by enzymatic cascades or engineered microbes. A key step in expanding synthetic formate assimilation is its thermodynamically challenging reduction to formaldehyde. Here, we develop a two-enzyme route in which formate is activated to formyl phosphate and subsequently reduced to formaldehyde. Exploiting the promiscuity of acetate kinase and N-acetyl-γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase, we demonstrate this phosphate (Pi)-based route in vitro and in vivo. We further engineer a formyl phosphate reductase variant with improved formyl phosphate conversion in vivo by suppressing cross-talk with native metabolism and interface the Pi route with a recently developed formaldehyde assimilation pathway to enable C2 compound formation from formate as the sole carbon source in Escherichia coli. The Pi route therefore offers a potent tool in expanding the landscape of synthetic formate assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Nattermann
- Department of Biochemistry & Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wenk
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pascal Pfister
- Department of Biochemistry & Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hai He
- Department of Biochemistry & Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Witold Szymanski
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nils Guntermann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fayin Zhu
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Jan Zarzycki
- Department of Biochemistry & Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Paczia
- Core Facility for Metabolomics and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Giancarlo Franciò
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ramon Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tobias J Erb
- Department of Biochemistry & Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany.
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48
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Xu M, Bao DL, Li A, Gao M, Meng D, Li A, Du S, Su G, Pennycook SJ, Pantelides ST, Zhou W. Single-atom vibrational spectroscopy with chemical-bonding sensitivity. Nat Mater 2023; 22:612-618. [PMID: 36928385 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Correlation of lattice vibrational properties with local atomic configurations in materials is essential for elucidating functionalities that involve phonon transport in solids. Recent developments in vibrational spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope have enabled direct measurements of local phonon modes at defects and interfaces by combining high spatial and energy resolution. However, pushing the ultimate limit of vibrational spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope to reveal the impact of chemical bonding on local phonon modes requires extreme sensitivity of the experiment at the chemical-bond level. Here we demonstrate that, with improved instrument stability and sensitivity, the specific vibrational signals of the same substitutional impurity and the neighbouring carbon atoms in monolayer graphene with different chemical-bonding configurations are clearly resolved, complementary with density functional theory calculations. The present work opens the door to the direct observation of local phonon modes with chemical-bonding sensitivity, and provides more insights into the defect-induced physics in graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingquan Xu
- School of Physical Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - De-Liang Bao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aowen Li
- School of Physical Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Meng Gao
- School of Physical Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dongqian Meng
- School of Physical Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Physical Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shixuan Du
- School of Physical Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gang Su
- School of Physical Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Stephen J Pennycook
- School of Physical Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sokrates T Pantelides
- School of Physical Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Wu Zhou
- School of Physical Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
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49
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Lee S, Lee J, Zhai H, Tong Y, Dalzell AM, Kumar A, Helms P, Gray J, Cui ZH, Liu W, Kastoryano M, Babbush R, Preskill J, Reichman DR, Campbell ET, Valeev EF, Lin L, Chan GKL. Evaluating the evidence for exponential quantum advantage in ground-state quantum chemistry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1952. [PMID: 37029105 PMCID: PMC10082187 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to intense interest in the potential applications of quantum computing, it is critical to understand the basis for potential exponential quantum advantage in quantum chemistry. Here we gather the evidence for this case in the most common task in quantum chemistry, namely, ground-state energy estimation, for generic chemical problems where heuristic quantum state preparation might be assumed to be efficient. The availability of exponential quantum advantage then centers on whether features of the physical problem that enable efficient heuristic quantum state preparation also enable efficient solution by classical heuristics. Through numerical studies of quantum state preparation and empirical complexity analysis (including the error scaling) of classical heuristics, in both ab initio and model Hamiltonian settings, we conclude that evidence for such an exponential advantage across chemical space has yet to be found. While quantum computers may still prove useful for ground-state quantum chemistry through polynomial speedups, it may be prudent to assume exponential speedups are not generically available for this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Joonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Huanchen Zhai
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Yu Tong
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Phillip Helms
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Johnnie Gray
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Zhi-Hao Cui
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Michael Kastoryano
- AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Amazon Quantum Solutions Lab, Seattle, WA, 98170, USA
| | - Ryan Babbush
- Google Quantum AI, 340 Main Street, Venice, CA, 90291, USA
| | - John Preskill
- AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Edward F Valeev
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Garnet Kin-Lic Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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50
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Del Mundo JT, Rongpipi S, Yang H, Ye D, Kiemle SN, Moffitt SL, Troxel CL, Toney MF, Zhu C, Kubicki JD, Cosgrove DJ, Gomez EW, Gomez ED. Grazing-incidence diffraction reveals cellulose and pectin organization in hydrated plant primary cell wall. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5421. [PMID: 37012389 PMCID: PMC10070456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cell wall is highly hydrated in its native state, yet many structural studies have been conducted on dried samples. Here, we use grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) with a humidity chamber, which enhances scattering and the signal-to-noise ratio while keeping outer onion epidermal peels hydrated, to examine cell wall properties. GIWAXS of hydrated and dried onion reveals that the cellulose ([Formula: see text]) lattice spacing decreases slightly upon drying, while the (200) lattice parameters are unchanged. Additionally, the ([Formula: see text]) diffraction intensity increases relative to (200). Density functional theory models of hydrated and dry cellulose microfibrils corroborate changes in crystalline properties upon drying. GIWAXS also reveals a peak that we attribute to pectin chain aggregation. We speculate that dehydration perturbs the hydrogen bonding network within cellulose crystals and collapses the pectin network without affecting the lateral distribution of pectin chain aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Del Mundo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sintu Rongpipi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Dan Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sarah N Kiemle
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | | | - Charles L Troxel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - James D Kubicki
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resource Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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