1
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Shi J, Shen Y, Pan F, Sun W, Mangu A, Shi C, McKeown-Green A, Moradifar P, Bawendi MG, Moerner WE, Dionne JA, Liu F, Lindenberg AM. Solution-phase sample-averaged single-particle spectroscopy of quantum emitters with femtosecond resolution. Nat Mater 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01855-7. [PMID: 38589542 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of many quantum optical technologies depends on the availability of single quantum emitters with near-perfect coherence. Systematic improvement is limited by a lack of understanding of the microscopic energy flow at the single-emitter level and ultrafast timescales. Here we utilize a combination of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and ultrafast spectroscopy to capture the sample-averaged dynamics of defects with single-particle sensitivity. We employ this approach to study heterogeneous emitters in two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride. From milliseconds to nanoseconds, the translational, shelving, rotational and antibunching features are disentangled in time, which quantifies the normalized two-photon emission quantum yield. Leveraging the femtosecond resolution of this technique, we visualize electron-phonon coupling and discover the acceleration of polaronic formation on multi-electron excitation. Corroborated with theory, this translates to the photon fidelity characterization of cascaded emission efficiency and decoherence time. Our work provides a framework for ultrafast spectroscopy in heterogeneous emitters, opening new avenues of extreme-scale characterization for quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Yuejun Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anudeep Mangu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W E Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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2
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Krajewska CJ, Kick M, Kaplan AEK, Berkinsky DB, Zhu H, Sverko T, Van Voorhis T, Bawendi MG. A-Site Cation Influence on the Structural and Optical Evolution of Ultrathin Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets. ACS Nano 2024; 18:8248-8258. [PMID: 38428021 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Imposing quantum confinement has the potential to significantly modulate both the structural and optical parameters of interest in many material systems. In this work, we investigate strongly confined ultrathin perovskite nanoplatelets APbBr3. We compare the all-inorganic and hybrid compositions with the A-sites cesium and formamidinium, respectively. Compared to each other and their bulk counterparts, the materials show significant differences in variable-temperature structural and optical evolution. We quantify and correlate structural asymmetry with the excitonic transition energy, spectral purity, and emission rate. Negative thermal expansion, structural and photoluminescence asymmetry, photoluminescence full width at half-maximum, and splitting between bright and dark excitonic levels are found to be reduced in the hybrid composition. This work provides composition- and structure-based mechanisms for engineering of the excitons in these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantalle J Krajewska
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthias Kick
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander E K Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David B Berkinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tara Sverko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Lu Y, Shih MC, Tan S, Grotevent MJ, Wang L, Zhu H, Zhang R, Lee JH, Lee JW, Bulović V, Bawendi MG. Rational Design of a Chemical Bath Deposition Based Tin Oxide Electron-Transport Layer for Perovskite Photovoltaics. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2304168. [PMID: 37463679 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Chemical bath deposition (CBD) is widely used to deposit tin oxide (SnOx ) as an electron-transport layer in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The conventional recipe uses thioglycolic acid (TGA) to facilitate attachments of SnOx particles onto the substrate. However, nonvolatile TGA is reported to harm the operational stability of PSCs. In this work, a volatile oxalic acid (OA) is introduced as an alternative to TGA. OA, a dicarboxylic acid, functions as a chemical linker for the nucleation and attachment of particles to the substrate in the chemical bath. Moreover, OA can be readily removed through thermal annealing followed by a mild H2 O2 treatment, as shown by FTIR measurements. Synergistically, the mild H2 O2 treatment selectively oxidizes the surface of the SnOx layer, minimizing nonradiative interface carrier recombination. EELS (electron-energy-loss spectroscopy) confirms that the SnOx surface is dominated by Sn4+ , while the bulk is a mixture of Sn2+ and Sn4+ . This rational design of a CBD SnOx layer leads to devices with T85 ≈1500 h, a significant improvement over the TGA-based device with T80 ≈250 h. The champion device reached a power conversion efficiency of 24.6%. This work offers a rationale for optimizing the complex parameter space of CBD SnOx to achieve efficient and stable PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Meng-Chen Shih
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Shaun Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Matthias J Grotevent
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Ruiqi Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Joo-Hong Lee
- Department of Nano Science and Technology and Department of Nanoengineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Lee
- Department of Nano Science and Technology and Department of Nanoengineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science & Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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4
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Zhu H, Kick M, Ginterseder M, Krajewska CJ, Šverko T, Li R, Lu Y, Shih MC, Van Voorhis T, Bawendi MG. Synthesis of Zwitterionic CsPbBr 3 Nanocrystals with Controlled Anisotropy using Surface-Selective Ligand Pairs. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2304069. [PMID: 37485908 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of the morphology of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (LHP-NCs) are hampered by a lack of generalizable suitable synthetic strategies and ligand systems. Here, the synthesis of zwitterionic CsPbBr3 NCs is presented with controlled anisotropy using a proposed "surface-selective ligand pairs" strategy. Such a strategy provides a platform to systematically study the binding affinity of capping ligand pairs and the resulting LHP morphologies. By using zwitterionic ligands (ZwL) with varying structures, majority ZwL-capped LHP NCs with controlled morphology are obtained, including anisotropic nanoplatelets and nanorods, for the first time. Combining experiments with density functional theory calculations, factors that govern the ligand binding on the different surface facets of LHP-NCs are revealed, including the steric bulkiness of the ligand, the number of binding sites, and the charge distance between binding moieties. This study provides guidance for the further exploration of anisotropic LHP-NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthias Kick
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthias Ginterseder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chantalle J Krajewska
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tara Šverko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Yongli Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Meng-Chen Shih
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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5
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Proppe AH, Berkinsky DB, Zhu H, Šverko T, Kaplan AEK, Horowitz JR, Kim T, Chung H, Jun S, Bawendi MG. Highly stable and pure single-photon emission with 250 ps optical coherence times in InP colloidal quantum dots. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:993-999. [PMID: 37386140 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantum photonic technologies such as quantum communication, sensing or computation require efficient, stable and pure single-photon sources. Epitaxial quantum dots (QDs) have been made capable of on-demand photon generation with high purity, indistinguishability and brightness, although they require precise fabrication and face challenges in scalability. By contrast, colloidal QDs are batch synthesized in solution but typically have broader linewidths, low single-photon purities and unstable emission. Here we demonstrate spectrally stable, pure and narrow-linewidth single-photon emission from InP/ZnSe/ZnS colloidal QDs. Using photon correlation Fourier spectroscopy, we observe single-dot linewidths as narrow as ~5 µeV at 4 K, giving a lower-bounded optical coherence time, T2, of ~250 ps. These dots exhibit minimal spectral diffusion on timescales of microseconds to minutes, and narrow linewidths are maintained on timescales up to 50 ms, orders of magnitude longer than other colloidal systems. Moreover, these InP/ZnSe/ZnS dots have single-photon purities g(2)(τ = 0) of 0.077-0.086 in the absence of spectral filtering. This work demonstrates the potential of heavy-metal-free InP-based QDs as spectrally stable sources of single photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Proppe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David B Berkinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tara Šverko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander E K Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonah R Horowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Taehyung Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejae Chung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinae Jun
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Chen C, Luo X, Kaplan AE, Bawendi MG, Macfarlane RJ, Bathe M. Ultrafast dense DNA functionalization of quantum dots and rods for scalable 2D array fabrication with nanoscale precision. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadh8508. [PMID: 37566651 PMCID: PMC10421044 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh8508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Scalable fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) arrays of quantum dots (QDs) and quantum rods (QRs) with nanoscale precision is required for numerous device applications. However, self-assembly-based fabrication of such arrays using DNA origami typically suffers from low yield due to inefficient QD and QR DNA functionalization. In addition, it is challenging to organize solution-assembled DNA origami arrays on 2D device substrates while maintaining their structural fidelity. Here, we reduced manufacturing time from a few days to a few minutes by preparing high-density DNA-conjugated QDs/QRs from organic solution using a dehydration and rehydration process. We used a surface-assisted large-scale assembly (SALSA) method to construct 2D origami lattices directly on solid substrates to template QD and QR 2D arrays with orientational control, with overall loading yields exceeding 90%. Our fabrication approach enables the scalable, high fidelity manufacturing of 2D addressable QDs and QRs with nanoscale orientational and spacing control for functional 2D photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexander E. K. Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert J. Macfarlane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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7
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Proppe AH, Lee KLK, Kaplan AEK, Ginterseder M, Krajewska CJ, Bawendi MG. Time-Resolved Line Shapes of Single Quantum Emitters via Machine Learned Photon Correlations. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:053603. [PMID: 37595234 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.053603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state single-photon emitters (SPEs) are quantum light sources that combine atomlike optical properties with solid-state integration and fabrication capabilities. SPEs are hindered by spectral diffusion, where the emitter's surrounding environment induces random energy fluctuations. Timescales of spectral diffusion span nanoseconds to minutes and require probing single emitters to remove ensemble averaging. Photon correlation Fourier spectroscopy (PCFS) can be used to measure time-resolved single emitter line shapes, but is hindered by poor signal-to-noise ratio in the measured correlation functions at early times due to low photon counts. Here, we develop a framework to simulate PCFS correlation functions directly from diffusing spectra that match well with experimental data for single colloidal quantum dots. We use these simulated datasets to train a deep ensemble autoencoder machine learning model that outputs accurate, noiseless, and probabilistic reconstructions of the noisy correlations. Using this model, we obtain reconstructed time-resolved single dot emission line shapes at timescales as low as 10 ns, which are otherwise completely obscured by noise. This enables PCFS to extract optical coherence times on the same timescales as Hong-Ou-Mandel two-photon interference, but with the advantage of providing spectral information in addition to estimates of photon indistinguishability. Our machine learning approach is broadly applicable to different photon correlation spectroscopy techniques and SPE systems, offering an enhanced tool for probing single emitter line shapes on previously inaccessible timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Proppe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kin Long Kelvin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Accelerated Computing Systems and Graphics, Intel Corporation, 2111 25th NE Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, USA
| | - Alexander E K Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Matthias Ginterseder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Chantalle J Krajewska
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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8
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Harankahage D, Cassidy J, Beavon J, Huang J, Brown N, Berkinsky DB, Marder A, Kayira B, Montemurri M, Anzenbacher P, Schaller RD, Sun L, Bawendi MG, Malko AV, Diroll BT, Zamkov M. Quantum Shell in a Shell: Engineering Colloidal Nanocrystals for a High-Intensity Excitation Regime. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37279071 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many optoelectronic processes in colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) suffer an efficiency decline under high-intensity excitation. This issue is caused by Auger recombination of multiple excitons, which converts the NC energy into excess heat, reducing the efficiency and life span of NC-based devices, including photodetectors, X-ray scintillators, lasers, and high-brightness light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Recently, semiconductor quantum shells (QSs) have emerged as a promising NC geometry for the suppression of Auger decay; however, their optoelectronic performance has been hindered by surface-related carrier losses. Here, we address this issue by introducing quantum shells with a CdS-CdSe-CdS-ZnS core-shell-shell-shell multilayer structure. The ZnS barrier inhibits the surface carrier decay, which increases the photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) to 90% while retaining a high biexciton emission QY of 79%. The improved QS morphology allows demonstrating one of the longest Auger lifetimes reported for colloidal NCs to date. The reduction of nonradiative losses in QSs also leads to suppressed blinking in single nanoparticles and low-threshold amplified spontaneous emission. We expect that ZnS-encapsulated quantum shells will benefit many applications exploiting high-power optical or electrical excitation regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Niamh Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David B Berkinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrew Marder
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | | | | | | | - Richard D Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anton V Malko
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Benjamin T Diroll
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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9
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Zhang J, Ning Y, Zhu H, Rotile NJ, Wei H, Diyabalanage H, Hansen EC, Zhou IY, Barrett SC, Sojoodi M, Tanabe KK, Humblet V, Jasanoff A, Caravan P, Bawendi MG. Fast detection of liver fibrosis with collagen-binding single-nanometer iron oxide nanoparticles via T1-weighted MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220036120. [PMID: 37094132 PMCID: PMC10161015 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220036120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SNIO-CBP, a single-nanometer iron oxide (SNIO) nanoparticle functionalized with a type I collagen-binding peptide (CBP), was developed as a T1-weighted MRI contrast agent with only endogenous elements for fast and noninvasive detection of liver fibrosis. SNIO-CBP exhibits 6.7-fold higher relaxivity compared to a molecular gadolinium-based collagen-binding contrast agent CM-101 on a per CBP basis at 4.7 T. Unlike most iron oxide nanoparticles, SNIO-CBP exhibits fast elimination from the bloodstream with a 5.7 min half-life, high renal clearance, and low, transient liver enhancement in healthy mice. We show that a dose of SNIO-CBP that is 2.5-fold lower than that for CM-101 has comparable imaging efficacy in rapid (within 15 min following intravenous injection) detection of hepatotoxin-induced liver fibrosis using T1-weighted MRI in a carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver injury model. We further demonstrate the applicability of SNIO-CBP in detecting liver fibrosis in choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. These results provide a platform with potential for the development of high relaxivity, gadolinium-free molecular MRI probes for characterizing chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Yingying Ning
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02129
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Nicholas J. Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02129
| | - He Wei
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | | | - Eric C. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Iris Y. Zhou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02129
| | - Stephen C. Barrett
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncological Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncological Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncological Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | | | - Alan Jasanoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02129
| | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
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10
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Laitz M, Kaplan AEK, Deschamps J, Barotov U, Proppe AH, García-Benito I, Osherov A, Grancini G, deQuilettes DW, Nelson KA, Bawendi MG, Bulović V. Uncovering temperature-dependent exciton-polariton relaxation mechanisms in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2426. [PMID: 37105984 PMCID: PMC10140020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid perovskites have emerged as a promising material candidate for exciton-polariton (polariton) optoelectronics. Thermodynamically, low-threshold Bose-Einstein condensation requires efficient scattering to the polariton energy dispersion minimum, and many applications demand precise control of polariton interactions. Thus far, the primary mechanisms by which polaritons relax in perovskites remains unclear. In this work, we perform temperature-dependent measurements of polaritons in low-dimensional perovskite wedged microcavities achieving a Rabi splitting of [Formula: see text] = 260 ± 5 meV. We change the Hopfield coefficients by moving the optical excitation along the cavity wedge and thus tune the strength of the primary polariton relaxation mechanisms in this material. We observe the polariton bottleneck regime and show that it can be overcome by harnessing the interplay between the different excitonic species whose corresponding dynamics are modified by strong coupling. This work provides an understanding of polariton relaxation in perovskites benefiting from efficient, material-specific relaxation pathways and intracavity pumping schemes from thermally brightened excitonic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Laitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander E K Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jude Deschamps
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ulugbek Barotov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew H Proppe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Inés García-Benito
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Osherov
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Grancini
- Department of Chemistry & INSTM, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dane W deQuilettes
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Keith A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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11
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Sun W, Krajewska CJ, Kaplan AEK, Šverko T, Berkinsky DB, Ginterseder M, Utzat H, Bawendi MG. Elastic Phonon Scattering Dominates Dephasing in Weakly Confined Cesium Lead Bromide Nanocrystals at Cryogenic Temperatures. Nano Lett 2023; 23:2615-2622. [PMID: 36926921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have emerged as a potential next-generation single quantum emitter (QE) material for quantum optics and quantum information science. Optical dephasing processes at cryogenic temperatures are critical to the quality of a QE, making a mechanistic understanding of coherence losses of fundamental interest. We use photon-correlation Fourier spectroscopy (PCFS) to obtain a lower bound to the optical coherence times of single PNCs as a function of temperature. We find that 20 nm CsPbBr3 PNCs emit nearly exclusively into a narrow zero-phonon line from 4 to 13 K. Remarkably, no spectral diffusion is observed at time scales of 10 μs to 5 ms. Our results suggest that exciton dephasing in this temperature range is dominated by elastic scattering from phonon modes with characteristic frequencies of 1-3 meV, while inelastic scattering is minimal due to weak exciton-phonon coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chantalle J Krajewska
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander E K Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tara Šverko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David B Berkinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthias Ginterseder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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Krajewska CJ, Kaplan AEK, Kick M, Berkinsky DB, Zhu H, Sverko T, Van Voorhis T, Bawendi MG. Controlled Assembly and Anomalous Thermal Expansion of Ultrathin Cesium Lead Bromide Nanoplatelets. Nano Lett 2023; 23:2148-2157. [PMID: 36884029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantum confined lead halide perovskite nanoplatelets are anisotropic materials displaying strongly bound excitons with spectrally pure photoluminescence. We report the controlled assembly of CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets through varying the evaporation rate of the dispersion solvent. We confirm the assembly of superlattices in the face-down and edge-up configurations by electron microscopy, as well as X-ray scattering and diffraction. Polarization-resolved spectroscopy shows that superlattices in the edge-up configuration display significantly polarized emission compared to face-down counterparts. Variable-temperature X-ray diffraction of both face-down and edge-up superlattices uncovers a uniaxial negative thermal expansion in ultrathin nanoplatelets, which reconciles the anomalous temperature dependence of the emission energy. Additional structural aspects are investigated by multilayer diffraction fitting, revealing a significant decrease in superlattice order with decreasing temperature, with a concomitant expansion of the organic sublattice and increase of lead halide octahedral tilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantalle J Krajewska
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander E K Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthias Kick
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David B Berkinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tara Sverko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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13
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Berkinsky DB, Proppe AH, Utzat H, Krajewska CJ, Sun W, Šverko T, Yoo JJ, Chung H, Won YH, Kim T, Jang E, Bawendi MG. Narrow Intrinsic Line Widths and Electron-Phonon Coupling of InP Colloidal Quantum Dots. ACS Nano 2023; 17:3598-3609. [PMID: 36758155 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
InP quantum dots (QDs) are the material of choice for QD display applications and have been used as active layers in QD light-emitting diodes (QDLEDs) with high efficiency and color purity. Optimizing the color purity of QDs requires understanding mechanisms of spectral broadening. While ensemble-level broadening can be minimized by synthetic tuning to yield monodisperse QD sizes, single QD line widths are broadened by exciton-phonon scattering and fine-structure splitting. Here, using photon-correlation Fourier spectroscopy, we extract average single QD line widths of 50 meV at 293 K for red-emitting InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs, among the narrowest for colloidal QDs. We measure InP/ZnSe/ZnS single QD emission line shapes at temperatures between 4 and 293 K and model the spectra using a modified independent boson model. We find that inelastic acoustic phonon scattering and fine-structure splitting are the most prominent broadening mechanisms at low temperatures, whereas pure dephasing from elastic acoustic phonon scattering is the primary broadening mechanism at elevated temperatures, and optical phonon scattering contributes minimally across all temperatures. Conversely for CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs, we find that optical phonon scattering is a larger contributor to the line shape at elevated temperatures, leading to intrinsically broader single-dot line widths than for InP/ZnSe/ZnS. We are able to reconcile narrow low-temperature line widths and broad room-temperature line widths within a self-consistent model that enables parametrization of line width broadening, for different material classes. This can be used for the rational design of more spectrally narrow materials. Our findings reveal that red-emitting InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs have intrinsically narrower line widths than typically synthesized CdSe QDs, suggesting that these materials could be used to realize QDLEDs with high color purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Berkinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrew H Proppe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chantalle J Krajewska
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tara Šverko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jason J Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heejae Chung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ho Won
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyung Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo Jang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Ginterseder M, Sun W, Shcherbakov-Wu W, McIsaac AR, Berkinsky DB, Kaplan AEK, Wang L, Krajewska C, Šverko T, Perkinson CF, Utzat H, Tisdale WA, Van Voorhis T, Bawendi MG. Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals with Low Inhomogeneous Broadening and High Coherent Fraction through Dicationic Ligand Engineering. Nano Lett 2023; 23:1128-1134. [PMID: 36780509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (LHP NCs) are an emerging materials system with broad potential applications, including as emitters of quantum light. We apply design principles aimed at the structural optimization of surface ligand species for CsPbBr3 NCs, leading us to the study of LHP NCs with dicationic quaternary ammonium bromide ligands. Through the selection of linking groups and aliphatic backbones guided by experiments and computational support, we demonstrate consistently narrow photoluminescence line shapes with a full-width-at-half-maximum below 70 meV. We observe bulk-like Stokes shifts throughout our range of particle sizes, from 7 to 16 nm. At cryogenic temperatures, we find sub-200 ps lifetimes, significant photon coherence, and the fraction of photons emitted into the coherent channel increasing markedly to 86%. A 4-fold reduction in inhomogeneous broadening from previous work paves the way for the integration of LHP NC emitters into nanophotonic architectures to enable advanced quantum optical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ginterseder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenbi Shcherbakov-Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexandra R McIsaac
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David B Berkinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander E K Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chantalle Krajewska
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tara Šverko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Collin F Perkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William A Tisdale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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15
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Barotov U, Arachchi DHT, Klein MD, Zhang J, Šverko T, Bawendi MG. Near-Unity Superradiant Emission from Delocalized Frenkel Excitons in a Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Assembly. Adv Opt Mater 2023; 11:2201471. [PMID: 36846517 PMCID: PMC9957265 DOI: 10.1002/adom.202201471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate three general effective strategies to mitigate non-radiative losses in the superradiant emission from supramolecular assemblies. We focus on J-aggregates of 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1'-diethyl-3,3'-di(4-sulfobutyl)-benzimidazolocarbocyanine (TDBC) and elucidate the nature of their nonradiative processes. We show that self-annealing at room temperature, photo-brightening, and the purification of the dye monomers all lead to substantial increases in emission quantum yields (QYs) and a concomitant lengthening of the emission lifetime, with purification of the monomers having the largest effect. We use structural and optical measurements to support a microscopic model that emphasizes the deleterious effects of a small number of impurity and defect sites that serve as non-radiative recombination centers. This understanding has yielded a room temperature molecular fluorophore in solution with an unprecedented combination of fast emissive lifetime and high QY. We obtain superradiant emission from J-aggregates of TDBC in solution at room temperature with a QY of 82% coupled with an emissive lifetime of 174 ps. This combination of high QY and fast lifetime at room temperature makes supramolecular assemblies of purified TDBC a model system for the study of fundamental superradiance phenomena. High QY J-aggregates are uniquely suited for the development of applications that require high speed and high brightness fluorophores such as devices for high speed optical communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulugbek Barotov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dimuthu H. Thanippuli Arachchi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Megan D. Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Juanye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tara Šverko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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16
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Shi J, Yoo D, Vidal-Codina F, Baik CW, Cho KS, Nguyen NC, Utzat H, Han J, Lindenberg AM, Bulović V, Bawendi MG, Peraire J, Oh SH, Nelson KA. A room-temperature polarization-sensitive CMOS terahertz camera based on quantum-dot-enhanced terahertz-to-visible photon upconversion. Nat Nanotechnol 2022; 17:1288-1293. [PMID: 36329270 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Detection of terahertz (THz) radiation has many potential applications, but presently available detectors are limited in many aspects of their performance, including sensitivity, speed, bandwidth and operating temperature. Most do not allow the characterization of THz polarization states. Recent observation of THz-driven luminescence in quantum dots offers a possible detection mechanism via field-driven interdot charge transfer. We demonstrate a room-temperature complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor THz camera and polarimeter based on quantum-dot-enhanced THz-to-visible upconversion mechanism with optimized luminophore geometries and fabrication designs. Besides broadband and fast responses, the nanoslit-based sensor can detect THz pulses with peak fields as low as 10 kV cm-1. A related coaxial nanoaperture-type device shows a to-date-unexplored capability to simultaneously record the THz polarization state and field strength with similar sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daehan Yoo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ferran Vidal-Codina
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chan-Wook Baik
- Advanced Sensor Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Cho
- Advanced Sensor Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc-Cuong Nguyen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jinchi Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jaime Peraire
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Keith A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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17
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Zhu H, Šverko T, Zhang J, Berkinsky DB, Sun W, Krajewska CJ, Bawendi MG. One-Dimensional Highly-Confined CsPbBr 3 Nanorods with Enhanced Stability: Synthesis and Spectroscopy. Nano Lett 2022; 22:8355-8362. [PMID: 36223648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) colloidal lead halide perovskites (LHPs) have potential as quantum emitters. Their study, however, has been hampered by their previous instability, leaving a gap in our understanding of structure-property relationships in colloidal LHPs with anisotropic shapes. Here, we synthesize stable, highly-confined 1D CsPbBr3 nanorods (NRs) and demonstrate their structural details and photoluminescence (PL) properties at both the ensemble and single particle levels. Using amino-terminated copolymers, we are able to stabilize and characterize 1D CsPbBr3 NRs utilizing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle scattering (SAS). Scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals that these NRs possess structural defects, including twists and inhomogeneity. Solution-phase photon correlation spectroscopy shows low biexciton-to-exciton quantum yield ratios (QYBX/QYX) and broad spectral line widths dominated by homogeneous broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tara Šverko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Juanye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David B Berkinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chantalle J Krajewska
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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18
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Martin JD, Lanning RM, Chauhan VP, Martin MR, Mousa AS, Kamoun WS, Han HS, Lee H, Stylianopoulos T, Bawendi MG, Duda DG, Brown EB, Padera TP, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Multiphoton Phosphorescence Quenching Microscopy Reveals Kinetics of Tumor Oxygenation during Antiangiogenesis and Angiotensin Signaling Inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:3076-3090. [PMID: 35584239 PMCID: PMC9355624 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The abnormal function of tumor blood vessels causes tissue hypoxia, promoting disease progression and treatment resistance. Although tumor microenvironment normalization strategies can alleviate hypoxia globally, how local oxygen levels change is not known because of the inability to longitudinally assess vascular and interstitial oxygen in tumors with sufficient resolution. Understanding the spatial and temporal heterogeneity should help improve the outcome of various normalization strategies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed a multiphoton phosphorescence quenching microscopy system using a low-molecular-weight palladium porphyrin probe to measure perfused vessels, oxygen tension, and their spatial correlations in vivo in mouse skin, bone marrow, and four different tumor models. Further, we measured the temporal and spatial changes in oxygen and vessel perfusion in tumors in response to an anti-VEGFR2 antibody (DC101) and an angiotensin-receptor blocker (losartan). RESULTS We found that vessel function was highly dependent on tumor type. Although some tumors had vessels with greater oxygen-carrying ability than those of normal skin, most tumors had inefficient vessels. Further, intervessel heterogeneity in tumors is associated with heterogeneous response to DC101 and losartan. Using both vascular and stromal normalizing agents, we show that spatial heterogeneity in oxygen levels persists, even with reductions in mean extravascular hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS High-resolution spatial and temporal responses of tumor vessels to two agents known to improve vascular perfusion globally reveal spatially heterogeneous changes in vessel structure and function. These dynamic vascular changes should be considered in optimizing the dose and schedule of vascular and stromal normalizing strategies to improve the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Martin
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan M. Lanning
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Vikash P. Chauhan
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Margaret R. Martin
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmed S. Mousa
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walid S. Kamoun
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hee-Sun Han
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hang Lee
- Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dan G. Duda
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward B. Brown
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy P. Padera
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rakesh K. Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Corresponding Author: Rakesh K. Jain, Department of Radiation Oncology, 100 Blossom Street, Cox 7, Boston, MA 02114. E-mail:
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19
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Shi J, Gao FY, Zhang Z, Utzat H, Barotov U, Farahvash A, Han J, Deschamps J, Baik CW, Cho KS, Bulović V, Willard AP, Baldini E, Gedik N, Bawendi MG, Nelson KA. Terahertz Field-Induced Reemergence of Quenched Photoluminescence in Quantum Dots. Nano Lett 2022; 22:1718-1725. [PMID: 35142222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The continuous and concerted development of colloidal quantum dot light-emitting diodes over the past two decades has established them as a bedrock technology for the next generation of displays. However, a fundamental issue that limits the performance of these devices is the quenching of photoluminescence due to excess charges from conductive charge transport layers. Although device designs have leveraged various workarounds, doing so often comes at the cost of limiting efficient charge injection. Here we demonstrate that high-field terahertz (THz) pulses can dramatically brighten quenched QDs on metallic surfaces, an effect that persists for minutes after THz irradiation. This phenomenon is attributed to the ability of the THz field to remove excess charges, thereby reducing trion and nonradiative Auger recombination. Our findings show that THz technologies can be used to suppress and control such undesired nonradiative decay, potentially in a variety of luminescent materials for future device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frank Y Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zhuquan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ulugbek Barotov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ardavan Farahvash
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jinchi Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jude Deschamps
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chan-Wook Baik
- Photonic Device Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 16678 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sang Cho
- Photonic Device Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 16678 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Adam P Willard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Edoardo Baldini
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nuh Gedik
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Keith A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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20
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Cassidy J, Diroll BT, Mondal N, Berkinsky DB, Zhao K, Harankahage D, Porotnikov D, Gately R, Khon D, Proppe A, Bawendi MG, Schaller RD, Malko AV, Zamkov M. Quantum Shells Boost the Optical Gain of Lasing Media. ACS Nano 2022; 16:3017-3026. [PMID: 35129951 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Auger decay of multiple excitons represents a significant obstacle to photonic applications of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). This nonradiative process is particularly detrimental to the performance of QD-based electroluminescent and lasing devices. Here, we demonstrate that semiconductor quantum shells with an "inverted" QD geometry inhibit Auger recombination, allowing substantial improvements to their multiexciton characteristics. By promoting a spatial separation between multiple excitons, the quantum shell geometry leads to ultralong biexciton lifetimes (>10 ns) and a large biexciton quantum yield. Furthermore, the architecture of quantum shells induces an exciton-exciton repulsion, which splits exciton and biexciton optical transitions, giving rise to an Auger-inactive single-exciton gain mode. In this regime, quantum shells exhibit the longest optical gain lifetime reported for colloidal QDs to date (>6 ns), which makes this geometry an attractive candidate for the development of optically and electrically pumped gain media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin T Diroll
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Navendu Mondal
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - David B Berkinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kehui Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | | | | | - Reagan Gately
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas 78228, United States
| | - Dmitriy Khon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas 78228, United States
| | - Andrew Proppe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton V Malko
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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21
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Perkinson CF, Einzinger M, Finley J, Bawendi MG, Baldo MA. Magnetic-Field-Switchable Laser via Optical Pumping of Rubrene. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2103870. [PMID: 34793612 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric optical imaging of magnetic fields is challenging with existing magneto-optical materials, motivating the search for dyes with strong magnetic field interactions, distinct emission spectra, and an ability to withstand high photon flux and incorporation within samples. Here, the magnetic field effect on singlet-exciton fission is exploited to demonstrate spatial imaging of magnetic fields in a thin film of rubrene. Doping rubrene with the high-quantum yield dye dibenzotetraphenylperiflanthene (DBP) is shown to enable optically pumped, slab waveguide lasing. This laser is magnetic-field-switchable: when operated just below the lasing threshold, application of a 0.4 T magnetic field switches the device between nonlasing and lasing modes, accompanied by an intensity modulation of +360%. This is thought to be the first demonstration of a magnetically switchable laser, as well as the largest magnetically induced change in emission brightness in a singlet-fission material to date. These results demonstrate that singlet-fission materials are promising materials for magnetic sensing applications and could inspire a new class of magneto-optical modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin F Perkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Markus Einzinger
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joseph Finley
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marc A Baldo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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22
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Shi J, Sun W, Utzat H, Farahvash A, Gao FY, Zhang Z, Barotov U, Willard AP, Nelson KA, Bawendi MG. All-optical fluorescence blinking control in quantum dots with ultrafast mid-infrared pulses. Nat Nanotechnol 2021; 16:1355-1361. [PMID: 34811550 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01016-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence intermittency is a ubiquitous phenomenon, reducing the temporal emission intensity stability of single colloidal quantum dots (QDs) and the emission quantum yield of their ensembles. Despite efforts to achieve blinking reduction by chemical engineering of the QD architecture and its environment, blinking still poses barriers to the application of QDs, particularly in single-particle tracking in biology or in single-photon sources. Here, we demonstrate a deterministic all-optical suppression of QD blinking using a compound technique of visible and mid-infrared excitation. We show that moderate-field ultrafast mid-infrared pulses (5.5 μm, 150 fs) can switch the emission from a charged, low quantum yield grey trion state to the bright exciton state in CdSe/CdS core-shell QDs, resulting in a significant reduction of the QD intensity flicker. Quantum-tunnelling simulations suggest that the mid-infrared fields remove the excess charge from trions with reduced emission quantum yield to restore higher brightness exciton emission. Our approach can be integrated with existing single-particle tracking or super-resolution microscopy techniques without any modification to the sample and translates to other emitters presenting charging-induced photoluminescence intermittencies, such as single-photon emissive defects in diamond and two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ardavan Farahvash
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frank Y Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhuquan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ulugbek Barotov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adam P Willard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keith A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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23
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Shulenberger KE, Coppieters 't Wallant SC, Klein MD, McIsaac AR, Goldzak T, Berkinsky DB, Utzat H, Barotov U, Van Voorhis T, Bawendi MG. Resolving the Triexciton Recombination Pathway in CdSe/CdS Nanocrystals through State-Specific Correlation Measurements. Nano Lett 2021; 21:7457-7464. [PMID: 34516138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As luminescence applications of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals push toward higher excitation flux conditions, there is an increased need to both understand and potentially control emission from multiexciton states. We develop a spectrally resolved correlation method to study the triply excited state that enables direct measurements of the recombination pathway for the triexciton, rather than relying on indirect extraction of rates. We demonstrate that, for core-shell CdSe-CdS nanocrystals, triexciton emission arises exclusively from the band-edge S-like state. Time-dependent density functional theory and extended particle-in-a-sphere calculations demonstrate that reduced carrier overlap induced by the core-shell heterostructure can account for the lack of emission observed from the P-like state. These results provide a potential avenue for the control of nanocrystal luminescence, where core-shell heterostructures can be leveraged to control carrier separation and therefore maintain emission color purity over a broader range of excitation fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Shulenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sophie C Coppieters 't Wallant
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Megan D Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexandra R McIsaac
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tamar Goldzak
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David B Berkinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ulugbek Barotov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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24
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Wang L, Yoo JJ, Lin TA, Perkinson CF, Lu Y, Baldo MA, Bawendi MG. Interfacial Trap-Assisted Triplet Generation in Lead Halide Perovskite Sensitized Solid-State Upconversion. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2100854. [PMID: 34048075 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photon upconversion via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) has promise for overcoming the Shockley-Queisser limit for single-junction solar cells by allowing the utilization of sub-bandgap photons. Recently, bulk perovskites have been employed as sensitizers in solid-state upconversion devices to circumvent poor exciton diffusion in previous nanocrystal (NC)-sensitized devices. However, an in-depth understanding of the underlying photophysics of perovskite-sensitized triplet generation is still lacking due to the difficulty of precisely controlling interfacial properties of fully solution-processed devices. In this study, interfacial properties of upconversion devices are adjusted by a mild surface solvent treatment, specifically altering perovskite surface properties without perturbing the bulk perovskite. Thermal evaporation of the annihilator precludes further solvent contamination. Counterintuitively, devices with more interfacial traps show brighter upconversion. Approximately an order of magnitude difference in upconversion brightness is observed across different interfacial solvent treatments. Sequential charge transfer and interfacial trap-assisted triplet sensitization are demonstrated by comparing upconversion performance, transient photoluminescence dynamics, and magnetic field dependence of the devices. Incomplete triplet conversion from transferred charges and consequent triplet-charge annihilation (TCA) are also observed. The observations highlight the importance of interfacial control and provide guidance for further design and optimization of upconversion devices using perovskites or other semiconductors as sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jason J Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ting-An Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Collin F Perkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yongli Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marc A Baldo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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25
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Utzat H, Bawendi MG. Lifetime-resolved photon-correlation Fourier spectroscopy. Opt Express 2021; 29:14293-14303. [PMID: 33985152 DOI: 10.1364/oe.421642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The excited state population of single solid-state emitters is subjected to energy fluctuations around the equilibrium driven by the bath and relaxation through the emission of phonons or photons. Simultaneous measurement of the associated spectral dynamics requires a technique with a high spectral and temporal resolution with an additionally high temporal dynamic range. We propose a pulsed excitation-laser analog of photon-correlation Fourier spectroscopy (PCFS), which extracts the linewidth and spectral diffusion dynamics along the emission lifetime trajectory of the emitter, effectively discriminating spectral dynamics from relaxation and bath fluctuations. This lifetime-resolved PCFS correlates photon-pairs at the output arm of a Michelson interferometer in both their time-delay between laser-excitation and photon-detection T and the time-delay between two photons τ. We propose the utility of the technique for systems with changing relative contributions to the emission from multiple states, for example, quantum emitters exhibiting phonon-mediated exchange between different fine-structure states.
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26
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Lignos I, Mo Y, Carayannopoulos L, Ginterseder M, Bawendi MG, Jensen KF. A high-temperature continuous stirred-tank reactor cascade for the multistep synthesis of InP/ZnS quantum dots. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00454e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multistep and continuous production of core–shell InP/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals in a high-temperature and miniature continuous stirred-tank reactor cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Lignos
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- U.S.A
| | - Yiming Mo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- U.S.A
| | | | | | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- U.S.A
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- U.S.A
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27
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Hartono NTP, Thapa J, Tiihonen A, Oviedo F, Batali C, Yoo JJ, Liu Z, Li R, Marrón DF, Bawendi MG, Buonassisi T, Sun S. Author Correction: How machine learning can help select capping layers to suppress perovskite degradation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5675. [PMID: 33144584 PMCID: PMC7609686 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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28
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Bi H, Huo C, Song X, Li Z, Tang H, Griesse-Nascimento S, Huang KC, Cheng JX, Nienhaus L, Bawendi MG, Lin HYG, Wang Y, Saikin SK. Room-Temperature Phosphorescence and Low-Energy Induced Direct Triplet Excitation of Alq 3 Engineered Crystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9364-9370. [PMID: 33095025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crystal engineering is a practical approach for tailoring material properties. This approach has been widely studied for modulating optical and electrical properties of semiconductors. However, the properties of organic molecular crystals are difficult to control following a similar engineering route. In this Letter, we demonstrate that engineered crystals of Alq3 and Ir(ppy)3 complexes, which are commonly used in organic light-emitting technologies, possess intriguing functional properties. Specifically, these structures not only process efficient low-energy induced triplet excitation directly from the ground state of Alq3 but also can show strong emission at the Alq3 triplet energy level at room temperatures. We associate these phenomena with local deformations of the host matrix around the guest molecules, which in turn lead to a stronger host-guest triplet-triplet coupling and spin-orbital mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Bi
- Jihua Laboratory, 13 Nanpingxi Road, Guicheng, Nanhai, Foshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Chanyuan Huo
- Jihua Laboratory, 13 Nanpingxi Road, Guicheng, Nanhai, Foshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxian Song
- Jihua Laboratory, 13 Nanpingxi Road, Guicheng, Nanhai, Foshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Jihua Laboratory, 13 Nanpingxi Road, Guicheng, Nanhai, Foshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Haoning Tang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sarah Griesse-Nascimento
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kai-Chih Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lea Nienhaus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hao-Yu Greg Lin
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yue Wang
- Jihua Laboratory, 13 Nanpingxi Road, Guicheng, Nanhai, Foshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Semion K Saikin
- Kebotix, Inc., 501 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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29
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McHugh KJ, Jing L, Severt SY, Cruz M, Sarmadi M, Jayawardena HSN, Perkinson CF, Larusson F, Rose S, Tomasic S, Graf T, Tzeng SY, Sugarman JL, Vlasic D, Peters M, Peterson N, Wood L, Tang W, Yeom J, Collins J, Welkhoff PA, Karchin A, Tse M, Gao M, Bawendi MG, Langer R, Jaklenec A. Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/523/eaay7162. [PMID: 31852802 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay7162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accurate medical recordkeeping is a major challenge in many low-resource settings where well-maintained centralized databases do not exist, contributing to 1.5 million vaccine-preventable deaths annually. Here, we present an approach to encode medical history on a patient using the spatial distribution of biocompatible, near-infrared quantum dots (NIR QDs) in the dermis. QDs are invisible to the naked eye yet detectable when exposed to NIR light. QDs with a copper indium selenide core and aluminum-doped zinc sulfide shell were tuned to emit in the NIR spectrum by controlling stoichiometry and shelling time. The formulation showing the greatest resistance to photobleaching after simulated sunlight exposure (5-year equivalence) through pigmented human skin was encapsulated in microparticles for use in vivo. In parallel, microneedle geometry was optimized in silico and validated ex vivo using porcine and synthetic human skin. QD-containing microparticles were then embedded in dissolvable microneedles and administered to rats with or without a vaccine. Longitudinal in vivo imaging using a smartphone adapted to detect NIR light demonstrated that microneedle-delivered QD patterns remained bright and could be accurately identified using a machine learning algorithm 9 months after application. In addition, codelivery with inactivated poliovirus vaccine produced neutralizing antibody titers above the threshold considered protective. These findings suggest that intradermal QDs can be used to reliably encode information and can be delivered with a vaccine, which may be particularly valuable in the developing world and open up new avenues for decentralized data storage and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J McHugh
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lihong Jing
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bei Yi Jie 2, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Sean Y Severt
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mache Cruz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Morteza Sarmadi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Collin F Perkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fridrik Larusson
- Global Good, Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Sviatlana Rose
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephanie Tomasic
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tyler Graf
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephany Y Tzeng
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James L Sugarman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Vlasic
- Independent consultant, 119 Kendall Rd, Lexington, MA 02421, USA (https://people.csail.mit.edu/drdaniel/)
| | - Matthew Peters
- Global Good, Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Nels Peterson
- Global Good, Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Lowell Wood
- Global Good, Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Wen Tang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jihyeon Yeom
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joe Collins
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip A Welkhoff
- Institute for Disease Modeling, 3150 139th Ave. SE, Bellevue, WA 98005, USA
| | - Ari Karchin
- Global Good, Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Megan Tse
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bei Yi Jie 2, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ana Jaklenec
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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30
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Hartono NTP, Thapa J, Tiihonen A, Oviedo F, Batali C, Yoo JJ, Liu Z, Li R, Marrón DF, Bawendi MG, Buonassisi T, Sun S. How machine learning can help select capping layers to suppress perovskite degradation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4172. [PMID: 32820159 PMCID: PMC7441172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been improved by trial-and-error exploration of thin low-dimensional (LD) perovskite deposited on top of the perovskite absorber, called the capping layer. In this study, a machine-learning framework is presented to optimize this layer. We featurize 21 organic halide salts, apply them as capping layers onto methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) films, age them under accelerated conditions, and determine features governing stability using supervised machine learning and Shapley values. We find that organic molecules' low number of hydrogen-bonding donors and small topological polar surface area correlate with increased MAPbI3 film stability. The top performing organic halide, phenyltriethylammonium iodide (PTEAI), successfully extends the MAPbI3 stability lifetime by 4 ± 2 times over bare MAPbI3 and 1.3 ± 0.3 times over state-of-the-art octylammonium bromide (OABr). Through characterization, we find that this capping layer stabilizes the photoactive layer by changing the surface chemistry and suppressing methylammonium loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janak Thapa
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Armi Tiihonen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Felipe Oviedo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Clio Batali
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jason J Yoo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zhe Liu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - David Fuertes Marrón
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Instituto de Energía Solar-ETSIT, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tonio Buonassisi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Shijing Sun
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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31
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Montana DM, Nasilowski M, Hess WR, Saif M, Carr JA, Nienhaus L, Bawendi MG. Monodisperse and Water-Soluble Quantum Dots for SWIR Imaging via Carboxylic Acid Copolymer Ligands. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:35845-35855. [PMID: 32805785 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Compared to the visible and near-infrared, the short-wave infrared region (SWIR; 1000-2000 nm) has excellent properties for in vivo imaging: low autofluorescence, reduced scattering, and a low-absorption cross-section of blood or tissue. However, the general adoption of SWIR imaging in biomedical research will be enhanced by a broader availability of versatile and bright contrast materials. Quantum dots (QDs) are bright and compact SWIR emitters with narrow size distributions and emission spectra, but their use is limited by the shortcomings of established ligand systems for SWIR QDs. Established ligands often result in SWIR probes with either limited colloidal stability, large size, or broad size distribution or a combination of all three. We present a polymeric QD ligand designed to be compatible with oleate-coated QDs. Our polymeric acid ligand is a copolymer bearing carboxylic acid anchoring groups and PEG-550 chains to solubilize the QD-ligand construct. After a mild and rapid ligand exchange, the resulting constructs are compact (<11 nm hydrodynamic diameter) and have narrow size distribution. Both qualities are preserved for several months in isotonic saline. The constructs are bright in vivo, and to demonstrate their suitability for imaging, we perform whole-body imaging and lymphatic imaging, including visualization of lymphatic flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Montana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michel Nasilowski
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Whitney R Hess
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mari Saif
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jessica A Carr
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lea Nienhaus
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Lignos I, Utzat H, Bawendi MG, Jensen KF. Nanocrystal synthesis, μfluidic sample dilution and direct extraction of single emission linewidths in continuous flow. Lab Chip 2020; 20:1975-1980. [PMID: 32352465 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of semiconductor nanocrystal populations requires control of their emission linewidths, which are dictated by interparticle inhomogeneities and single-nanocrystal spectral linewidths. To date, research efforts have concentrated on minimizing the ensemble emission linewidths, however there is little knowledge about the synthetic parameters dictating single-nanocrystal linewidths. In this direction, we present a flow-based system coupled with an optical interferometry setup for the extraction of single nanocrystal properties. The platform has the ability to synthesize nanocrystals at high temperature <300 °C, adjust the particle concentration after synthesis and extract ensemble-averaged single nanocrystal emission linewidths using flow photon-correlation Fourier spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Lignos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Chazot CAC, Nagelberg S, Rowlands CJ, Scherer MRJ, Coropceanu I, Broderick K, Kim Y, Bawendi MG, So P, Kolle M. Luminescent Surfaces with Tailored Angular Emission for Compact Dark-Field Imaging Devices. Nat Photonics 2020; 14:310-315. [PMID: 33584848 PMCID: PMC7877670 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-020-0593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dark-field microscopy is a standard imaging technique widely employed in biology that provides high image contrast for a broad range of unstained specimens1. Unlike bright-field microscopy, it accentuates high spatial frequencies and can therefore be used to emphasize and resolve small features. However, the use of dark-field microscopy for reliable analysis of blood cells, bacteria, algae, and other marine organisms often requires specialized, bulky microscope systems, and expensive additional components, such as dark-field-compatible objectives or condensers2,3. Here, we propose to simplify and downsize dark-field microscopy equipment by generating the high-angle illumination cone required for dark field microscopy directly within the sample substrate. We introduce a luminescent photonic substrate with a controlled angular emission profile and demonstrate its ability to generate high-contrast dark-field images of micrometre-sized living organisms using standard optical microscopy equipment. This new type of substrate forms the basis for miniaturized lab-on-chip dark-field imaging devices, compatible with simple and compact light microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile A C Chazot
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
| | - Sara Nagelberg
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
| | | | - Maik R J Scherer
- Papierfabrik Louisenthal GmbH, Louisenthal 1, Gmund am Tegernsee, 83703, Germany
| | - Igor Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
| | - Kurt Broderick
- Microsystems Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 60 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
| | - Yunjo Kim
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
| | - Peter So
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
| | - Mathias Kolle
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
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34
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Ginterseder M, Franke D, Perkinson CF, Wang L, Hansen EC, Bawendi MG. Scalable Synthesis of InAs Quantum Dots Mediated through Indium Redox Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4088-4092. [PMID: 32073841 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation optoelectronic applications centered in the near-infrared (NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) wavelength regimes require high-quality materials. Among these materials, colloidal InAs quantum dots (QDs) stand out as an infrared-active candidate material for biological imaging, lighting, and sensing applications. Despite significant development of their optical properties, the synthesis of InAs QDs still routinely relies on hazardous, commercially unavailable precursors. Herein, we describe a straightforward single hot injection procedure revolving around In(I)Cl as the key precursor. Acting as a simultaneous reducing agent and In source, In(I)Cl smoothly reacts with a tris(amino)arsenic precursor to yield colloidal InAs quantitatively and at gram scale. Tuning the reaction temperature produces InAs cores with a first excitonic absorption feature in the range of 700-1400 nm. A dynamic disproportionation equilibrium between In(I), In metal, and In(III) opens up additional flexibility in precursor selection. CdSe shell growth on the produced cores enhances their optical properties, furnishing particles with center emission wavelengths between 1000 and 1500 nm and narrow photoluminescence full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of about 120 meV throughout. The simplicity, scalability, and tunability of the disclosed precursor platform are anticipated to inspire further research on In-based colloidal QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ginterseder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel Franke
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Collin F Perkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric C Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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35
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Spokoyny B, Utzat H, Moon H, Grosso G, Englund D, Bawendi MG. Effect of Spectral Diffusion on the Coherence Properties of a Single Quantum Emitter in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1330-1335. [PMID: 32017564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum emitters capable of producing single photons on-demand with high color purity are the building blocks of emerging schemes in secure quantum communications, quantum computing, and quantum metrology. Such solid-state systems, however, are usually prone to effects of spectral diffusion (SD), i.e., fast modulation of the emission wavelength due to the presence of localized, fluctuating electric fields. Two-dimensional materials are especially vulnerable to SD by virtue of the proximity of the emitters to the outside environment. In this study we report measurements of SD in a single hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) quantum emitter on the nanosecond to second time scales using photon correlation Fourier spectroscopy. We demonstrate that the spectral diffusion dynamics can be modeled by a two-component Gaussian random jump model, suggesting multiple sources of local fluctuations. We provide a lower limit of ∼0.13 for the ratio of the emitter's coherence time (T2) to twice its radiative lifetime (2T1) when it is measured on submicrosecond time scales. These results suggest that attaining transform-limited line widths could be achieved with moderate enhancement of the radiative rate. Moreover, the complex SD dynamics identified in our work inspires further exploration of the dephasing mechanisms in hBN as a viable quantum emitter platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Hyowon Moon
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Gabriele Grosso
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center , City University of New York , 85 St. Nicholas Terrace , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Dirk Englund
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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36
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Hansen EC, Liu Y, Utzat H, Bertram SN, Grossman JC, Bawendi MG. Blue Light Emitting Defective Nanocrystals Composed of Earth-Abundant Elements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:860-867. [PMID: 31693785 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Copper-based ternary (I-III-VI) chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs) are compositionally-flexible semiconductors that do not contain lead (Pb) or cadmium (Cd). Cu-In-S NCs are the dominantly studied member of this important materials class and have been reported to contain optically-active defect states. However, there are minimal reports of In-free compositions that exhibit efficient photoluminescence (PL). Here, we report a novel solution-phase synthesis of ≈4 nm defective nanocrystals (DNCs) composed of copper, aluminum, zinc, and sulfur with ≈20 % quantum yield and an attractive PL maximum of 450 nm. Extensive spectroscopic characterization suggests the presence of highly localized electronic states resulting in reasonably fast PL decays (≈1 ns), large vibrational energy spacing, small Stokes shift, and temperature-independent PL linewidth and PL lifetime (between room temperature and ≈5 K). Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest PL transitions arise from defects within a CuAl5 S8 crystal lattice, which supports the experimental observation of highly-localized states. The results reported here provide a new material with unique optoelectronic characteristics that is an important analog to well-explored Cu-In-S NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sophie N Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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37
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Hansen EC, Liu Y, Utzat H, Bertram SN, Grossman JC, Bawendi MG. Blue Light Emitting Defective Nanocrystals Composed of Earth‐Abundant Elements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Sophie N. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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38
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Pein BC, Lee CK, Shi L, Shi J, Chang W, Hwang HY, Scherer J, Coropceanu I, Zhao X, Zhang X, Bulović V, Bawendi MG, Willard AP, Nelson KA. Terahertz-Driven Stark Spectroscopy of CdSe and CdSe-CdS Core-Shell Quantum Dots. Nano Lett 2019; 19:8125-8131. [PMID: 31635457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of large external fields on semiconductor nanostructures could reveal much about field-induced shifting of electronic states and their dynamical responses and could enable electro-optic device applications that require large and rapid changes in optical properties. Studies of quasi-dc electric field modulation of quantum dot (QD) properties have been limited by electrostatic breakdown processes observed under high externally applied field levels. To circumvent this, here we apply ultrafast terahertz (THz) electric fields with switching times on the order of 1 ps. We show that a pulsed THz electric field, enhanced by a microslit field enhancement structure (FES), can strongly manipulate the optical absorption properties of a thin film of CdSe and CdSe-CdS core-shell QDs on the subpicosecond time scale with spectral shifts that span the visible to near-IR range. Numerical simulations using a semiempirical tight binding model show that the band gap of the QD film can be shifted by as much a 79 meV during these time scales. The results allow a basic understanding of the field-induced shifting of electronic levels and suggest electro-optic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt C Pein
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Chee Kong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - JiaoJian Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Wendi Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Harold Y Hwang
- Lincoln Laboratory , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Lexington , Massachusetts 02420 United States
| | - Jennifer Scherer
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Igor Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Xiaoguang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 United States
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Adam P Willard
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Keith A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 United States
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39
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Perkinson CF, Tabor DP, Einzinger M, Sheberla D, Utzat H, Lin TA, Congreve DN, Bawendi MG, Aspuru-Guzik A, Baldo MA. Discovery of blue singlet exciton fission molecules via a high-throughput virtual screening and experimental approach. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:121102. [PMID: 31575171 DOI: 10.1063/1.5114789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Singlet exciton fission is a mechanism that could potentially enable solar cells to surpass the Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit by converting single high-energy photons into two lower-energy triplet excitons with minimal thermalization loss. The ability to make use of singlet exciton fission to enhance solar cell efficiencies has been limited, however, by the sparsity of singlet fission materials with triplet energies above the bandgaps of common semiconductors such as Si and GaAs. Here, we employ a high-throughput virtual screening procedure to discover new organic singlet exciton fission candidate materials with high-energy (>1.4 eV) triplet excitons. After exploring a search space of 4482 molecules and screening them using time-dependent density functional theory, we identify 88 novel singlet exciton fission candidate materials based on anthracene derivatives. Subsequent purification and characterization of several of these candidates yield two new singlet exciton fission materials: 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) and 9,10-dichlorooctafluoroanthracene (DCOFA), with triplet energies of 1.54 eV and 1.51 eV, respectively. These materials are readily available and low-cost, making them interesting candidates for exothermic singlet exciton fission sensitization of solar cells. However, formation of triplet excitons in DCA and DCOFA is found to occur via hot singlet exciton fission with excitation energies above ∼3.64 eV, and prominent excimer formation in the solid state will need to be overcome in order to make DCA and DCOFA viable candidates for use in a practical device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin F Perkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Daniel P Tabor
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Markus Einzinger
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Dennis Sheberla
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ting-An Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Marc A Baldo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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40
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Shulenberger KE, Ashner MN, Ha SK, Krieg F, Kovalenko MV, Tisdale WA, Bawendi MG. Setting an Upper Bound to the Biexciton Binding Energy in CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5680-5686. [PMID: 31502848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals are promising emissive materials for a variety of optoelectronic applications. To fully realize the potential of these materials, we must understand the energetics and dynamics of multiexciton states which are populated under device relevant excitation conditions. We utilized time-resolved and spectrally-resolved photoluminescence studies to investigate the biexciton binding energy as well as a red-shifted emission feature previously reported under high-flux excitation conditions. We determine that this red-shifted emission feature can be ascribed to sample sintering induced by air-exposure and high-flux irradiation. Furthermore, we determine that the biexciton binding energy at room temperature is at most ±20 meV, providing a key insight toward understanding many-body interactions in the lead halide perovskite lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Shulenberger
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Matthew N Ashner
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Seung Kyun Ha
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Franziska Krieg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics , Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Maksym V Kovalenko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics , Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - William A Tisdale
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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41
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Hoerantner MT, Wassweiler EL, Zhang H, Panda A, Nasilowski M, Osherov A, Swartwout R, Driscoll AE, Moody NS, Bawendi MG, Jensen KF, Bulović V. High-Speed Vapor Transport Deposition of Perovskite Thin Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:32928-32936. [PMID: 31416312 PMCID: PMC6748557 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research of hybrid metal-halide perovskite materials for use as photoactive materials has resulted in an unmatched increase in the power conversion efficiency of perovskite photovoltaics (PVs) over the last couple of years. Now that lab-fabricated perovskite devices rival the efficiency of silicon PVs, the next challenge of scalable mass manufacturing of large perovskite PV panels remains to be solved. For that purpose, it is still unclear which manufacturing method will provide the lowest processing cost and highest quality solar cells. Vapor deposition has been proven to work well for perovskites as a controllable and repeatable thin-film deposition technique but with processing speeds currently too slow to adequately lower the production costs. Addressing this challenge, in the present work, we demonstrate a high-speed vapor transport processing technique in a custom-built reactor that produces high-quality perovskite films with unprecedented deposition speed exceeding 1 nm/s, over 10× faster than previous vapor deposition demonstrations. We show that the semiconducting perovskite films produced with this method have excellent crystallinity and optoelectronic properties with 10 ns charge carrier lifetime, enabling us to fabricate the first photovoltaic devices made by perovskite vapor transport deposition. Our experiments are guided by computational fluid dynamics simulations that also predict that this technique could lead to deposition rates on the order of micrometers per second. This, in turn, could enable cost-effective scalable manufacturing of the perovskite-based solar technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian T. Hoerantner
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ella L. Wassweiler
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Haomiao Zhang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anurag Panda
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michel Nasilowski
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anna Osherov
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard Swartwout
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aidan E. Driscoll
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicole S. Moody
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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42
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Hansen EC, Bertram SN, Yoo JJ, Bawendi MG. Zinc Thiolate Enables Bright Cu-Deficient Cu-In-S/ZnS Quantum Dots. Small 2019; 15:e1901462. [PMID: 31115971 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Copper indium sulfide (CIS) colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are a promising candidate for commercially viable QD-based optical applications, for example as colloidal photocatalysts or in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs). CIS QDs with good photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) and tunable emission wavelength via size and composition control are previously reported. However, developing an understanding and control over the growth of electronically passivating inorganic shells would enable further improvements of the photophysical properties of CIS QDs. To improve the optical properties of CIS QDs, the focus is on the growth of inorganic shells via the popular metal-carboxylate/alkane thiol decomposition reaction. 1) The role of Zn-carboxylate and Zn-thiolate on the formation of ZnS shells on Cu-deficient CIS (CDCIS) QDs is studied, 2) this knowledge is leveraged to yield >90% PLQY CDCIS/ZnS core/shell QDs, and 3) a mechanism for ZnS shells grown from zinc-carboxylate/alkane thiol decomposition is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sophie N Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jason J Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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43
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Rowlands CJ, Bruns OT, Franke D, Fukamura D, Jain RK, Bawendi MG, So PTC. Increasing the penetration depth of temporal focusing multiphoton microscopy for neurobiological applications. J Phys D Appl Phys 2019; 52:264001. [PMID: 33191950 PMCID: PMC7655118 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ab16b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The first ever demonstration of temporal focusing with short wave infrared (SWIR) excitation and emission is demonstrated, achieving a penetration depth of 500 µm in brain tissue. This is substantially deeper than the highest previously-reported values for temporal focusing imaging in brain tissue, and demonstrates the value of these optimized wavelengths for neurobiological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Franke
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Dai Fukamura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory for Tumour Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory for Tumour Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Peter T C So
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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44
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Geva N, Nienhaus L, Wu M, Bulović V, Baldo MA, Van Voorhis T, Bawendi MG. A Heterogeneous Kinetics Model for Triplet Exciton Transfer in Solid-State Upconversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3147-3152. [PMID: 31120756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High internal quantum efficiency semiconductor nanocrystal (NC)-based photon upconversion devices are currently based on a single monolayer of active NCs. Devices are therefore limited in their external quantum efficiency based on the low number of photons absorbed. Increasing the number of photons absorbed is expected to increase the upconversion efficiency, yet experimentally increasing the number of layers does not appreciably increase the upconverted light output. We unravel this mystery by combining kinetic modeling and transient photoluminescence spectroscopy. The inherent energetic disorder stemming from the polydispersity of the NCs means that the kinetics are governed by a stochastic transfer matrix. By drawing the rates from a probabilistic distribution and constructing a reaction network with realistic connectivity, we are able to fit complex photoluminescence traces with a very simple model. We use this model to explain the thickness-dependent performance of the upconversion devices and can attribute the reduced efficiencies to the low excitonic diffusivity of the exciton within the NC layers and increased back transfer of the created singlets from the organic annihilator rubrene. We suggest some avenues for overcoming these limitations in future devices.
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45
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Tavakoli MM, Dastjerdi HT, Zhao J, Shulenberger KE, Carbonera C, Po R, Cominetti A, Bianchi G, Klein ND, Bawendi MG, Gradecak S, Kong J. Light Management in Organic Photovoltaics Processed in Ambient Conditions Using ZnO Nanowire and Antireflection Layer with Nanocone Array. Small 2019; 15:e1900508. [PMID: 31062932 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Low carrier mobility and lifetime in semiconductor polymers are some of the main challenges facing the field of organic photovoltaics (OPV) in the quest for efficient devices with high current density. Finding novel strategies such as device structure engineering is a key pathway toward addressing this issue. In this work, the light absorption and carrier collection of OPV devices are improved by employment of ZnO nanowire (NW) arrays with an optimum NW length (50 nm) and antireflection (AR) film with nanocone structure. The optical characterization results show that ZnO NW increases the transmittance of the electron transporting layer as well as the absorption of the polymer blend. Moreover, the as-deposited polymer blend on the ZnO NW array shows better charge transfer as compared to the planar sample. By employing PC70BM:PV2000 as a promising air-stable active-layer, power conversion efficiencies of 9.8% and 10.1% are achieved for NW devices without and with an AR film, indicating 22.5% and 26.2% enhancement in PCE as compared to that of planar device. Moreover, it is shown that the AR film enhances the water-repellent ability of the OPV device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Tavakoli
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hadi Tavakoli Dastjerdi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jiayuan Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Chiara Carbonera
- Decarbonization and Environmental R&D, Eni SpA Via Fauser 4, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Po
- Decarbonization and Environmental R&D, Eni SpA Via Fauser 4, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cominetti
- Decarbonization and Environmental R&D, Eni SpA Via Fauser 4, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bianchi
- Decarbonization and Environmental R&D, Eni SpA Via Fauser 4, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Nathan D Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Silvija Gradecak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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46
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Bertram SN, Spokoyny B, Franke D, Caram JR, Yoo JJ, Murphy RP, Grein ME, Bawendi MG. Single Nanocrystal Spectroscopy of Shortwave Infrared Emitters. ACS Nano 2019; 13:1042-1049. [PMID: 30500155 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Short-wave infrared (SWIR) emitters are at the center of ground-breaking applications in biomedical imaging, next-generation optoelectronic devices, and optical communications. Colloidal nanocrystals based on indium arsenide are some of the most promising SWIR emitters to date. However, the lack of single-particle spectroscopic methods accessible in the SWIR has prevented advances in both nanocrystal synthesis and fundamental characterization of emitters. Here, we demonstrate an implementation of a solution photon correlation Fourier spectroscopy (s-PCFS) experiment utilizing the SWIR sensitivity and time resolution of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors to extract single-particle emission linewidths from colloidal indium arsenide/cadmium selenide (InAs/CdSe) core/shell nanocrystals emissive from 1.2 to 1.6 μm. We show that the average single InAs/CdSe nanocrystal fluorescence linewidth is, remarkably, as narrow as 52 meV, similar to what has been observed in some of the most narrowband nanostructured emitters in the visible region. Additionally, the single nanocrystal fluorescence linewidth increases with increasing shell thickness, suggesting exciton-phonon coupling as the dominant emission line-broadening mechanism in this system. The development of the SWIR s-PCFS technique has enabled measurements of spectral linewidths of colloidal SWIR-emissive NCs in solution and provides a platform to study the single NC spectral characteristics of SWIR emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Bertram
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Boris Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Daniel Franke
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Justin R Caram
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E Young Drive E , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Jason J Yoo
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Ryan P Murphy
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory , 244 Wood Street , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421 , United States
| | - Matthew E Grein
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory , 244 Wood Street , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421 , United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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47
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Utzat H, Sun W, Kaplan AEK, Krieg F, Ginterseder M, Spokoyny B, Klein ND, Shulenberger KE, Perkinson CF, Kovalenko MV, Bawendi MG. Coherent single-photon emission from colloidal lead halide perovskite quantum dots. Science 2019; 363:1068-1072. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau7392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemically made colloidal semiconductor quantum dots have long been proposed as scalable and color-tunable single emitters in quantum optics, but they have typically suffered from prohibitively incoherent emission. We now demonstrate that individual colloidal lead halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) display highly efficient single-photon emission with optical coherence times as long as 80 picoseconds, an appreciable fraction of their 210-picosecond radiative lifetimes. These measurements suggest that PQDs should be explored as building blocks in sources of indistinguishable single photons and entangled photon pairs. Our results present a starting point for the rational design of lead halide perovskite–based quantum emitters that have fast emission, wide spectral tunability, and scalable production and that benefit from the hybrid integration with nanophotonic components that has been demonstrated for colloidal materials.
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48
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Correa-Baena JP, Luo Y, Brenner TM, Snaider J, Sun S, Li X, Jensen MA, Hartono NTP, Nienhaus L, Wieghold S, Poindexter JR, Wang S, Meng YS, Wang T, Lai B, Holt MV, Cai Z, Bawendi MG, Huang L, Buonassisi T, Fenning DP. Homogenized halides and alkali cation segregation in alloyed organic-inorganic perovskites. Science 2019; 363:627-631. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of the alkali metal cations in halide perovskite solar cells is not well understood. Using synchrotron-based nano–x-ray fluorescence and complementary measurements, we found that the halide distribution becomes homogenized upon addition of cesium iodide, either alone or with rubidium iodide, for substoichiometric, stoichiometric, and overstoichiometric preparations, where the lead halide is varied with respect to organic halide precursors. Halide homogenization coincides with long-lived charge carrier decays, spatially homogeneous carrier dynamics (as visualized by ultrafast microscopy), and improved photovoltaic device performance. We found that rubidium and potassium phase-segregate in highly concentrated clusters. Alkali metals are beneficial at low concentrations, where they homogenize the halide distribution, but at higher concentrations, they form recombination-active second-phase clusters.
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49
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Shulenberger KE, Bischof TS, Caram JR, Utzat H, Coropceanu I, Nienhaus L, Bawendi MG. Multiexciton Lifetimes Reveal Triexciton Emission Pathway in CdSe Nanocrystals. Nano Lett 2018; 18:5153-5158. [PMID: 30016109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiexcitons in emerging semiconducting nanomaterials play a critical role in potential optoelectronic and quantum computational devices. We describe photon resolved single molecule methods to directly probe the dynamics of biexcitons and triexcitons in colloidal CdSe quantum dots. We confirm that biexcitons emit from a spin-correlated state, consistent with statistical scaling. Contrary to current understanding, we find that triexciton emission is dominated by band-edge 1Se1S3/2 recombination rather than the higher energy 1Pe1P3/2 recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Shulenberger
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Thomas S Bischof
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Justin R Caram
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Igor Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Lea Nienhaus
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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50
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Baek J, Shen Y, Lignos I, Bawendi MG, Jensen KF. Multistage Microfluidic Platform for the Continuous Synthesis of III–V Core/Shell Quantum Dots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Baek
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- The Boston Consulting Group Seoul 04539 Korea
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Ioannis Lignos
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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