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Félix G, Fabregue N, Leroy C, Métro TX, Chen CH, Laurencin D. Induction-heated ball-milling: a promising asset for mechanochemical reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23435-23447. [PMID: 37655593 PMCID: PMC10499007 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02540c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
While ball-milling is becoming one of the common tools used by synthetic chemists, an increasing number of studies highlight that it is possible to further expand the nature and number of products which can be synthesized, by heating the reaction media during mechanochemical reactions. Hence, developing set-ups enabling heating and milling to be combined is an important target, which has been looked into in both academic and industrial laboratories. Here, we report a new approach for heating up reaction media during ball-milling reactions, using induction heating (referred to as i-BM). Our set-up is attractive not only because it enables a very fast heating of the milling medium (reaching ≈80 °C in just 15 s), and that it is directly adaptable to commercially-available milling equipment, but also because it enables heating either the walls of the milling jars or the beads themselves, depending on the choice of the materials which compose them. Importantly, the possibility to heat a milling medium "from the inside" (when using for example a PMMA jar and stainless steel beads) is a unique feature compared to previously proposed systems. Through numerical simulations, we then show that it is possible to finely tune the properties of this heating system (e.g. heating rate and maximum temperature reached), by playing with the characteristics of the milling system and/or the induction heating conditions used. Lastly, examples of applications of i-BM are given, showing how it can be used to help elucidate reaction mechanisms in ball-milling, to synthesize new molecules, and to control the physical nature of milling media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Félix
- ICGM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nicolas Fabregue
- ICGM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - César Leroy
- ICGM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Chia-Hsin Chen
- ICGM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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2
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Ferschweiler DG, Blair R, Klotz AR. Percolation and dissolution of Borromean networks. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:024304. [PMID: 36932528 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.024304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by experiments on topologically linked DNA networks, we consider the connectivity of Borromean networks, in which no two rings share a pairwise-link, but groups of three rings form inseparable triplets. Specifically, we focus on square lattices at which each node is embedded a loop which forms a Borromean link with pairs of its nearest neighbors. By mapping the Borromean link network onto a lattice representation, we investigate the percolation threshold of these networks (the fraction of occupied nodes required for a giant component), as well as the dissolution properties: the spectrum of topological links that would be released if the network were dissolved to varying degrees. We find that the percolation threshold of the Borromean square lattice occurs when approximately 60.75% of nodes are occupied, slightly higher than the 59.27% typical of a square lattice. Compared to the dissolution of Hopf-linked networks, a dissolved Borromean network will yield more isolated loops, and fewer isolated triplets per single loop. Our simulation results may be used to predict experiments from Borromean structures produced by synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Ferschweiler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Long Beach, California 90840, USA
| | - Ryan Blair
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Long Beach, California 90840, USA
| | - Alexander R Klotz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Long Beach, California 90840, USA
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Li C, Keene EA, Ortiz-de León C, R. MacGillivray L. Hydrogen and halogen bonds in drug-drug cocrystals of X-uracil (X = F, I) and lamivudine: extended quadruplex and layered assemblies. Supramol Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2022.2163644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
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Lukin S, Germann LS, Friščić T, Halasz I. Toward Mechanistic Understanding of Mechanochemical Reactions Using Real-Time In Situ Monitoring. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1262-1277. [PMID: 35446551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed a rapid emergence of interest in mechanochemistry-chemical and materials reactivity achieved or sustained by the action of mechanical force-which has led to application of mechanochemistry to almost all areas of modern chemical and materials synthesis: from organic, inorganic, and organometallic chemistry to enzymatic reactions, formation of metal-organic frameworks, hybrid perovskites, and nanoparticle-based materials. The recent success of mechanochemistry by ball milling has also raised questions about the underlying mechanisms and has led to the realization that the rational development and effective harnessing of mechanochemical reactivity for cleaner and more efficient chemical manufacturing will critically depend on establishing a mechanistic understanding of these reactions. Despite their long history, the development of such a knowledge framework for mechanochemical reactions is still incomplete. This is in part due to the, until recently, unsurmountable challenge of directly observing transformations taking place in a rapidly oscillating or rotating milling vessel, with the sample being under the continuous impact of milling media. A transformative change in mechanistic studies of milling reactions was recently introduced through the first two methodologies for real-time in situ monitoring based on synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Introduced in 2013 and 2014, the two new techniques have inspired a period of tremendous method development, resulting also in new techniques for mechanistic mechanochemical studies that are based on temperature and/or pressure monitoring, extended X-ray fine structure (EXAFS), and, latest, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The new technologies available for real-time monitoring have now inspired the development of experimental strategies and advanced data analysis approaches for the identification and quantification of short-lived reaction intermediates, the development of new mechanistic models, as well as the emergence of more complex monitoring methodologies based on two or three simultaneous monitoring approaches. The use of these new opportunities has, in less than a decade, enabled the first real-time observations of mechanochemical reaction kinetics and the first studies of how the presence of additives, or other means of modifying the mechanochemical reaction, influence reaction rates and pathways. These studies have revealed multistep reaction mechanisms, enabled the identification of autocatalysis, as well as identified molecules and materials that have previously not been known or have even been considered not possible to synthesize through conventional approaches. Mechanistic studies through in situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman spectroscopy have highlighted the formation of supramolecular complexes (for example, cocrystals) as critical intermediates in organic and metal-organic synthesis and have also been combined with isotope labeling strategies to provide a deeper insight into mechanochemical reaction mechanisms and atomic and molecular dynamics under milling conditions. This Account provides an overview of this exciting, rapidly evolving field by presenting the development and concepts behind the new methodologies for real-time in situ monitoring of mechanochemical reactions, outlining key advances in mechanistic understanding of mechanochemistry, and presenting selected studies important for pushing forward the boundaries of measurement techniques, data analysis, and mapping of reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stipe Lukin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luzia S. Germann
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Kunde T, Pausch T, Guńka PA, Krzyżanowski M, Kasprzak A, Schmidt BM. Fast, solvent-free synthesis of Ferrocene-containing Organic Cages via dynamic covalent chemistry in the solid state. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2877-2883. [PMID: 35382473 PMCID: PMC8905640 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06372c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, solvent-free synthetic protocol towards the synthesis of organic self-assembled macromolecules has been established. By employing mechanochemistry using glassware readily available to every organic chemist, we were able to...
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
| | - Piotr A Guńka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Maurycy Krzyżanowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
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Leroy C, Mittelette S, Félix G, Fabregue N, Špačková J, Gaveau P, Métro TX, Laurencin D. Operando acoustic analysis: a valuable method for investigating reaction mechanisms in mechanochemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6328-6334. [PMID: 35733892 PMCID: PMC9159074 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01496c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new operando approach for following reactions taking place in mechanochemistry, relying on the analysis of the evolution of the sound during milling. We show that differences in...
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Affiliation(s)
- César Leroy
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
| | | | - Gautier Félix
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
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Guo MY, Li G, Yang SL, Bu R, Piao XQ, Gao EQ. Metal-Organic Frameworks with Novel Catenane-like Interlocking: Metal-Determined Photoresponse and Uranyl Sensing. Chemistry 2021; 27:16415-16421. [PMID: 34599532 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of two tripyridinium-tricarboxylate ligands and different metal ions leads to seven isostructural MOFs, which show novel 2D→2D supramolecular entanglement featuring catenane-like interlocking of tricyclic cages. The MOFs show tripyridinium-afforded and metal-modulated photoresponsive properties. The MOFs with d10 metal centers (1-Cd, 1-Zn, 2-Cd, 2-Zn) show fast and reversible photochromism and concomitant fluorescence quenching, 1-Ni displays slower photochromism but does not fluoresce, and 1-Co and 2-Co are neither photochromic nor fluorescent. It is shown here that the network entanglement dictates donor-acceptor close contacts, which enable fluorescence originated from interligand charge transfer. The contacts also allow photoinduced electron transfer, which underlies photochromism and concomitant fluorescence response. The metal dependence in fluorescence and photochromism can be related to energy transfer through metal-centered d-d transitions. In addition, 1-Cd is demonstrated to be a potential fluorescence sensor for sensitive and selective detection of UO2 2+ in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yue Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Gen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Shuai-Liang Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Ran Bu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Qing Piao
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - En-Qing Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
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Rathmann T, Petersen H, Reichle S, Schmidt W, Amrute AP, Etter M, Weidenthaler C. In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies monitoring mechanochemical reactions of hard materials: Challenges and limitations. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:114102. [PMID: 34852549 DOI: 10.1063/5.0068627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In situ monitoring of mechanochemical reactions of soft matter is feasible by synchrotron diffraction experiments. However, so far, reactions of hard materials in existing polymer milling vessels failed due to insufficient energy input. In this study, we present the development of a suitable setup for in situ diffraction experiments at a synchrotron facility. The mechanochemical transformation of boehmite, γ-AlOOH, to corundum, α-Al2O3, was chosen as a model system. The modifications of the mill's clamping system and the vessels themselves were investigated separately. Starting from a commercially available Retsch MM 400 shaker mill, the influence of the geometrical adaptation of the setup on the milling process was investigated. Simply extending the specimen holder proved to be not sufficient because changes in mechanical forces need to be accounted for in the construction of optimized extensions. Milling vessels that are suitable for diffraction experiments and also guarantee the required energy input as well as mechanical stability were developed. The vessels consist of a steel body and modular polymer/steel rings as x-ray transparent windows. In addition, the vessels are equipped with a gas inlet and outlet system that is connectable to a gas analytics setup. Based on the respective modifications, the transformation of boehmite to corundum could be observed in an optimized setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rathmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Hilke Petersen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Steffen Reichle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Amol P Amrute
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) P02.1 PETRA III, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Weidenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
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Orlandini E, Micheletti C. Topological and physical links in soft matter systems. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:013002. [PMID: 34547745 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac28bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Linking, or multicomponent topological entanglement, is ubiquitous in soft matter systems, from mixtures of polymers and DNA filaments packedin vivoto interlocked line defects in liquid crystals and intertwined synthetic molecules. Yet, it is only relatively recently that theoretical and experimental advancements have made it possible to probe such entanglements and elucidate their impact on the physical properties of the systems. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of this rapidly expanding subject and organize it as follows. First, we present the main concepts and notions, from topological linking to physical linking and then consider the salient manifestations of molecular linking, from synthetic to biological ones. We next cover the main physical models addressing mutual entanglements in mixtures of polymers, both linear and circular. Finally, we consider liquid crystals, fluids and other non-filamentous systems where topological or physical entanglements are observed in defect or flux lines. We conclude with a perspective on open challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Orlandini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova and Sezione INFN, Via Marzolo 8, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristian Micheletti
- SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, via Bonomea 265, Trieste, Italy
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Martí-Rujas J, Guo F. Dehydrohalogenation reactions in second-sphere coordination complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11665-11680. [PMID: 34323900 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02099d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The latest advances of solid-state dehydrohalogenation and halogenation reactions of hydrogen bonded halometallate salts from the second sphere coordination perspective are reported. Since the second sphere englobes many different materials, our focus has been limited to outer sphere adducts where protonated organic cations act as outer sphere hydrogen bond donors and transition metal anions act as first sphere hydrogen bond acceptors. This is our attempt to analyze dehydrohalogenation/hydrohalogenation reactions viewed as transformations from the second sphere coordination to first sphere coordination of a complex and vice versa. The examples describe a unique solid-state chemistry and reactivity in outer sphere adducts where C-H, N-H and M-X chemical bonds are cleaved and new M-N and H-X bonds are formed (where M = Cu, Zn, Co, Pt, Pd, Hg and X = Cl, Br). The transformations are induced by external stimuli, mainly by mechanochemical and thermal methods. Different reactivities have been observed depending on the lability of the transition metals, the position of the reacting functional groups in the cations and the relative position of organic cations and metal anions. The reverse hydrohalogenation reactions (i.e., from the first sphere coordination to second sphere coordination) via the gas-solid chemisorption process occur even if the materials are non-porous implying a rather dynamic behaviour of these materials. Moreover, due to the implicit changes in the coordination sphere of transition metal ions, dehydrohalogenation/halogenation reactions allow structure-function correlation to be established, for instance involving optical, sensing and magnetic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martí-Rujas
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Accessing Unexplored Supramolecular Trajectories through Mechanochemistry. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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One Ball Tips the Balance toward Three-Component Borromean Ring Systems. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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