Mitochondrial Physiology of Cellular Redox Regulations

Mitochondria (mt) represent the vital hub of the molecular physiology of the cell, being decision-makers in cell life/death and information signaling, including major redox regulations and redox signaling. Now we review recent advances in understanding mitochondrial redox homeostasis, including superoxide sources and H2O2 consumers, i.e., antioxidant mechanisms, as well as exemplar situations of physiological redox signaling, including the intramitochondrial one and mt-to-cytosol redox signals, which may be classified as acute and long-term signals. This review exemplifies the acute redox signals in hypoxic cell adaptation and upon insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. We also show how metabolic changes under these circumstances are linked to mitochondrial cristae narrowing at higher intensity of ATP synthesis. Also, we will discuss major redox buffers, namely the peroxiredoxin system, which may also promote redox signaling. We will point out that pathological thresholds exist, specific for each cell type, above which the superoxide sources exceed regular antioxidant capacity and the concomitant harmful processes of oxidative stress subsequently initiate etiology of numerous diseases. The redox signaling may be impaired when sunk in such excessive pro-oxidative state.

Probing oxygen exchange between UiO-66(Zr) MOF and water using 17 O solid-state NMR

The Zr-based Metal Organic Framework (MOF) UiO-66(Zr) is widely employed owing to its good thermal and chemical stabilities. Although the long-range structure of this MOF is preserved in the presence of water during several days, little is known about the formation of defects, which cannot be detected using diffraction techniques. We apply here 17 O solid-state NMR spectroscopy at 18.8 T to investigate the reactivity of UiO-66, through the exchange of oxygen atoms between the different sites of the MOF and water. For that purpose, we have selectively enriched in 17 O isotope the carboxylate groups of UiO-66(Zr) by using it with 17 O-labeled terephthalic acid prepared using mechanochemistry. In the presence of water at 50 °C and a following dehydration at 150 °C, we observe an overall exchange of O atoms between COO- and μ3 -O2- sites. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the three distinct oxygen sites, μ3 -OH, μ3 -O2- and COO- , of UiO-66(Zr) MOF can be enriched in 17 O isotope by post-synthetic hydrothermal treatment in the presence of 17 O-enriched water. These results demonstrate the lability of Zr-O bonds and the reactivity of UiO-66(Zr) with water.

Fast and Cost-Efficient 17 O-Isotopic Labeling of Carboxylic Groups in Biomolecules: From Free Amino Acids to Peptide Chains

¹⁷ O NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique, which can provide unique information regarding the structure and reactivity of biomolecules. However, the low natural abundance of ¹⁷ O (0.04 %) generally requires working with enriched samples, which are not easily accessible. Here, we present simple, fast and cost-efficient ¹⁷ O-enrichment strategies for amino acids and peptides by using mechanochemistry. First, five unprotected amino acids were enriched under ambient conditions, consuming only microliter amounts of costly labeled water, and producing pure molecules with enrichment levels up to ∼40 %, yields ∼60-85 %, and no loss of optical purity. Subsequently, ¹⁷ O-enriched Fmoc/tBu-protected amino acids were produced on a 1 g/day scale with high enrichment levels. Lastly, a site-selective ¹⁷ O-labeling of carboxylic functions in peptide side-chains was achieved for RGD and GRGDS peptides, with ∼28 % enrichment level. For all molecules, ¹⁷ O ssNMR spectra were recorded at 14.1 T in reasonable times, making this an important step forward for future NMR studies of biomolecules.

Operando acoustic analysis: a valuable method for investigating reaction mechanisms in mechanochemistry

We present a new operando approach for following reactions taking place in mechanochemistry, relying on the analysis of the evolution of the sound during milling. We show that differences in...

Looking into the dynamics of molecular crystals of ibuprofen and terephthalic acid using 17 O and 2 H nuclear magnetic resonance analyses

Oxygen-17 and deuterium are two quadrupolar nuclei that are of interest for studying the structure and dynamics of materials by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Here, 17 O and 2 H NMR analyses of crystalline ibuprofen and terephthalic acid are reported. First, improved 17 O-labelling protocols of these molecules are described using mechanochemistry. Then, dynamics occurring around the carboxylic groups of ibuprofen are studied considering variable temperature 17 O and 2 H NMR data, as well as computational modelling (including molecular dynamics simulations). More specifically, motions related to the concerted double proton jump and the 180° flip of the H-bonded (-COOH)2 unit in the crystal structure were looked into, and it was found that the merging of the C=O and C-OH 17 O resonances at high temperatures cannot be explained by the sole presence of one of these motions. Lastly, preliminary experiments were performed with a 2 H-17 O diplexer connected to the probe. Such configurations can allow, among others, 2 H and 17 O NMR spectra to be recorded at different temperatures without needing to tune or to change probe configurations. Overall, this work offers a few leads which could be of use in future studies of other materials using 17 O and 2 H NMR.

Cost-efficient and user-friendly 17O/18O labeling procedures of fatty acids using mechanochemistry

Two mechanochemical procedures for 17O/18O-isotope labeling of fatty acids are reported: a carboxylic acid activation/hydrolysis approach and a saponification approach. The latter route allowed first-time enrichment of important polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Overall, a total of 9 pure labeled products were isolated in high yields (≥80%) and with high enrichment levels (≥37% average labeling of C=O and C-OH carboxylic oxygen atoms), under mild conditions, and in short time ( Collapse

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MESH Headings

• Costs and Cost Analysis
• Isotope Labeling/economics
• Mechanical Phenomena
• Oxygen Isotopes/chemistry

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Grants

• H2020 European Research Council
• Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

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Affiliation(s)

Jessica Špačková ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
Charlyn Fabra ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
Guillaume Cazals IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
Marie Hubert-Roux Normandie Univ., COBRA UMR 6014 and FR 3038 Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS IRCOF, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
Isabelle Schmitz-Afonso Normandie Univ., COBRA UMR 6014 and FR 3038 Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS IRCOF, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
Ieva Goldberga ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
Dorothée Berthomieu ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
Aurélien Lebrun IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
Thomas-Xavier Métro IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
Danielle Laurencin ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.

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Unveiling the Structure and Reactivity of Fatty-Acid Based (Nano)materials Thanks to Efficient and Scalable 17O and 18O-Isotopic Labeling Schemes

Fatty acids are ubiquitous in biological systems and widely used in materials science, including for the formulation of drugs and the surface-functionalization of nanoparticles. However, important questions regarding the structure and reactivity of these molecules are still to be elucidated, including their mode of binding to certain metal cations or materials surfaces. In this context, we have developed novel, efficient, user-friendly, and cost-effective synthetic protocols based on ball-milling, for the 17O and 18O isotopic labeling of two key fatty acids which are widely used in (nano)materials science, namely stearic and oleic acid. Labeled molecules were analyzed by 1H and 13C solution NMR, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF and LC-MS), as well as 17O solid state NMR (for the 17O labeled species). In both cases, the labeling procedures were scaled-up to produce up to gram quantities of 17O- or 18O-enriched molecules in just half-a-day, with very good synthetic yields (all ≥84%) and enrichment levels (up to an average of 46% per carboxylic oxygen). The 17O-labeled oleic acid was then used for the synthesis of a metal soap (Zn-oleate) and the surface-functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), which were characterized for the first time by high-resolution 17O NMR (at 14.1 and 35.2 T). This allowed very detailed insight into (i) the coordination mode of the oleate ligand in Zn-oleate to be achieved (including information on Zn···O distances) and (ii) the mode of attachment of oleic-acid at the surface of ZnO (including novel information on its photoreactivity upon UV-irradiation). Overall, this work demonstrates the high interest of these fatty acid-enrichment protocols for understanding the structure and reactivity of a variety of functional (nano)materials systems using high resolution analyses like 17O NMR.