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Bawuah P, Evans M, Lura A, Farrell DJ, Barrie PJ, Kleinebudde P, Markl D, Zeitler JA. At-line porosity sensing for non-destructive disintegration testing in immediate release tablets. Int J Pharm X 2023; 5:100186. [PMID: 37396627 PMCID: PMC10314216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fully automated at-line terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in transmission mode is used to measure tablet porosity for thousands of immediate release tablets. The measurements are rapid and non-destructive. Both laboratory prepared tablets and commercial samples are studied. Multiple measurements on individual tablets quantify the random errors in the terahertz results. These show that the measurements of refractive index are precise, with the standard deviation on a single tablet being about 0.002, with variation between measurements being due to small errors in thickness measurement and from the resolution of the instrument. Six batches of 1000 tablets each were directly compressed using a rotary press. The tabletting turret speed (10 and 30 rpm) and compaction pressure (50, 100 and 200 MPa) were varied between the batches. As expected, the tablets compacted at the highest pressure have far lower porosity than those compacted at the lowest pressure. The turret rotation speed also has a significant effect on porosity. This variation in process parameters resulted in batches of tablets with an average porosity between 5.5 and 26.5%. Within each batch, there is a distribution of porosity values, the standard deviation of which is in the range 1.1 to 1.9%. Destructive measurements of disintegration time were performed in order to develop a predictive model correlating disintegration time and tablet porosity. Testing of the model suggested it was reasonable though there may be some small systematic errors in disintegration time measurement. The terahertz measurements further showed that there are changes in tablet properties after storage for nine months in ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Bawuah
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, UK
| | - Mike Evans
- TeraView Limited, 1, Enterprise, Cambridge Research Park, CB25 9PD Cambridge, UK
| | - Ard Lura
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Farrell
- TeraView Limited, 1, Enterprise, Cambridge Research Park, CB25 9PD Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick J. Barrie
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, UK
| | - Peter Kleinebudde
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Markl
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - J. Axel Zeitler
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, UK
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2
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Lee J, Goodwin DJ, Dhenge RM, Nassar J, Bano G, Zeitler JA. Enhanced in-situ liquid transport investigation setup for pharmaceutical tablet disintegration analysis using terahertz radiation. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122726. [PMID: 36812951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The disintegration process of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms commences on contact with the dissolution medium and continues with subsequent spontaneous imbibition of the medium in the tablet matrix. Identifying the location of the liquid front in situ during imbibition, therefore, plays a significant role in understanding and modelling the disintegration process. Terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI) technology can be used to investigate this process by its ability to penetrate and identify the liquid front in pharmaceutical tablets. However, previous studies were limited to samples suitable for a flow cell environment, i.e. flat cylindrical disk shapes; thus, most commercial tablets could only be measured with prior destructive sample preparation. This study presents a new experimental setup named open immersion to measure a wide range of pharmaceutical tablets in their intact form. Besides, a series of data processing techniques to extract subtle features of the advancing liquid front are designed and utilised, effectively increasing the maximum thickness of tablets that can be analysed. We used the new method and successfully measured the liquid ingress profiles for a set of oval convex tablets prepared from a complex eroding immediate-release formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel J Goodwin
- GSK Ware Research and Development, Park Road, SG12 0DP, Ware, UK
| | - Ranjit M Dhenge
- GSK Ware Research and Development, Park Road, SG12 0DP, Ware, UK
| | - Joelle Nassar
- GSK Ware Research and Development, Park Road, SG12 0DP, Ware, UK
| | - Gabriele Bano
- GSK Ware Research and Development, Park Road, SG12 0DP, Ware, UK
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS, Cambridge, UK.
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3
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Janssen PH, Berardi A, Kok JH, Thornton AW, Dickhoff BH. The impact of lactose type on disintegration: An integral study on porosity and polymorphism. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 180:251-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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4
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Zhao H, Shi C, Zhao L, Wang Y, Shen L. Influences of different microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) grades on tablet quality and compression behavior of MCC-lactose binary mixtures. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Suzuki K, Yoshiki M, Nishikawa N, Harada T, Fujita Y, Terui Y, Yoshida T, Tomita T. Visualizing fluid transport inside orally disintegrating tablets and changes in tablets using real-time X-ray radiography and X-ray computed tomography. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:301-309. [PMID: 35913028 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2108831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the disintegration of wet- and dry-compressed orally disintegrating (OD) tablets, with synchrotron radiation as the X-ray source. SIGNIFICANCE Pharmaceutical tablets are vital for treatment of various diseases. Therefore, they are constantly developed to ensure desirable characteristics. In particular, OD tablets need to disintegrate immediately after absorbing saliva. How these tablets absorb saliva is key to enhancing rapid product development. Recently, absorption processes have been investigated using various non-invasive techniques, including X-ray radiography and X-ray computed tomography. However, X-ray radiography studies on how water without a contrast agent is absorbed, moves, and causes a tablet to swell are scarce. Use of a contrast agent is associated with some shortcomings, including complex data analysis in some instances, alterations in the viscosity of water, and potential influence on fluid transport inside the tablet, thus possibly affecting the disintegration process. METHODS Real-time X-ray radiography was used to monitor the disintegration of various tablets, while X-ray computed tomography and software were used to create 3D images. RESULTS We demonstrated how pure water penetrated the wet-compressed tablet faster than inside the dry-compressed tablet, and how the latter swelled more. X-ray computed tomography showed the presence of voids in the tablets following water absorption. CONCLUSION Our methods are promising for non-destructive fluid absorption and transport investigations inside OD tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Semiconductor Evaluation Laboratory, Evaluation and Analysis Technology Center, Toshiba Nanoanalysis Corporation; 1, Komukai-Toshiba-Cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, 212-8583, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yoshiki
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Corporate Research & Development Center, Research & Development Division, Toshiba Corporation; 1, Komukai-Toshiba-Cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, 212-8582, Japan
| | - Norio Nishikawa
- Semiconductor Evaluation Laboratory, Evaluation and Analysis Technology Center, Toshiba Nanoanalysis Corporation; 1, Komukai-Toshiba-Cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, 212-8583, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Harada
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Showa University; 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Fujita
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug Information, School of Pharmacy, Showa University; 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo,142-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Terui
- Engineering Planning Department, Planning Division, Toshiba Nanoanalysis Corporation; 8, Shinsugita-cho, Isogo-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 235-8522, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University; 4-21-2, Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Tomita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University; 4-21-2, Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
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6
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Zhao H, Zhao L, Lin X, Shen L. An update on microcrystalline cellulose in direct compression: Functionality, critical material attributes, and co-processed excipients. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118968. [PMID: 34973783 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is one of the most popular cellulose derivatives in the pharmaceutical industry. Thanks to its outstanding tabletability, MCC is generally included in direct compression (DC) tablet formulations containing poor-tabletability active pharmaceutical ingredients. Nowadays, numerous grades of MCC from various brands are accessible for pharmaceutical manufacturers, leading to variability in MCC properties. Hence, it seems to be worthy and urgent to evaluate the influences of MCC variability on tablet quality and to identify critical material attributes (CMAs) based on the idea of Quality by Control. Besides, MCC-based co-processed excipients can effectively combine the functions of the filler, binder, disintegrant, lubricant, glidant, or flavor, and thus have drawn extensive interest. In this review, we focused specifically on the recent advances and development of MCC on DC tableting, including the functions in tablet formulations, potential CMAs, and MCC-based co-possessed excipients, therefore providing a reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lijie Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Xiao Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Lan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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7
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Fager C, Gebäck T, Hjärtstam J, Röding M, Olsson A, Lorén N, von Corswant C, Särkkä A, Olsson E. Correlating 3D porous structure in polymer films with mass transport properties using FIB-SEM tomography. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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8
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Dong R, DiNunzio JC, Regler BP, Wasylaschuk W, Socia A, Zeitler JA. Insights into the Control of Drug Release from Complex Immediate Release Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:933. [PMID: 34201663 PMCID: PMC8308816 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of water transport into tablets, and how it can be controlled by the formulation as well as the tablet microstructure, are of central importance in order to design and control the dissolution and drug release process, especially for immediate release tablets. This research employed terahertz pulsed imaging to measure the process of water penetrating through tablets using a flow cell. Tablets were prepared over a range of porosity between 10% to 20%. The formulations consist of two drugs (MK-8408: ruzasvir as a spray dried intermediate, and MK-3682: uprifosbuvir as a crystalline drug substance) and NaCl (0% to 20%) at varying levels of concentrations as well as other excipients. A power-law model is found to fit the liquid penetration exceptionally well (average R2>0.995). For each formulation, the rate of water penetration, extent of swelling and the USP dissolution rate were compared. A factorial analysis then revealed that the tablet porosity was the dominating factor for both liquid penetration and dissolution. NaCl more significantly influenced liquid penetration due to osmotic driving force as well as gelling suppression, but there appears to be little difference when NaCl loading in the formulation increases from 5% to 10%. The level of spray dried intermediate was observed to further limit the release of API in dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqiao Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK;
| | - James C. DiNunzio
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (J.C.D.); (B.P.R.); (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Brian P. Regler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (J.C.D.); (B.P.R.); (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Walter Wasylaschuk
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (J.C.D.); (B.P.R.); (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Adam Socia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (J.C.D.); (B.P.R.); (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - J. Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK;
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9
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Markl D, Maclean N, Mann J, Williams H, Abbott A, Mead H, Khadra I. Tablet disintegration performance: Effect of compression pressure and storage conditions on surface liquid absorption and swelling kinetics. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120382. [PMID: 33812971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The disintegration process of pharmaceutical tablets is a crucial step in the oral delivery of a drug. Tablet disintegration does not only refer to the break up of the interparticle bonds, but also relates to the liquid absorption and swelling behaviour of the tablet. This study demonstrates the use of the sessile drop method coupled with image processing and models to analyse the surface liquid absorption and swelling kinetics of four filler combinations (microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)/mannitol, MCC/lactose, MCC/dibasic calcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) and DCPA/lactose) with croscarmellose sodium as a disintegrant. Changes in the disintegration performance of these formulations were analysed by quantifying the effect of compression pressure and storage condition on characteristic liquid absorption and swelling parameters. The results indicate that the disintegration performance of the MCC/mannitol and MCC/lactose formulations are driven by the liquid absorption behaviour. For the MCC/DCPA formulation, both liquid absorption and swelling characteristics affect the disintegration time, whereas DCPA/lactose tablets is primarily controlled by swelling characteristics of the various excipients. The approach discussed in this study enables a rapid (<1 min) assessment of characteristic properties that are related to tablet disintegration to inform the design of the formulation, process settings and storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Markl
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK; EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing & Advanced Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Natalie Maclean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - James Mann
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Helen Williams
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Alexander Abbott
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Heather Mead
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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10
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Cai J, Jin T, Kou J, Zou S, Xiao J, Meng Q. Lucas-Washburn Equation-Based Modeling of Capillary-Driven Flow in Porous Systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1623-1636. [PMID: 33512167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluid flow in porous systems driven by capillary pressure is one of the most ubiquitous phenomena in nature and industry, including petroleum and hydraulic engineering as well as material and life sciences. The classical Lucas-Washburn (LW) equation and its modified forms were developed and have been applied extensively to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms underlying the basic statics and dynamics of the capillary-driven flow in porous systems. The LW equation assumes that fluids are incompressible Newton ones and that capillary channels all have the same radii. This kind of hypothesis is not true for many natural situations, however, where porous systems comprise complicated pore and capillary channel structures at microscales. The LW equation therefore often leads to inaccurate capillary imbibition predictions in such situations. Numerous studies have been conducted in recent years to develop and assess the modifications and extensions of the LW equation in various porous systems. Significant progresses in computational techniques have also been attained to further improve our understanding of imbibition dynamics. A state-of-the-art review is therefore needed to summarize the recent significant models and numerical simulation techniques as well as to discuss key ongoing research topics arising from various new engineering practices. The theoretical basis of the LW equation is first introduced in this review and recent progress in mathematical models is then summarized to demonstrate the modifications and extensions of this equation to various microchannels and porous media. These include capillary tubes with nonuniform and noncircular cross sections, discrete fractures, and capillary tubes that are not straight as well as heterogeneous porous media. Numerical studies on the LW equation are also reviewed, and comments on future works and research directions for LW-based capillary-driven flows in porous systems are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingxu Jin
- Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jisheng Kou
- School of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, People's Republic of China
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangmei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Xiao
- State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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11
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Al-Sharabi M, Markl D, Vivacqua V, Bawuah P, MacLean N, Bentley M, York AP, Marigo M, Huang K, Zeitler JA. Terahertz pulsed imaging as a new method for investigating the liquid transport kinetics of α-alumina powder compacts. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Lu X, Sun H, Chang T, Zhang J, Cui H. Terahertz detection of porosity and porous microstructure in pharmaceutical tablets: A review. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:120006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Application of Focus Variation Microscopy and Dissolution Imaging in Understanding the Behaviour of Hydrophilic Matrices. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121162. [PMID: 33260657 PMCID: PMC7759878 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic matrix systems can be found in a wide range of extended release pharmaceutical formulations. The main principle of these systems is that upon contact with water, the hydrophilic component swells to form a hydrated gel layer which controls drug release. The following work demonstrates an explorative study into the use of dissolution imaging and focus variation microscopy with hydrophilic polymers. This study investigated the surface properties of xanthan gum (XG), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC) compacts with each of these three hydrophilic polymers from one of each classification of natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic polymer using a focus variation instrument. The auto correlation length (Sal) showed all surface profiles from the compacts displayed a value below 0.1 mm, indicating that only high frequency components (i.e., roughness) were considered and that the analysis had been successful. The developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) displayed values below 5% in line with ISO guidelines for all the polymers studied with their texture aspect ratio values (Str) > 0.5, indicating uniformity of the surfaces of the produced compacts. Of the various parameters studied, areal material ratio (Smr2) predicted XG to wet and hydrate quicker than PEO, with PEO also wetting and hydrating quicker than the HPMC. The dissolution imaging and initial swelling studies proved to concur with the findings from the areal material ratio (Smr2) parameter, suggesting porosity was not an indicator for the ease with which water ingress occurs. This study suggests the Smr2 surface parameter to potentially predict wetting and initial hydration of hydrophilic polymers, however care should be taken as this study consists of a selected number of hydrophilic polymers.
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14
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Soundaranathan M, Vivattanaseth P, Walsh E, Pitt K, Johnston B, Markl D. Quantification of swelling characteristics of pharmaceutical particles. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119903. [PMID: 32980508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Particle swelling is a crucial component in the disintegration of a pharmaceutical tablet. The swelling of particles in a tablet creates stress inside the tablet and thereby pushes apart adjoining particles, eventually causing the tablet to break-up. This work focused on quantifying the swelling of single particles to identify the swelling-limited mechanisms in a particle, i.e. diffusion- or absorption capacity-limited. This was studied for three different disintegrants (sodium starch glycolate/SSG, croscarmellose sodium/CCS, and low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose/L-HPC) and five grades of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) using an optical microscope coupled with a bespoke flow cell and utilising a single particle swelling model. Fundamental swelling characteristics, such as diffusion coefficient, maximum liquid absorption ratio and swelling capacity (maximum swelling of a particle) were determined for each material. The results clearly highlighted the different swelling behaviour for the various materials, where CCS has the highest diffusion coefficient with 739.70 μm2/s and SSG has the highest maximum absorption ratio of 10.04 g/g. For the disintegrants, the swelling performance of SSG is diffusion-limited, whereas it is absorption capacity-limited for CCS. L-HPC is both diffusion- and absorption capacity-limited. This work also reveals an anisotropic, particle facet dependant, swelling behaviour, which is particularly strong for the liquid uptake ability of two MCC grades (PH101 and PH102) and for the absorption capacity of CCS. Having a better understanding of swelling characteristics of single particles will contribute to improving the rational design of a formulation for oral solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithushan Soundaranathan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Pattavet Vivattanaseth
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Erin Walsh
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Kendal Pitt
- Pharma Supply Chain, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware SG12 0DE, UK
| | - Blair Johnston
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK; National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Daniel Markl
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK.
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15
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Skelbæk-Pedersen AL, Al-Sharabi M, Vilhelmsen TK, Rantanen J, Zeitler JA. Effect of particle size and deformation behaviour on water ingress into tablets. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119645. [PMID: 32679259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug release performance of tablets is often highly dependent on disintegration, and water ingress is typically the rate-limiting step of the disintegration process. Water ingress into tablets is known to be highly influenced by the microstructure of the tablet, particularly tablet porosity. Initial particle size distribution of the formulation and the predominant powder deformation behaviour during compression are expected to impact such microstructure, making both factors important to investigate in relation to water ingress into tablets. Two size fractions (<125 and 355-500 µm) of plastically deforming microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and fragmenting di-calcium phosphate (DCP) were compressed into tablets with porosities ranging from 5 to 30% (with 5% increments). The total porosity of the tablets was measured using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and liquid transport into these tablets was quantified using a flow cell coupled to terahertz pulsed imaging. It was found that tablets compressed from large MCC particles resulted in slower water ingress compared to tablets prepared from small MCC particles. In contrast, no difference in liquid transport kinetics was observed for tablets prepared across both size fractions of DCP particles. These results highlight the complex interplay between material characteristics, the process induced microstructure, and the liquid transport process that ultimately determines the drug release performance of the tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Linnet Skelbæk-Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Oral Pilot and Process Development, Måløv, Denmark; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mohammed Al-Sharabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Al-Sharabi M, Markl D, Mudley T, Bawuah P, Karttunen AP, Ridgway C, Gane P, Ketolainen J, Peiponen KE, Rades T, Zeitler JA. Simultaneous investigation of the liquid transport and swelling performance during tablet disintegration. Int J Pharm 2020; 584:119380. [PMID: 32407939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fast disintegrating tablets have commonly been used for fast oral drug delivery to patients with swallowing difficulties. The different characteristics of the pore structure of such formulations influence the liquid transport through the tablet and hence affect the disintegration time and the release of the drug in the body. In this work, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and terahertz pulsed imaging were used as promising analytical techniques to quantitatively analyse the impact of the structural properties on the liquid uptake and swelling rates upon contact with the dissolution medium. Both the impact of porosity and formulation were investigated for theophylline and paracetamol based tablets. The drug substances were either formulated with functionalised calcium carbonate (FCC) with porosities of 45% and 60% or with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with porosities of 10% and 25%. The terahertz results reveal that the rate of liquid uptake is clearly influenced by the porosity of the tablets with a faster liquid transport observed for tablets with higher porosity, indicating that the samples exhibit structural similarity in respect to pore connectivity and pore size distribution characteristics in respect to permeability. The swelling of the FCC based tablets is fully controlled by the amount of disintegrant, whereas the liquid uptake is driven by the FCC material and the interparticle pores created during compaction. The MCC based formulations are more complex as the MCC significantly contributes to the overall tablet swelling. An increase in swelling with increasing porosity is observed in these tablets, which indicates that such formulations are performance-limited by their ability to take up liquid. Investigating the effect of the microstructure characteristics on the liquid transport and swelling kinetics is of great importance for reaching the next level of understanding of the drug delivery, and, depending on the surface nature of the pore carrier function, in turn controlling the performance of the drug mainly in respect to dissolution in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Sharabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Daniel Markl
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, UK; EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, G1 1RD Glasgow, UK
| | - Theona Mudley
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Prince Bawuah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Anssi-Pekka Karttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cathy Ridgway
- Omya International AG, Forschackerstrasse 6, CH 4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Gane
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ketolainen
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai-Erik Peiponen
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK.
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17
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Farzan M, Roth R, Québatte G, Schoelkopf J, Huwyler J, Puchkov M. Loading of Porous Functionalized Calcium Carbonate Microparticles: Distribution Analysis with Focused Ion Beam Electron Microscopy and Mercury Porosimetry. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E32. [PMID: 30650593 PMCID: PMC6358859 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate analysis of intraparticle distribution of substances within porous drug carriers is important to optimize loading and subsequent processing. Mercury intrusion porosimetry, a common technique used for characterization of porous materials, assumes cylindrical pore geometry, which may lead to misinterpretation. Therefore, imaging techniques such as focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) help to better interpret these results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between mercury intrusion and scanning electron microscopy and to identify the limitations of each method. Porous microparticles, functionalized calcium carbonate, were loaded with bovine serum albumin and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) by solvent evaporation and results of the pore size distribution obtained by both methods were compared. The internal structure of the novel pharmaceutical excipient, functionalized calcium carbonate, was revealed for the first time. Our results demonstrated that image analysis provides a closer representation of the material distribution since it was possible to discriminate between blocked and filled pores. The physical nature of the loaded substances is critical for the deposition within the pores of functionalized calcium carbonate. We conclude, that a combination of mercury intrusion porosimetry and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy allows for a reliable analysis of sub-micron porous structures of particulate drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farzan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Roger Roth
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Gabriela Québatte
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Joachim Schoelkopf
- Fundamental research, Omya International AG, 4665 Oftringen, Switzerland.
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Maxim Puchkov
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Grote S, Kleinebudde P. Impact of functionalized particle structure on roll compaction/dry granulation and tableting of calcium carbonate. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:235-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Bawuah P, Karttunen AP, Markl D, Ridgway C, Korhonen O, Gane P, Zeitler JA, Ketolainen J, Peiponen KE. Investigating elastic relaxation effects on the optical properties of functionalised calcium carbonate compacts using optics-based Heckel analysis. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:278-284. [PMID: 29689369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Heckel analysis is a widely used method for the characterisation of the compression behaviour of pharmaceutical samples during the preparation of solid dosage formulations. The present study introduces an optical version of the Heckel equation that is based on a combination of the conventional Heckel equation together with the linear relationship defined between the effective terahertz (THz) refractive index and the porosity of pharmaceutical tablets. The proposed optical Heckel equation allows us to, firstly, calculate the zero-porosity refractive index, and, secondly, predict the in-die development of the effective refractive index as a function of the compressive pressure during tablet compression. This was demonstrated for five batches of highly porous functionalised calcium carbonate (FCC) excipient compacts. The close match observed between the estimated in-die effective refractive index and the measured/out-of-die effective THz refractive index supports the validity of the proposed form of the equation. By comparing the measured and estimated in-die tablet properties, a clear change in the porosity and hence, the effective refractive index, due to post-compression elastic relaxation of the FCC compacts, has been observed. We have, therefore, proposed a THz-based compaction setup that will permit in-line monitoring of processes during tablet compression. We envisage that this new approach in tracking powder properties introduced in this preliminary study will lead to the onset of further extensive and detailed future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Bawuah
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1617, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anssi-Pekka Karttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1617, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Daniel Markl
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Ridgway
- Omya International AG, CH-4665 Oftringen, Switzerland
| | - Ossi Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1617, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Patrick Gane
- Omya International AG, CH-4665 Oftringen, Switzerland; Aalto University, Chemical Engineering, Bioproducts and Biosystems, FI-00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jarkko Ketolainen
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1617, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai-Erik Peiponen
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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20
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Markl D, Strobel A, Schlossnikl R, Bøtker J, Bawuah P, Ridgway C, Rantanen J, Rades T, Gane P, Peiponen KE, Zeitler JA. Characterisation of pore structures of pharmaceutical tablets: A review. Int J Pharm 2018; 538:188-214. [PMID: 29341913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the development of a new solid dosage form is formulation-driven and less focus is put on the design of a specific microstructure for the drug delivery system. However, the compaction process particularly impacts the microstructure, or more precisely, the pore architecture in a pharmaceutical tablet. Besides the formulation, the pore structure is a major contributor to the overall performance of oral solid dosage forms as it directly affects the liquid uptake rate, which is the very first step of the dissolution process. In future, additive manufacturing is a potential game changer to design the inner structures and realise a tailor-made pore structure. In pharmaceutical development the pore structure is most commonly only described by the total porosity of the tablet matrix. Yet it is of great importance to consider other parameters to fully resolve the interplay between microstructure and dosage form performance. Specifically, tortuosity, connectivity, as well as pore shape, size and orientation all impact the flow paths and play an important role in describing the fluid flow in a pharmaceutical tablet. This review presents the key properties of the pore structures in solid dosage forms and it discusses how to measure these properties. In particular, the principles, advantages and limitations of helium pycnometry, mercury porosimetry, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray computed microtomography are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Markl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Alexa Strobel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
| | - Rüdiger Schlossnikl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
| | - Johan Bøtker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Prince Bawuah
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1617, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cathy Ridgway
- Omya International AG, CH-4665 Oftringen, Switzerland
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick Gane
- Omya International AG, CH-4665 Oftringen, Switzerland; School of Chemical Technology, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai-Erik Peiponen
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
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