Association between maternal intimate partner violence victimization during pregnancy and maternal abusive behavior towards infants at 4 months of age in Japan

Do the norms of tolerance for child physical abuse modify the intergenerational transmission of physical abuse?

BACKGROUND

Intergenerational transmission of physical abuse is well-known; however, the potential for contextual effect modification remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated whether the norms of tolerance for child physical abuse modify the intergenerational transmission of physical abuse.

PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING

Data from the Child Living Standard Survey (grades five and eight) conducted between 2016 and 2018 in three prefectures in Japan was analyzed.

METHODS

The norms of tolerance for child physical abuse were calculated based on the proportion of caregivers who physically abuse their offspring in each of the 33 districts (n = 43,534). The caregivers' childhood physical abuse victimization and perpetration of child physical abuse were assessed via questionnaire. A multilevel analysis was performed to evaluate the cross-level interaction of the norms of tolerance for child physical abuse at the neighborhood level on the association between the caregiver's childhood physical abuse victimization and perpetration of child physical abuse, stratified by fathers (n = 4334) and mothers (n = 38,290).

RESULTS

By district, the average percentage of caregivers who physically abuse their offspring was 14.4 %. Intergenerational transmission was confirmed for both fathers and mothers. Fathers who are living with highly tolerant norms for child physical abuse showed higher odds of intergenerational transmission of physical abuse, while mothers showed no effect modification.

CONCLUSION

The norms of tolerance for child physical abuse showed a more prominent intergenerational transmission of physical abuse for fathers but not for mothers. To modify the cycle of physical abuse, interventions to reduce norms of tolerance for child physical abuse may be useful.

The relationship between physical child abuse resulting from excessive crying in babies and mothers' perceived social support and mental well-being: A structural equation model

In this study the researchers tested a conceptual model of the relationship between the perceived social support and mental well-being of mothers and their physically abusive behavior (slapping or shaking) toward babies who cry excessively. A structured questionnaire was employed to conduct a cross-sectional study. Between February and June 2021, research data were collected from 418 mothers with 0- to 12-month-old babies who cried at least 2 hours a day. The survey data were analyzed with a structural equation model. Perceived family support and mental well-being were significantly associated with physically abusive behavior that occurred in the form of slapping or shaking (β1 = 0.401; β2 = 0.471; p < 0.001). Mental well-being mediated the relationship between perceived family support and physically abusive behavior in the form of slapping or shaking (β = 0.108; p = 0.002).

Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence against pregnant women in urban areas of Japan: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women is associated with many negative maternal and fetal outcomes and is a common public health problem all over the world. However, the issue has not been fully explored in Japan. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of IPV against pregnant women in urban areas of Japan.

METHODS

This study was a secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional survey that was conducted on women beyond 34 weeks' gestation in five perinatal facilities in urban areas of Japan, from July to October 2015. The sample size was calculated to be 1230. The Violence Against Women Screen was used for IPV screening. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for risks of IPV while adjusting for confounding factors.

RESULTS

Of the 1346 women who participated in this study, 180 (13.4%) were identified as experiencing IPV. Compared to those who did not experience IPV (n = 1166 (86.6%)), women experiencing IPV had higher odds of being single mothers (AOR = 4.8; 95%CI: 2.0, 11.2), having lower household income (< 3 million yen, AOR = 2.6; 95%CI: 1.4, 4.6; ≥ 3 million yen and < 6 million yen, AOR = 1.9; 95%CI: 1.2, 2.9), having junior high school education background (AOR = 2.3; 95%CI: 1.0, 5.3) and being multipara (AOR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.1, 2.4).

CONCLUSIONS

13.4%, or about one in seven women, experienced IPV while pregnant. This high proportion indicates the need for policy to address the issue of violence against pregnant women. There is an urgent need to build a system for the early detection of victims that offers appropriate support to prevent the recurrence of violence while encouraging victim recovery.

Prevalence of Violence in Iranian Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Violence against pregnant women is a significant public health problem, resulting in disability and various physical and mental health disorders. This systematic review and meta-analysis explored the prevalence of physical, verbal, sexual, psychological, emotional, economic, and other types of violence among pregnant women in Iran.

METHODS

Bibliographic databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus, and also Iranian databases including Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, and Civilica were searched from 2002 to September 16, 2020. Following a random-effects meta-analysis, we estimated the pooled prevalence of exposure to different types of violence among Iranian pregnant women. Overall, 61 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed in this systematic review.

RESULTS

The prevalence of physical violence was 19.0% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 14.0, 24.0), verbal violence was 42.0% (95% CI: 24.0, 61.0), sexual violence was 26.0% (95% CI: 20.0, 32.0), psychological violence was 37.0% (95% CI: 28.0, 46.0), emotional violence was 51.0% (95% CI: 40.0, 62.0), economic 39.0% (95% CI: 19.0, 60.0), and the prevalence of other types of violence was 54.0% (95% CI: 46.0, 62.0).

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that Iranian pregnant women are often exposed to different types of violence. Therefore, screening for violence in this vulnerable group seems necessary due to the sensitive nature of pregnancy and its importance in maternal ‎health. This alarming rate of violence calls for adopting upstream policies and interventions to reduce violent practices against pregnant women in Iran.

Women's strategies for managing domestic violence during pregnancy: a qualitative study in Iran

BACKGROUND

Domestic violence during pregnancy is a severe public health problem. Abused pregnant women are confronted with the threats posed by domestic violence. Pregnancy and protection of the unborn child could affect maternal strategies for managing violence. The purpose of this study was to explore Iranian women's strategies for managing domestic violence during pregnancy.

METHODS

This qualitative study was conducted in October 2019 to June 2021 in Mashhad, Iran. Data were collected through individual semi structured interviews with 13 women who experienced perinatal domestic violence, two relatives and 24 related specialists as well as two focus group discussions with attendance of 20 abused mothers until the data saturation was achieved. Data were analyzed by the conventional content analysis approach of Graneheim and Lundman.

RESULTS

The main themes "escape strategies" and "situation improvement strategies" were emerged as the result of data analysis. Escape strategies was comprised of three categories including concealment, passive dysfunctional behaviors and neutral behaviors to control maternal emotional distress. Situation improvement strategies was comprised of three categories including active self-regulation, protecting family privacy and help seeking to control violence.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the experience of managing domestic violence among pregnant women is essential to design evidence based violence prevention programs, which enable supportive healthcare and social systems to encourage abused mothers to use more effective strategies and seeking help to overcome domestic violence.

A Possible Anti-anxiety Effect of Appetitive Aggression and a Possible Link to the Work of Donald Winnicott

Various pleasant sensations that give a particularly intense pleasure are able to improve anxiety. In the present study I consider the possibility that their anti-anxiety action depends on the strong pleasure they provide, and I propose a possible mechanism of this action. According to some studies, also appetitive aggression (an aggression that provokes a strong pleasure and that is performed only for the pleasure it provides) can improve anxiety, and in this article I consider the possibility that the pleasure of appetitive aggression is able to reduce anxiety by the same mechanism I have proposed for other intense pleasurable sensations. The aggression performed by a child against the mother or against a substitute for the mother in the first period of life (a period in which this aggression is not dangerous) is a recurring theme throughout the work of of Donald Winnicott. Winnicott stresses that this aggression is necessary for the normal development of the child, and that the child must be free to practise it. According to Winnicott, this aggression is highly pleasurable and is not a response to unpleasant or hostile external situations. For these characteristics it seems to correspond to appetitive aggression in the adult that has been found to be able to reduce anxiety. Consequently, aggression performed by the child in the first period of life may also relieve anxiety, in the same way that appetitive aggression helps against anxiety in the adult. In his writings, Winnicott returns several times to an unthinkable or archaic anxiety that children experience when they feel abandoned by their mother for a period that is too long for them, and all children, according to Winnicott, live on the brink of this anxiety. In this study I propose the hypothesis that aggression in the early period of life may be necessary for children because the intense pleasure it provides may help them against this continuously impending anxiety.

Effects of e-learning on the support of midwives and nurses to perinatal women suffering from intimate partner violence: A randomized controlled trial

AIMS

To examine the effects of e-learning on intimate partner violence (IPV) knowledge, preparatory/reinforcing behaviors for supporting IPV victims, and IPV screening of midwives and nurses.

METHODS

Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG: e-learning) and control group (CG: no e-learning). The primary outcome was the mean change in knowledge score. The secondary outcomes were the mean number of types of practiced preparatory/reinforcing behaviors and the proportions of participants who practice screening. Unpaired t tests were performed in intention-to-treat analysis.

RESULTS

Of the 88 participants, 45 were randomly assigned to the IG and 43 to the CG. For the post-1-test, the IG had a mean change in the knowledge score of 8.5 points with a significant difference from the 1.4 points in the CG (mean difference [MD] 7.1, 95% CI [4.1, 10.1]). The mean change between the pre-test and the post-2-test was significantly larger in the IG (7.9 points) than in the CG (1.3 points) (MD 6.6, 95% CI [3.3, 9.9]). The mean number of types of practiced behaviors at the post-1-test and post-2-test was significantly higher in the IG than in the CG (MD 1.4, 95% CI [0.1, 2.8]). There was no significant difference in the proportions of participants who practice screening between the two groups postintervention.

CONCLUSIONS

The e-learning effectively improved knowledge and promoted preparatory/reinforcing behaviors.

Postpartum Depressive Symptoms as a Mediator Between Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy and Maternal-Infant Bonding in Japan

Studies show that experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is related to poor maternal-infant bonding. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. This article aims to examine whether maternal postpartum depressive (PPD) symptoms mediate the association between pregnancy IPV and maternal-infant bonding, and whether the relationship differs by maternal-infant bonding subscales-lack of affection, anger/rejection. A survey was conducted among women who participated in a postpartum health check-up program in Aichi prefecture, Japan (N = 6,590) in 2012. We examined whether experiences of emotional and physical IPV were related to maternal-infant bonding and whether PPD symptoms mediated this relationship. Path analysis showed that emotional and physical IPV were associated with PPD symptoms, and PPD symptoms predicted poor bonding. The total effect of emotional IPV on poor bonding was significant, showing a marginally significant direct effect and statistically significant indirect effect. The total effect of physical IPV on poor bonding was not statistically significant. Emotional IPV was significantly associated with both lack of affection and anger/rejection bonding subscales, which were similarly mediated by PPD symptoms. Findings revealed a modest indirect association between IPV, emotional IPV in particular, and poor maternal-infant bonding, which was mediated by PPD symptoms. While prevention of IPV is the ultimate goal, the treatment of PPD symptoms among women who experience IPV during pregnancy may improve maternal-infant bonding and mitigate cross-generational effects of IPV. Identifying opportunities for detection of IPV and PPD symptoms, as well as prevention and early intervention, may improve maternal-infant bonding.

A Follow-Up Study on the Continuity and Spillover Effects of Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy on Postnatal Child Abuse

Previous studies have not focused on how intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy predicts early postnatal child abuse. This study identifies the continuity and spillover effects of IPV during pregnancy on IPV and child abuse and neglect (CAN) at 1-month and 3-month postnatal periods. A total of 822 pregnant women were recruited at the third trimester of pregnancy at two obstetric hospitals in Tokyo, Japan, from June 2016 to September 2017. IPV during pregnancy and IPV and CAN at 1 month and 3 months postnatal were obtained through self-reported questionnaires. Results show that the rate of IPV was highest during pregnancy (16.4%), and there was significant continuance (69.4%) of this occurrence of IPV after childbirth (1 month: 13.9%; 3 months: 13.7%). In addition, the rate of CAN was 20.0% at 1 month postnatal and slightly increased at 3 months postnatal (21.8%). Furthermore, this study indicates that IPV during pregnancy was significantly associated with CAN at 1 month and 3 months postnatal (β = .16 and β = .14) and with IPV at 1 month (β = .68), and subsequently, IPV at 1 month was significantly associated with IPV at 3 months postnatal (β = .56). This study suggests the importance of conducting screenings for IPV during the perinatal period and providing intensive health interventions for abused women to support their parenting from pregnancy to 3 months postnatal to prevent or reduce CAN at 1 month and 3 months postnatal.

Epidemiological study of injuries caused by violence and conflict in forensic medical records of selected cities of Sistan and Baluchistan province in 2020

Background and Aims

Interpersonal violence is a socially traumatic and unpleasant phenomenon. These violence-related injuries are sometimes irreparable and can become a permanent problem, Violence in Iran is one of the five most socially harmed and has increased dramatically in recent years, therefore the present research aimed to investigate epidemiological study of injuries caused by violence and conflict in forensic medical records of selected cities of Sistan and Baluchistan province in 2020 considering this subject must be one of our priorities.

Methods

This study was a descriptive study performed in forensic medicine centers of two cities in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. The population consisted of existing citations and records, sample size based on similar studies and the recommendation of professors, all available records were considered and census method was used to select the samples. The data gathering tool consisted of two sections: demographic information and violence and conflict. Content validity method and reliability test were used to determine the validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using SPSS24 software.

Results

The results showed that the majority of the sample was 20-29 years old, male, married, self-employed and high school graduated, living in the eastern part of the city, with no history of mental illness, domestic violence, child abuse, and spouse abuse. The majority of the study units did not use any drugs. The most violent were beatings and bullying. It included several organs such as limbs, soft tissue damage with bleeding.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate the importance of epidemiological analysis of violence and conflict in the provinces under study and show that appropriate solutions and culture building, as well as increasing awareness of the impact of violence and conflict on individuals and their injuries.

Impact of intimate partner violence and childhood maltreatment on maternal-infant maltreatment: A longitudinal study

AIM

This study identifies the impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy, and childhood maltreatment on mothers' perpetration of child maltreatment on 1-month postnatal infants.

METHODS

A longitudinal study was conducted on women in the third trimester of pregnancy in two obstetric hospitals in Tokyo, Japan, from June 2016 to September 2017. Participants were asked to complete online self-reported questionnaires during their pregnancy period and at 1 month postnatal. The relationship between suffering from IPV during pregnancy, experiencing childhood maltreatment before the age of 18 years, and perpetration of child maltreatment toward infants was measured among mothers using the Violence Against Women Screen and a survey of four and 14 ad hoc questions. To identify the impact of poly-victimizations of IPV and childhood maltreatment on maternal-infant maltreatment, the study implemented logistic regression models.

RESULTS

The data from 533 respondents to the first and second surveys were analyzed. Maternal-infant maltreatment at 1 month postnatal was strongly associated with poly-victimizations of IPV during pregnancy and childhood maltreatment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.17; p < .001; 95% CI = 2.39-11.20), single victimization of IPV (AOR = 3.43, p < .001, 95% CI = 1.76-6.72), and single victimization of childhood maltreatment (AOR = 1.75, p = .03, 95% CI = 1.04-2.93; neither = reference).

CONCLUSION

The results emphasize the importance of individuating pregnant women with poly-victimizations of IPV during pregnancy and childhood maltreatment and providing intensive and continuous support for such women to prevent maternal-infant maltreatment after childbirth.

Association between Lack of Social Support from Partner or Others and Postpartum Depression among Japanese Mothers: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Lack of social support is a known risk factor for postpartum depression (PPD). However, the association between lack of social support from a partner or others and PPD remains unknown. We examined this association among Japanese mothers. We distributed an original questionnaire to mothers participating in a three- or four-month health check-up program over October to November 2012 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Of the 9707 eligible mothers, 6590 responded to the questionnaire (response rate: 68%). Social support from a partner or others was assessed based on whether the mother can consult with her partner or others (i.e., parents, relatives, and friends who are close by or far) on childcare. PPD was assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis for four categories: no social support from either a partner/others, social support from a partner only, social support from others only, and social support from both, adjusted for possible covariates. Mothers who have no social support from either a partner/others, have social support from a partner only, and have social support from others only were 7.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76–29.6), 2.34 (95% CI, 1.37–3.98), and 3.13 (95% CI, 2.11–4.63) times more likely to show PPD, respectively, in comparison with mothers who have social support from both, after adjustment of possible covariates. Mothers with no social support from a partner, but have social support from others, showed significant risk for PPD, which may be invisible. Further prevention effort is needed to detect PPD cases, with a focus on mothers without support from their partner.

Depression and Domestic Violence Experiences Among Asian Women: A Systematic Review

Purpose

To determine the association of postpartum depression with domestic violence experiences among women in Asia.

Background

Postpartum depression (PPD) is an important cause of maternal morbidity as well as mortality. There is increasing evidence that domestic violence (DV) increases the risk of PPD.

Methods

We performed literature searches using the databases PUBMED, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar, for studies published between January 2010 and May 2019. The keywords “postpartum”, “postnatal”, “depression”, and “violence” were used. Observational studies conducted within Asia, and written in the English language, were included.

Results

In the 38 studies included in this review (with 37,087 participants), the prevalence of PPD ranged between 8.2% to 70% and that of DV between 6.1% to 67.4%. There were 1.6 to 7.1 higher odds of PPD among sufferers of DV. Intimate partner violence (IPV) was the most relevant factor that women experiencing psychological abuse (which was the most prevalent form of IPV) were more at risk for, and violence/intimidation by other family members was also associated with PPD. Domestic violence increased the risk of suicidal ideation in PPD.

Discussion

The findings of the review unequivocally shows the association between domestic violence and PPD. Maternal mental health is a neglected area of healthcare in many parts of Asia. Likewise, domestic violence is a readily recognized, but inadequately addressed social issue. We recommend that healthcare workers be trained to recognize and support the women who are vulnerable to violence and depression during pregnancy and postpartum. Policies need to be developed at national and global levels to tackle these issues with utmost urgency.

Qualitative, Interpretive Metasynthesis of Women's Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy

OBJECTIVE

To describe the perspectives of women who experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy through a qualitative, interpretive metasynthesis.

DATA SOURCES

We searched 12 electronic databases to identify articles on qualitative studies pertaining to women's experiences of IPV during pregnancy. We searched Academic Search Complete, AgeLine, CINAHL Complete, Family Studies Abstracts, MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, PsycINFO, Social Work Abstracts, Health Source-Consumer Edition, Health Source-Nursing/Academic Edition, and Humanities Full Text for articles published from 2008 through 2018.

DATA EXTRACTION

We used inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify eight reports of qualitative studies that contained direct quotations in which women described their experiences of IPV.

DATA SYNTHESIS

We used a methodologic reduction to provide a theoretical context that helped us synthesize the data to five key themes: Pregnancy Escalates Abuse, Concern for Unborn Fetus, Importance ofSupport, My Child Saved Me, and Pregnancy Is a Catalyst for Reflection.

CONCLUSION

The results of our synthesis illustrate the unique perspectives of women who experienced IPV during pregnancy. Understanding these experiences can help health care providers assist pregnant women through enhanced screenings and education. Health care providers can also help women identify resources for emotional and financial support as they determine the best courses of action for themselves and their children.

Verbal abuse during pregnancy increases frequency of newborn hearing screening referral: The Japan Environment and Children's Study

BACKGROUND

Verbal abuse during pregnancy has a greater impact than physical and sexual violence on the incidence of postnatal depression and maternal abuse behavior towards their children. In addition, exposure of children (aged 12 months to adolescence) to verbal abuse from their parents exerts an adverse impact to the children's auditory function. However, the effect of verbal abuse during pregnancy on fetal auditory function has not yet been thoroughly investigated.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between intimate partner verbal abuse during pregnancy and newborn hearing screening (NHS) referral, which indicates immature or impaired auditory function.

PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING

The Japan Environment and Children's Study is an ongoing nationwide population-based birth-cohort study designed to determine environmental factors during and after pregnancy that affect the development, health, or wellbeing of children. Pregnant women living in 15 areas of Japan were recruited between January 2011 and March 2014.

METHODS

Multiple imputation for missing data was performed, followed by multiple logistic regression using 16 confounding variables.

RESULTS

Of 104,102 records in the dataset, 79,985 mother-infant pairs submitted complete data for questions related to verbal and physical abuse and the results of NHS. Of 79,985 pregnant women, 10,786 (13.5%) experienced verbal abuse and 978 (1.2%) experienced physical abuse. Of 79,985 newborns, 787 (0.98%) received a NHS referral. Verbal abuse was significantly associated with NHS referral (adjusted odds ratio: 1.44; 95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.98).

CONCLUSIONS

Verbal abuse should be avoided during pregnancy to preserve the newborn's auditory function.